上海市某办公建筑PM_(2.5)浓度分布及影响因素的实测研究

通过对上海市某办公建筑在不同时段和条件下PM2.5等颗粒物浓度的现场测试,得到室内PM2.5浓度分布及变化特性,并分析了影响PM2.5浓度变化的室外颗粒物浓度、门窗开启情况、测试时段、室内人员、吸烟、空调系统、地毯扬尘等因素,探讨了PM2.5与其他粒径颗粒物浓度变化的相关性。实测发现办公楼室内PM2.5浓度在不同时期的变化较大,为了室内工作人员的身体健康,建议在颗粒物污染较严重时期,尽量少开门窗,加强新风过滤处理,在室内发尘较严重的区域,建议同时使用局部净化设备。     

办公室内颗粒污染物动态特性测试研究

通过测试一个典型办公室内颗粒污染物的质量浓度和粒子数浓度,分别研究了开窗和不开窗两种条件下的烟燃烧、室内人员走路日常活动、以及室外污染源作用下室内颗粒污染物的动态特性,研究结果表明,当室外污染物浓度较小时,开窗既降低了室内颗粒物浓度的增幅,又降低了室内颗粒物浓度下降到较低水平的时间。人员走路这种情况下,部分颗粒物会由于二次悬浮作用而引起室内颗粒物增长,随后又由于重力作用而发生沉降。在室外污染严重的地区,由于渗透作用,室外污染物浓度对室内颗粒物浓度影响最为显著。     

住宅室内细颗粒物质量浓度及预测研究

选取哈尔滨某住宅,监测室内(以客厅为主要研究对象)细颗粒物质量浓度与人员活动情况,分析外窗渗透、外窗渗透+厨房炊事条件下客厅细颗粒物质量浓度的变化.建立室内细颗粒物质量浓度预测模型,结合实测数据对预测效果进行验证.实测结果表明:总体上客厅细颗粒物质量浓度均低于室外,且客厅细颗粒物质量浓度与室外细颗粒物质量浓度的变化趋势...     

室内PM_(2.5)静态沉积模型的理论与实验研究

室内PM2.5颗粒污染已经是全球关注的热点,但是目前的研究仅限于室内污染源对PM2.5浓度的影响,关于PM2.5颗粒物沉积模型的研究还很少。本文对室内PM2.5浓度进行了动态监测,研究了室内PM2.5颗粒物的沉积规律,确定了室内PM2.5颗粒物的沉积模型,并结合实验测试结果对沉积模型进行了验证,为室内PM2.5颗粒物污染研究提供了参考。     

上海市五类公共建筑室内PM2.5浓度的实测研究

本文通过对上海市五类公共建筑在不同时段和条件下PM2.5等颗粒物浓度的现场测试,得到PM2.5浓度分布及变化特性,对各类公建总体PM2.5浓度水平和来源进行了对比分析,并研究了PM2.5与其他粒径颗粒物浓度变化的相关性。此外,本文还探讨了影响五类公建室内PM2.5浓度变化的不同因素。实测发现公共建筑室内PM2.5浓度在不同时期的变化较大,为保证室内工作人员的身体健康,建议在颗粒物污染较严重时期,尽量少开门窗,加强新风过滤处理,在室内发尘较严重的区域,建议同时使用局部净化设备或措施。     

长三角地区城市住宅烹饪对室内超细颗粒物污染影响初探

为揭示烹饪行为对城市住宅室内超细颗粒物(PM_(0.1))污染的影响,本文选择长三角地区杭州和南京的14个具有典型烹饪行为特征的城市住宅,开展了室内(客厅、厨房、卧室)外超细颗粒物及住户烹饪行为的现场调研及实测研究。通过浓度水平和烹饪行为特征的分析表明,受烹饪活动影响,厨房室内PM_(0.1)浓度变化幅度较其它房间大,且对其它房间有一定影响;烹饪是住宅室内PM_(0.1)的重要来源。烹饪期间,厨房室内PM_(0.1)浓度水平为36 835±34 756个/cm~3,在PM_(2.5)中的数量浓度占比约为72. 8%,且导致PM_(0.1)峰值浓度的主要为其中较大粒径颗粒。估算得到的烹饪源强度为(0. 02～1. 74)×10~(11)个/min。该初步研究以期为深入认识住宅室内超细颗粒物源排放特性提供参考。     

