传递矩阵法分析复合材料层合板的传声损失

为了得到不同频率下正交各向异性复合材料层合板的传声损失,基于传递矩阵的方法,推导出层合板的传声损失计算公式。通过建立复合材料层合板的传声计算模型,研究了层合板铺设角度、板厚度和板密度等结构参数对层合板的传声损失影响。计算结果表明：复合材料的密度与传声损失之间没有明显的线性关系,而是随着频率的增加而上升;层合板的总厚度越大,传声损失也越大,而且各层之间厚度不同,也会引起传声损失的较大改变;层合板铺层角度越大,传声损失也越大。采用传递矩阵法能充分考虑复合材料层合板的铺设方式和铺层角度等因素的影响,利用层合板层间的速度和应力连续边界条件,准确的反应复合材料层合板隔声性能。     

基于Virtual.Lab Acoustics的蜂窝夹层板结构传声特性分析

针对蜂窝夹层板进行传声特性仿真计算分析。基于声学间接边界元理论,利用有限元软件Patran进行夹层板的三维实体建模和模态分析,采用声学软件Virtual.Lab Acoustics计算结构的传声性能,得到场点声压分布、构件两侧声压级差和结构隔声量曲线。在此基础上系统地探讨面板厚度和密度以及芯层高度、壁厚及壁长五个设计参量对蜂窝夹层板传声性能的影响。结果显示,面板厚度与芯层高度对结构在低频段尤其是刚度控制区域的隔声性能影响显著。     

长厚比对正六边形铝蜂窝夹层板等效板模型动力学计算精度的影响

为提高正六边形铝蜂窝夹层板的数值计算精度,研究了长厚比对其等效板模型动力学计算精度的影响。针对芯层均匀壁厚的正六边形铝蜂窝夹层板,首先研究了它的等效板模型,包括Reissner理论模型、蜂窝板理论模型和层合板低阶剪切理论模型;然后,将等效板模型与精细化模型相同模态振型的模态频率进行比较,分析了长厚比对等效板模型动力学计算精度的影响。结果表明:芯层均质化后模型模态频率的计算误差很小;层合板低阶剪切理论模型是计算精度较高的等效板模型;Reissner理论模型在长厚比为7.37时计算精度最低,蜂窝板理论模型对厚板的计算精度比薄板低,层合板低阶剪切理论模型对厚板的计算精度比薄板高。      

基于夹层板理论的圆形孔蜂窝结构隔声量研究

蜂窝夹层结构广泛应用于航空航天、船舶、高速列车等交通工具领域。基于三明治等效理论建立了圆形蜂窝结构层芯的等效剪切参数,从而得到简支边界条件下的圆形孔蜂窝夹层板的声振耦合振动模型及传声损失,并在仿真中数值验证了理论模型的正确性。同时基于理论计算,分析了圆形孔蜂窝结构中的层芯胞元半径、层芯壁厚和结构材料对隔声量的影响。由分析可知:层芯半径小、壁厚薄的钢材圆形蜂窝结构具有更好的隔声性能。     

碳纤维铝蜂窝夹芯复合结构隔声性能研究

铝蜂窝夹芯复合结构在航空工业、高速列车及汽车车体中得到越来越多的应用,其隔声性能对车内及机舱噪声有重要影响。建立了碳纤维铝蜂窝夹芯复合结构有限单元模型,用有限单元法计算了结构在声载荷激励下的响应,并计算分析了复合结构的隔声性能,分析了碳纤维复合面板厚度、面板层数、铺设角度、铝蜂窝芯层的厚度、铝蜂窝壁厚对隔声性能的影响。研究结果表明,面板采用碳纤维复合结构时,在小于1 000 Hz的低频段,相同面板厚度的铝蜂窝复合结构隔声性能比全铝合金材料的铝蜂窝夹芯复合结构有所降低,而且在高频段会出现隔声量更低的隔声低谷;相较于铝合金面板,复合结构的面板采用碳纤维复合材料时,能够实现整体结构轻量化也提高复合结构的隔声性能;各层之间按相对90°铺设时复合结构隔声性能最好;随着面板厚度的增加复合结构隔声性能增加,面板层总厚度不变的情况下,单层面板或者过多的层数都会使复合结构隔声性能降低。     

复合材料层合夹芯板局部变形行为研究

在局部荷载作用下,带软夹芯层的夹芯板结构将产生一定的局部变形现象。本文采用双参数基础模型模拟软夹芯材料与受载层合面板间的相互作用,基于经典层合板理论,推导并给出了夹芯板结构局部变形问题的半解析分析方法,并通过算例讨论了边界条件、荷载作用方式、夹芯层厚度与弹性模量等因素对该类结构局部弯曲和局部屈曲行为的影响。     

