混凝土柱单轴动态抗压特性的应变率效应研究

混凝土材料是典型的率敏感材料,不同动态应变率下混凝土柱的抗压性能有明显的变化。本文通过混凝土柱的轴心动态抗压试验,在10-5/s10-2/s应变率范围内研究了混凝土材料本构关系的应变率效应,系统研究了应变率效应对混凝土抗压强度、弹性模量、峰值应变、吸能能力以及破坏机理的影响,并讨论了试验机刚度、惯性效应对试验结果的影响。试验结果表明：随着应变率的增加,混凝土材料的抗压强度也随之增加,当应变率为10-4/s、10-3/s、10-2/s时混凝土的抗压强度相对准静态抗压强度（应变率为10-5/s）分别增加了7.45%、19.51%和29.23%,弹性模量相对于准静态弹性模量变化不大,峰值应变具有一定的离散性,但是基本趋势也是增加的,混凝土的吸能能力也随着应变率的增加而显著增加。另外,刚性元件的使用有效的改善了试件应变率的稳定性,惯性效应对本次试验结果的影响可以忽略     

E玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料轴向拉伸力学性能的应变率效应

采用MTS-810材料试验机、Zwick-HTM5020高速拉伸试验机及分离式Hopkinson拉杆（SHTB）实验装置,并结合数字图像相关性（Digital image correlation,DIC）分析方法,对E玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料棒材在10^-3~2 400 s^-1应变率范围内的轴向拉伸力学性能进行了较系统的实验研究,获得了不同应变率下材料的应力-应变曲线,揭示了应变率对材料的拉伸强度和断裂应变的影响规律。通过显微分析拉伸试样的断口形貌,揭示了试样的断裂机制及对应变率的依赖性。实验结果表明：E玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料的力学性能具有强烈的应变率效应,归一化拉伸强度随着应变率对数线性增加,而归一化断裂应变则随着对数应变率线性减小;断口显微分析显示：E玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料的轴向拉伸断裂模式依赖于应变率,低应变率加载下试样发生沿45°方向的剪切断裂,随着应变率增大,试样断裂模式逐渐过渡到沿轴向的拉伸断裂,特别是在高应变加载下,观察到大量的玻璃纤维丝被拉断,同时环氧树脂基体也发生严重的碎裂现象,这反映了基体材料与玻璃纤维之间相互约束作用在增强。     

碳/环氧树脂复合材料应变率效应的实验研究

选择两种铺设方式( _S和 _S)的T300/Epoxy(炭纤维/环氧树脂)层合板, 利用MTS试验机以及Hopkinson拉伸杆分别对其进行了准静态拉伸试验(应变率为10-5~10-4 s-1)、 中应变率拉伸试验(应变率为100 ~101s-1)和高速冲击拉伸试验(应变率为102~104s-1)。静态、 动态实验的试件形状及尺寸均相同。获得了不同应变率加载条件下T300/Epoxy的应力-应变曲线。基于所获得的应力-应变曲线, 讨论了应变率对炭纤维增强复合材料力学性能的影响。研究结果表明: 复合材料T300/Epoxy是应变率相关的材料; 层合板的铺设方向对其应变率效应有着显著的影响; 随着应变率的增加, 材料的强度及弹性模量有较大程度的提高, 但破坏应变有所降低。通过对试验结果的数据拟合, 提出了材料应变率相关的动态本构模型。      

不同应变速率下CFRP约束混凝土方柱的力学性能

为研究不同应变速率下碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(CFRP)约束混凝土方柱的力学性能,本文采用CFRP约束倒角半径为15 mm、45 mm、60 mm的方形试件,进行应变速率为3.3×10^-5 s^-1、3.3×10^-3 s^-1的加载试验,分析了试件倒角半径和应变速率对CFRP约束混凝土方柱的应力-应变曲线、轴向应变-环向应变曲线和抗压强度的影响。结果表明,试件的应力-应变曲线的第二段斜率和抗压强度均随着试件倒角半径与应变速率的增加而增大;轴向应变-环向应变曲线的斜率随着应变速率的增加而增大,随着CFRP的层数增大而减小。最后基于试验数据对现有文献的模型进行评估,结果表明Lin等模型的预测结果与准静态下FRP约束混凝土方柱的轴向应变-环向应变关系曲线比较吻合,魏洋等模型能够预测FRP强弱约束状态,Cao等模型可以用于预测不同应变率下CFRP约束混凝土方柱的抗压强度。研究成果为CFRP约束混凝土方柱的进一步应用提供了试验依据与理论基础。     