2013年冬春季济南市某办公场所室内空气颗粒物质量浓度分析

目的了解冬春季节室内空气颗粒污染物污染水平。方法于2013年1—5月工作日期间在济南市某办公场所采用LD-5C(B)微电脑激光粉尘仪对室内空气颗粒物PM10、PM2.5进行监测。结果济南市冬春季节室内颗粒物PM2.5、PM10平均质量浓度分别为0.082、0.115 mg/m3;采暖期室内PM2.5、PM10的质量浓度(0.152、、0.191 mg/m3)高于非采暖期(0.050、、0.079 mg/m3),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);采暖期室内PM2.5/PM10为0.807,非采暖期PM2.5/PM10为0.598,差异有统计学意义(Z=4.917,P=0.001);室内外PM2.5相关系数r=0.878,P=0.001;室内外PM10相关系数r=0.701,P=0.001。结论济南市冬春季节室内颗粒物污染较重,室内外颗粒物质量浓度有较好的相关性,采暖对室内细颗粒物浓度影响较大。     

北京地区办公建筑室内颗粒物质量浓度分布特征

为了研究室内不同粒径颗粒物的质量浓度分布特征,对北京某办公建筑2个不同房间室内与室外颗粒物浓度进行了同步监测。结果显示:建筑室内与室外环境的不同粒径颗粒物的质量浓度均呈现双峰分布,但波峰分布区域不同;室内颗粒物以细颗粒物为主,质量浓度波峰均出现在0~2.5μm粒径范围。     

服装市场室内可吸入颗粒物PM10的污染特征

本文采用TSI AM-510型智能防爆粉尘检测仪和TSI Aero Trak TM 8220型激光粒子计数器对北京市西城区三个服装市场的室内、室外PM10的质量浓度和数量浓度进行了现场测试,并评价可吸入颗粒物的浓度水平和污染特征,分析室内外颗粒物之间的相关性及其影响因素。结果表明:1PM10是服装市场室外大气及室内环境的主要污染物。服装市场在室外颗粒物PM10质量浓度超标的情况下(0.15 mg/m~3),室内颗粒物PM10与标准相比的合格率为30%,在室外PM10质量浓度0.15 mg/m~3的情况下,室内PM10的合格率为92.2%。2服装市场室内外颗粒物浓度水平之间存在密切的相关性。室外颗粒物是室内颗粒污染的主要来源,室内颗粒物浓度随室外浓度变化而变化,且吸烟和人员活动是服装市场可吸入颗粒物的重要室内污染源。3对于颗粒物数量浓度比,室内室外PM1/PM10、PM2.5/PM10、PM1/PM2.5的比值都在0.99以上,表明可吸入颗粒物中的绝大部分都是粒径小于2.5μm的可吸入肺颗粒物,对人体健康具有更大危害。     

西安市某办公建筑室内外颗粒物浓度变化特征分析

本文通过建立质量平衡方程对西安市某办公建筑室内颗粒物浓度进行了理论分析,并对该建筑室内外PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度进行了实时监测。结合线性回归方程、室内外监测浓度线性拟合曲线及室内浓度随时间的指数拟合曲线,对该普通办公房间室内颗粒排放源及室内颗粒浓度变化特征进行了研究。结果表明,该建筑室内PM10的平均发尘为7.93～12.48 mg/h,室内PM2.5的平均发尘为2.89～4.08 mg/h;室内PM10和PM2.5呈现指数变化且随时间呈下降趋势。     

Particle size distribution and composition in a mechanically ventilated school building during air pollution episodes