基于有限元法的蜂窝夹层结构稳定性研究

蜂窝夹层结构随面板厚度的逐渐变化会出现不同的屈曲现象。针对连续芯层有限元模型, 求出不同面板厚度时结构的屈曲因子, 并与经验失稳公式预测值进行对比, 两种方法的结果基本吻合。建立考虑芯层几何特征的有限元模型, 进行屈曲分析并研究芯层几何参数对结构稳定性的影响。介绍了一种局部屈曲现象——蜂窝壁屈曲, 提出了相应的失稳预测分析方法, 并与三维有限元分析结果进行比较, 验证该方法的正确性。对承受多轴惯性载荷的蜂窝夹层承力筒结构进行稳定性分析, 通过改变面板厚度和纵横惯性载荷比, 得到一系列有限元解, 给出了相关的多轴惯性载荷相关方程。     

铝蜂窝夹层板低速冲击响应及损伤模式的参数化影响

以铝蜂窝夹层板为对象，通过低速落锤试验及包含面板、胶层及蜂窝的细节仿真模型，探究了蜂窝胞元直径、蜂窝壁厚、面板厚度及冲头半径参数影响下低速冲击响应曲线及损伤模式的变化情况，确定在试验工况下的3种损伤模式：芯层屈曲、芯层剪切及夹层板穿透，其中芯层剪切模式具有更好的吸能分布。结果表明：蜂窝胞元直径与蜂窝壁厚对冲击响应与损伤模式具有类似的影响，面板厚度增加可以较大程度地提升抗冲击性能，冲头半径的大小会显著影响损伤模式。在此基础上建立与上述参数相关的损伤模式极限载荷公式，绘制相应的损伤模式图，为铝蜂窝夹层板的抗冲击设计提供参考。     

无限大单向加筋层合板隔声性能研究

基于经典层合板理论,计及加强筋弯曲及扭转运动影响,建立无限大单向加筋层合板在平面声波激励下的声透射理论模型;应用空间谐波展开与虚功原理,推导出单向加筋层合板传声损失公式,并与解析解及简化模型计算结果对比,验证所建模型的精度及有效性;系统研究特征参数对加筋层合板结构隔声性能影响。研究表明：增加层合板铺设角度对结构隔声性能不利,材料损耗因子只影响结构共振频率处隔声性能;增大加强筋间距,加筋层合板结构低频段隔声性能下降明显,但全频段隔声性能有所改善;声波入射角度对单向加筋层合板隔声性能影响显著,结构对垂直入射声波隔声效果最好。     

复合材料蜂窝夹层板结构的多工况优化设计研究

以复合材料蜂窝夹层板结构作为研究对象,建立了多工况优化模型,对众多的材料设计变量进行必要的取舍,通过优化分析确定复合材料蜂窝夹层板面板各分层的厚度以及蜂窝芯层的厚度等,使结构满足相应的频率约束、屈曲约束,以及强度约束、位移约束和尺寸限制等,同时达到结构的重量最轻。采用序列二次规划法对某卫星的承力筒结构进行了优化设计,优化结果表明:在满足其振动特性以及静力学特性的条件下,复合材料蜂窝承力筒的各面板层厚度以及蜂窝芯层的厚度均有所减小,减重效果显著,较好地实现了复合材料蜂窝夹层板结构的多工况优化设计。     

壁面特征对磁流变液传力性能的影响

为了保证磁流变传动装置的动力传递效果,采用实验方法,分析了不同壁面材料、表面粗糙度大小、壁面形貌、滑差转速及工作间隙对磁流变传力性能的影响规律。研究表明壁面材料对磁流变液动力传递效果影响较为明显,材料磁导率越低,传递转矩越小,容易发生壁面滑移现象;壁面形貌亦为影响传力效果的主要因素,凹凸同心圆表面减弱了磁流变液的传力性能;高滑差转速时,磁流变液颗粒成链较为复杂,其传递转矩随滑差转速的增加而逐渐降低,而工作间距对其传力性能影响不大。     

Comparing transmission potential networks based on social network surveys,close contacts and environmental overlap in rural Madagascar

Social and spatial network analysis is an important approach for investigating infectious disease transmission, especially for pathogens transmitted directly between individuals or via environmental reservoirs. Given the diversity of ways to construct networks, however, it remains unclear how well networks constructed from different data types effectively capture transmission potential. We used empirical networks from a population in rural Madagascar to compare social network survey and spatial data-based networks of the same individuals. Close contact and environmental pathogen transmission pathways were modelled with the spatial data. We found that naming social partners during the surveys predicted higher close-contact rates and the proportion of environmental overlap on the spatial data-based networks. The spatial networks captured many strong and weak connections that were missed using social network surveys alone. Across networks, we found weak correlations among centrality measures (a proxy for superspreading potential). We conclude that social network surveys provide important scaffolding for understanding disease transmission pathways but miss contact-specific heterogeneities revealed by spatial data. Our analyses also highlight that the superspreading potential of individuals may vary across transmission modes. We provide detailed methods to construct networks for close-contact transmission pathogens when not all individuals simultaneously wear GPS trackers.     

