三套装置节氢工业试验

针对炼厂没有制氢装置,通过优化现有三套装置的操作,进行工业试验以确认能否节余出一定量的氢气用于航煤加氢。试验结果表明：通过提高PSA吸附时间,增加氢气回收率,提高催化重整反应温度,增加副产氢量和降低柴油加氢反应深度,减少氢气消耗,可以节余至少500 Nm3/h氢气用于航煤加氢,解决了后续炼厂发展的瓶颈问题。     

直馏航煤赛比不合格的原因及对策

概述了直馏航煤的生产过程,并对直馏航煤出现的质量问题,考察了不合格原因,提出了解决办法。保证了直馏航煤质量合格率100%。     

加氢裂化装置航煤冰点不合格原因分析与对策

分析了中国石化股份有限公司燕山分公司加氢裂化装置航煤冰点超标的原因。偶发事故造成航煤冰点波动,通过对反应进料性质、分馏产品切割和航煤组分的族组成进行分析,总结出导致此次事故中航煤冰点不合格的原因。结合装置自身特点,提出针对航煤冰点不合格的调整方案及改进措施。     

80万t/a航煤加氢精制装置模拟

应用流程模拟软件Aspen HYSYS模拟80万t/a航煤加氢精制装置全流程,模拟计算值与现场工况实测值比较接近,Aspen HYSYS模拟软件很好地完成了模拟航煤加氢精制流程的任务。通过数据分析,从节约装置建设投资、降低能耗和保证航煤产品质量的角度考虑优化加氢精制装置反应部分,讨论了采用液相加氢的可行性。     

加氢裂化装置预闪蒸罐研究

以某工业加氢裂化装置设计数据为基础,考察常压分馏塔进料加热炉前设置预闪蒸罐的必要性以及罐的温度、压力对分馏塔的影响,并对设罐后,闪蒸罐的操作条件对能耗、操作成本及投资方面的影响进行了对比。结果表明：对于以石脑油、航煤、柴油和尾油（作为产品送出装置或者作为循环油返回反应部分）为目标产品的加氢裂化装置,设罐可有效降低进料加热炉和分馏塔的负荷。在相同压力下,闪蒸罐的温度越高,分馏塔负荷越小;在相同温度下,闪蒸罐压力越低,分馏塔负荷越小。在分馏塔输入热量相同的情况下,罐的闪蒸温度高,可节省投资和能耗,闪蒸温度低,可节省操作成本。设计过程中可根据航煤和柴油分离要求的不同,在一定范围内灵活选择闪蒸罐的温度和压力。     

柴油加氢精制装置改产航煤的工程实例

介绍了国内某炼厂将柴油加氢精制装置改造为航煤加氢精制装置的工程实例,主要包括工艺路线的选取、装置能力的确定、操作参数的调整及如何保证航煤产品银片腐蚀合格等。     

玻璃窑炉燃烧气氛的监测和控制

通过对玻璃窑炉燃烧气氛的监测控制,正确调节玻璃窑炉气氛不但可以保证工艺要求的温度、压力和稳定性,还可降低能耗提高产值和利润.特别是在燃烧价格不断上涨的今天,监测控制窑炉气氛和节能降耗更显得极为重要.     

航煤银片腐蚀不合格原因及对策的浅析

通过对加氢装置精制航煤银片腐蚀不合格的原因进行分析,认为单质硫和硫化氢的存在是造成银片腐蚀不合格的直接原因。结合装置的实际生产情况,对造成精制航煤中含有单质硫和硫化氢的原因进行了分析,并提出了相应的措施来保证银片腐蚀的合格,在实际生产中取得了较好的效果。     

影响混合二甲苯质量的原因及处理措施

影响二甲苯产品质量的原因有重整反应深度不足、催化剂氯含量偏低、白土失活、精制剂活性偏高等。通过提高重整反应温度及提高催化剂氯含量,可降低二甲苯中非芳含量,维持白土及精制剂活性可保证二甲苯产品溴指数稳定合格。重整反应温度提高1℃,非芳含量降低0.4%~0.5%;催化剂氯含量由1.1%降低至0.8%,非芳含量增加1.5%;溴指数大小随白土和精制剂活性而变化,白土使用寿命约7天;精制剂在使用初期,其反应活性较高,反应生成约0.5%的甲苯。     

航煤加氢运行分析及改进措施

对航煤加氢生产中遇到的收率低、质量不稳定、低压排放量大、能耗高等问题进行了分析,并通过完善工艺流程、更换催化剂、提高反应压力等措施稳定了产品质量、减少了低压排放、降低了装置能耗。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。