Particle count-based size distribution and PM(2.5) mass were monitored inside and outside an elementary school in Salt Lake City (UT, USA) during the winter atmospheric inversion season. The site is influenced by urban traffic and the airshed is subject to periods of high PM(2.5) concentration that is mainly submicron ammonium and nitrate. The school building has mechanical ventilation with filtration and variable-volume makeup air. Comparison of the indoor and outdoor particle size distribution on the five cleanest and five most polluted school days during the study showed that the ambient submicron particulate matter (PM) penetrated the building, but indoor concentrations were about one-eighth of outdoor levels. The indoor:outdoor PM(2.5) mass ratio averaged 0.12 and particle number ratio for sizes smaller than 1 microm averaged 0.13. The indoor submicron particle count and indoor PM(2.5) mass increased slightly during pollution episodes but remained well below outdoor levels. When the building was occupied the indoor coarse particle count was much higher than ambient levels. These results contribute to understanding the relationship between ambient monitoring station data and the actual human exposure inside institutional buildings. The study confirms that staying inside a mechanically ventilated building reduces exposure to outdoor submicron particles. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: This study supports the premise that remaining inside buildings during particulate matter (PM) pollution episodes reduces exposure to submicron PM. New data on a mechanically ventilated institutional building supplements similar studies made in residences.     

办公建筑中空调形式对室内外PM2.5浓度相关性的影响

室外PM2.5可通过新风及围护结构缝隙渗透至室内,室外PM2.5较高时尤为明显,结果导致室内空气中的PM2.5浓度上升。为了研究空调形式对室内外PM2.5浓度相关性的影响,在2015年夏季对重庆某办公建筑中采用不同空调形式的室内外PM2.5浓度进行了实测。实测结果发现:集中式空调、分体式空调和非空调房间室内外PM2.5浓度比变化范围分别为0.59~0.76、0.47~0.76、0.71~0.91。室内外PM2.5浓度相关性系数的排序为:集中式空调环境(0.94)非空调环境(0.92)分体式空调环境(0.77),研究结果表明,办公建筑的空调形式,对室内外PM2.5浓度的相关性有影响。     

The analysis of PM2.5 and associated elements and their indoor/outdoor pollution status in an urban area

In this study, elemental composition of PM2.5 and the status of indoor/outdoor pollution were investigated in a commercial building near a roadside area in Daejeon, Korea. A total of 60 parallel PM2.5 samples were collected both on the roof (outdoor) and in an indoor office of a building near a highly congested road during the spring and fall of 2008. The concentrations of 23 elements were analysed from these PM2.5 samples using instrumental neutron activation analysis. PM2.5 levels in indoor environment (47.6 ± 16.5 μg/m(3)) were noticeably higher than the outdoor levels (37.7 ± 17.2 μg/m(3)) with the I/O concentration ratio of 1.37 ± 0.33 [correlation coefficient (r) = 0.89, P < 0.001]. Principal component analysis results coincidently showed the predominance of sources such as soil dust, traffic, oil/coal combustion and road dust for both indoor and outdoor microenvironments. An isolated source in the indoor environment was assigned to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) with high factor loading of Ce, Cl, I, K, La and Zn. The overall results of our study indicate that the sources of indoor constituents were strongly dependent on outdoor processes except for the ones affected by independent sources such as ETS. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: An improved understanding of the factors affecting the indoor PM2.5 concentration levels can lead to the development of an efficient management strategy to control health risks from exposure to indoor PM2.5 and related toxic components. A comparison of our comprehensive data sets indicated that most indoor PM2.5 and associated elemental species were strongly enriched by indoor source activities along with infiltration of ambient outdoor air for a naturally ventilated building.     