应变速率对AZ91D镁合金力学行为影响

本文通过静态拉伸试验机和高应变速率冲击拉伸试验装置,对AZ91D压铸镁合金分别进行了不同应变率下(10-4、10-2、300和1400s-1)拉伸力学性能的试验,获得了各应变速率下完整的应力-应变曲线.并通过扫描电镜对其拉伸断口进行分析.试验结果表明,其屈服应力(σs)、拉伸强度(σb)随着应变速率的增加而增加,失稳应变(εb)则随着应变速率的增加而有所减小;而弹性模量则对应变率不敏感.采用John-son-Cook材料模型描述AZ91D镁合金应变速率相关的应力应变本构模型,其拟合结果和实验结果基本相吻合.扫描电镜断口分析结果表明,动态和静态的断裂方式基本相同,都是以准解理断裂特征为主,局部区域伴有解理断裂;存在典型的缩松断裂形貌.     

聚碳酸酯拉伸力学性能的应变率相关性实验

在MTS809材料试验机和自行研制的旋转盘式间接杆杆型冲击拉伸试验机上,对聚碳酸酯板材进行了准静态0.001s-1、0.01s-1、0.1s-1和高应变率400s-1、800s-1、1700s-1加载条件下的单向拉伸试验,得到了不同应变率下聚碳酸酯板材的拉伸工程应力-工程应变曲线。试验结果表明:聚碳酸酯的拉伸力学行为呈现明显的非线性变形特征;在文中实施的0.001s-1～1700s-1应变率加载范围内,聚碳酸酯拉伸力学性能具有明显的应变率相关性,其屈服应力和与屈服应力相对应的失稳应变均随应变率的增加有显著的增大。     

不同初始损伤混凝土动态轴向拉伸试验研究

利用MTS-NEW810动态试验机,通过对30根混凝土棱柱体试件施加应力幅值为1 kN到5 kN、频率为5 Hz、应变速率为10~(-4)/s的5组不同循环荷载,研究不同初始损伤对混凝土棱柱体试件动态轴向拉伸特性的影响。研究结果表明,遭受初始损伤程度越严重,混凝土棱柱体试件动态轴向拉伸破坏断面越整齐,且破坏断面粗骨料被拉断数目越少;随着初始损伤程度的增加,混凝土棱柱体试件逐渐产生有不可恢复变形,随着损伤程度的增加,不可恢复变形的增幅明显增大;初始损伤程度对混凝土棱柱体试件动态拉伸应力应变关系曲线上升段影响较小;混凝土棱柱体试件动态轴向拉伸强度和峰值应变均受初始损伤程度影响不大。     

历经荷载历史混凝土动态受拉损伤试验研究

该文通过在MTS试验机上对普通混凝土受拉试件预先施加不同应变率和大小不同的荷载历史,然后对经历荷载历史后的混凝土受拉试件在应变率10?5/s―10?2/s范围内进行动态单轴拉伸损伤试验,研究了荷载历史对混凝土的动态抗拉强度、动态变形特性和动态损伤特性的影响。研究结果表明:混凝土经历荷载历史后,混凝土抗拉强度和混凝土损伤槛值都降低了,但临界应变受荷载历史影响不大;在相同的应力比和应变比情况下,混凝土的损伤值随着荷载历史的增加而增加了。     

混凝土/花岗岩界面动态断裂性能的轴拉试验研究

为研究混凝土和花岗岩界面断裂的加载应变率效应,利用MTS试验机对带有双边预制裂缝的花岗岩试件、混凝土试件和混凝土/花岗岩复合试件等三种试件进行了轴向拉伸试验。通过裂缝张开口位移进行控制,获得了不同应变率(10~(-6)～10~(-3) s~(-1))下的荷载-裂缝张开口位移曲线,据此计算了荷载上升段的吸能能力,并基于结构动力分析和断裂力学、界面力学理论获得了试件的断裂韧度;结果表明,三类试件的断裂面形态随着应变率的变化呈现不同的特征,三者的峰值荷载、吸能能力和断裂韧度均随应变率的提高而增加。对三类试件断裂特性在中低应变率范围内的率效应机理进行了分析,对比了准脆性材料界面断裂与母材断裂率效应的异同。     

应变率对V-5Cr-5Ti合金拉伸性能的影响

应用旋转圆盘冲击拉伸Hopkinson试验装置和MTS材料试验机,测定了V-5Cr-5Ti合金在不同应变率下的拉伸性能,用SEM观察了断口形貌,获得了10-5s-1~103s-1应变率范围内V-5Cr-5Ti合金的拉伸应力应变关系。结果表明V-5Cr-5Ti合金为应变率敏感材料,流动应力随应变率的增加而增加,且发生韧脆转变现象,其韧脆转变临界应变率在101s-1~102s-1量级。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...