Outdoor Air Contaminants and Indoor Air Quality under Transient Conditions

The indoor concentrations of contaminants originating from outdoor sources have been measured and calculated under transient conditions. The results show that contaminants that are supplied to an office building via the ventilation system can reach considerably high concentration levels. The indoor/outdoor concentration ratio and time lag are dependent on the air change rate. In buildings with low air change rates the indoor concentration variations are smoothed out compared to buildings with high air change rates. The results from the theoretical model are compared to the results from both laboratory and field measurements and the model is verified for well mixed conditions in a 20 m³ test chamber. The model can be used to simulate different control strategies for reduction of indoor contaminant concentrations related to outdoor sources. One such control strategy is based on reduction of the outdoor air change rate during periods with peak outdoor contaminant concentrations.     

Real-time characterization of aerosol particle composition,sources and influences of increased ventilation and humidity in an office

Most of human exposure to atmospheric pollutants occurs indoors, and the components of outdoor aerosols may have been changed in the way before reaching indoor spaces. Here we conducted real-time online measurements of mass concentrations and chemical composition of black carbon and the non-refractory species in PM_2.5 in an occupied office for approximately one month. The open-close windows and controlled dampness experiments were also performed. Our results show that indoor aerosol species primarily originate from outdoors with indoor/outdoor ratio of these species typically less than unity except for certain organic aerosol (OA) factors. All aerosol species went through filtration upon transport indoors. Ammonium nitrate and fossil fuel OA underwent evaporation or particle-to-gas partitioning, while less oxidized secondary OA (SOA) underwent secondary formation and cooking OA might have indoor sources. With higher particulate matter (PM) mass concentration outdoors than in the office, elevated natural ventilation increased PM exposure indoors and this increased exposure was prolonged when outdoor PM was scavenged. We found that increasing humidity in the office led to higher indoor PM mass concentration particularly more oxidized SOA. Overall, our results highlight that indoor exposure of occupants is substantially different from outdoor in terms of mass concentrations and chemical species.     

城市居住建筑室内空气污染研究

污染物接触量是用以衡量环境污染对人类健康影响的指标之一。调查结果显示,香港居民日常生活主要在各类室内环境,特别是居住建筑中度过,其室内空气污染对居民健康构成威胁。本文的研究首先选择了多间香港不同类型居住建筑,对其室内PM10、CO、NO2等主要室内污染物浓度进行监测,并分析了室内、外PM10浓度与居民室内各种活动等其它有关因素之间的相关关系。其次,结合香港居民日常时间安排调查的结果,计算出各种室内污染物的接触量,对居住建筑室内环境污染对居民健康的影响进行了初步评估。     

Indoor and outdoor concentrations of ultrafine particles in some Scandinavian rural and urban areas

The concentration of ultrafine particles (0.01 to greater than 1 microm) was measured in some rural and urban areas of Sweden and Denmark. The instruments used are handheld real-time condensation particle counters, models CPC 3007 and P-Trak 8525, both manufactured by TSI. Field measurements in Sweden were conducted in a few residential and office buildings, while in Denmark the measurement sites comprised two office buildings, one of them located in a rural area. The concentration of UFPs was measured simultaneously indoors and outdoors with condensation particle counters. The results revealed that the outdoor-generated particle levels were major contributors to the indoor particle number concentration in the studied buildings when no strong internal source was present. The results showed that in office buildings, the UFP concentrations indoors were typically lower and correlated fairly well to the number concentration outdoors. The determined indoor-outdoor ratios varied between 0.5 and 0.8. The indoor levels of UFPs in offices where smoking is allowed was sometimes recorded higher than outdoor levels, as in one of the Danish offices. In residential buildings, the indoor number concentration was strongly influenced by several indoor activities, e.g., cooking and candle burning. In the presence of significant indoor sources, the indoor/outdoor (IO) ratio exceeded unity. The magnitude of UFP concentrations was greater in the large city of Copenhagen compared to the medium-size city of Gothenburg and lowest at more rural sites.     

Dispersion of particles from vehicle emissions around high- and low-rise buildings

Understanding the distribution of outdoor pollutants around a building envelope, generated by sources located in its vicinity, is important when choosing the location of building ventilation system intakes, as well as for quantifying the exposure of people living or working in the building. A systematic experimental characterisation of the number concentration of submicrometre particles was undertaken around the envelope of six buildings (both low- and high-rise) at different distances from a road (the main pollution source). The concentrations were measured using two TSI Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers. PM2.5 concentrations were also monitored around the low-rise buildings using two TSI DustTraks. For the three high rise buildings the concentration of fine and ultra-fine particles decreased in most cases to about 50-60% from the approximate ground level readings (between heights of 0 to 6 m), to full building height (from 24 to 33 m above the ground). Measurements of submicrometre particle number concentrations as well as PM2.5 fraction in the envelope around low-rise isolated buildings did not show any significant trends from the front to the rear of the building. The sensitivity of PM2.5 measurements to a small number of larger particles, possibly from sources other than vehicle emissions, was observed.     

Relationship between outdoor and indoor air quality in eight French schools

In the frame of the French national research program PRIMEQUAL (inter-ministry program for better air quality in urban environments), measurements of outdoor and indoor pollution have been carried out in eight schools in La Rochelle (France) and its suburbs. The buildings were naturally ventilated by opening the windows, or mechanically ventilated, and showed various air permeabilities. Ozone, nitrogen oxides (NO and NO(2)), and airborne particle (particle counts within 15 size intervals ranging from 0.3 to 15 mum) concentrations were continuously monitored indoors and outdoors for two 2-week periods. The indoor humidity, temperature, CO(2) concentration (an indicator of occupancy), window openings and building permeability were also measured. The temporal profiles of indoor and outdoor concentrations show ozone and nitrogen oxides behave differently: NO and NO(2) indoor/outdoor concentration ratios (I/O) were found to vary in a range from 0.5 to 1, and from 0.88 to 1, respectively, but no correlation with building permeability was observed. On the contrary, I/O ratios of ozone vary in a range from 0 to 0.45 and seem to be strongly influenced by the building air-tightness: the more airtight the building envelope, the lower the ratio. Occupancy, through re-suspension of previously deposited particles and possible particle generation, strongly influences the indoor concentration level of airborne particles. However, this influence decreases with particle size, reflecting the way deposition velocities vary as a function of size. The influence of particle size on deposition and penetration across the building envelope is also discussed by analyzing the I/O ratios measured when the buildings were unoccupied, by comparing the indoor concentrations measured when the buildings were occupied and when they were not (O/U ratios), and by referring to previously published studies focussing on this topic. Except one case, I/O were found to vary in the range from 0.03 to 1.79. All O/U are greater than one and increase up to 100 with particle size. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Assessing children's total exposure requires the knowledge of outdoor and indoor air contaminant concentrations. The study presented here provides data on compared outdoor and indoor concentration levels in school buildings, as well as information on the parameters influencing the relationship between outdoor and indoor air quality. It may be used as a basis for estimating indoor concentrations from outdoor concentrations data, or as a first step in designing buildings sheltering children against atmospheric pollution.     

Indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in the air during a dust storm

Asian dust storms (ADS) originating from the arid deserts of Mongolia and China are a well-known springtime meteorological phenomenon throughout East Asia. The ventilation systems in office utilize air from outside and therefore it is necessary to understand how these dust storms affect the concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in both the indoor and outdoor air. We measured dust storm pollution particles in an office building using a direct-reading instrument (PC-2 Quartz Crystal Microbalance, QCM) that measured particle size and concentration every 10 min for 1 h, three times a day. A three-fold increase in the concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in the indoor and outdoor air was recorded during the dust storms. After adjusting for other covariates, autoregression models indicated that PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in the indoor air increased significantly (21.7 μg/m³ and 23.0 μg/m³ respectively) during dust storms. The ventilation systems in high-rise buildings utilize air from outside and therefore the indoor concentrations of fine and coarse particles in the air inside the buildings are significantly affected by outside air pollutants, especially during dust storms.