Oxygen‐ and light‐barrier properties of thermoformed packaging materials used for modified atmosphere packaging. evaluation of performance under realistic storage conditions

The oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of packaging materials used for modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of chilled products varies extensively with temperature, relative humidity (RH) and material thickness after the thermoforming of packages. Two different polymer combinations were studied: APET/PE (tray) and PA/PE (lid). A temperature reduction of 8°C (in the interval 7–23°C) caused an OTR reduction of 26–48% depending on material type, degree of thermoforming and RH. A 2–3‐fold increase in OTR was observed for PA/PE film when measured at 100/100% RH compared to 0/100% RH, whereas the APET/PE trays were not affected by RH. Increased OTR was observed as a result of material thinning; however, the increase was not always directly proportional to the degree of material thinning. Even very small amounts of oxygen have, in combination with light exposure, significant effects on oxidative quality deterioration of many products. Consequently, the changes in OTR observed in this study emphasize the necessity of evaluating the performance of packaging materials under realistic storage conditions, in order to estimate the real oxygen content of a chosen package solution. The light transmission through the packaging material was found to be reduced to 0–30% (300–800 nm) by dyeing of the lid and/or addition of labels. Thus, it is easy to protect the products from light, at least partly. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

磁力金属带传动中传动比的影响因素分析

对新型磁力金属带传动中传动比的影响因素，如有效牵引力、初张力、磁感应强度、中心距、小带轮直径及围包角等进行了分析和数值模拟，揭示了传动比随这些影响因素而变化的规律。结果表明，磁力金属带传动的传动比随磁感应强度、初张力及中心距的增大而增大，随围包角及小带轮直径的增大而减小。文中指出，由于磁力的作用，小带轮直径及其围包角均可相应减小，因此，其传动比较普通带传动可增加3～4倍。     

Modelling the direct virus exposure risk associated with respiratory events

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of accurately modelling the pathogen transmission via droplets and aerosols emitted while speaking, coughing and sneezing. In this work, we present an effective model for assessing the direct contagion risk associated with these pathogen-laden droplets. In particular, using the most recent studies on multi-phase flow physics, we develop an effective yet simple framework capable of predicting the infection risk associated with different respiratory activities in different ambient conditions. We start by describing the mathematical framework and benchmarking the model predictions against well-assessed literature results. Then, we provide a systematic assessment of the effects of physical distancing and face coverings on the direct infection risk. The present results indicate that the risk of infection is vastly impacted by the ambient conditions and the type of respiratory activity, suggesting the non-existence of a universal safe distance. Meanwhile, wearing face masks provides excellent protection, effectively limiting the transmission of pathogens even at short physical distances, i.e. 1 m.     

Inferring environmental transmission using phylodynamics: a case-study using simulated evolution of an enteric pathogen

Indirect (environmental) and direct (host–host) transmission pathways cannot easily be distinguished when they co-occur in epidemics, particularly when they occur on similar time scales. Phylodynamic reconstruction is a potential approach to this problem that combines epidemiological information (temporal, spatial information) with pathogen whole-genome sequencing data to infer transmission trees of epidemics. However, factors such as differences in mutation and transmission rates between host and non-host environments may obscure phylogenetic inference from these methods. In this study, we used a network-based transmission model that explicitly models pathogen evolution to simulate epidemics with both direct and indirect transmission. Epidemics were simulated according to factorial combinations of direct/indirect transmission proportions, host mutation rates and conditions of environmental pathogen growth. Transmission trees were then reconstructed using the phylodynamic approach SCOTTI (structured coalescent transmission tree inference) and evaluated. We found that although insufficient diversity sets a lower bound on when accurate phylodynamic inferences can be made, transmission routes and assumed pathogen lifestyle affected pathogen population structure and subsequently influenced both reconstruction success and the likelihood of direct versus indirect pathways being reconstructed. We conclude that prior knowledge of the likely ecology and population structure of pathogens in host and non-host environments is critical to fully using phylodynamic techniques.     

采用同步光传输技术设计和实现的多通道数据传输卡①

采用同步光传输技术,设计和实现了用于高速数据可靠传输的多通道数据传输卡。该卡采用VME总线接口,支持单工和全双工工作模式,每通道数据吞吐率为2．5Gbps,每一全双工传输通道采用两根光纤作为传输介质,可以代替一根96芯的电缆。采用该卡,可以实现虚拟电缆的功能,在强电磁干扰场合可保证数据传输的可靠性。     

浅析药包材阻隔性能的检测

介绍了目前YBB标准对药包材阻隔性能测试的方法及要求,分别列出了几种方法的特点及注意事项,并对新的检验方法进行了说明。     

果品物流运输包装件堆码振动传递性能的实验研究

以贵妃富士苹果为测试对象,模拟了其在实际运输过程中的振动载荷,进行了运输包装单件扫频振动实验,测出了其固有频率;对10层堆码进行扫频振动传递性能实验,分别测出了底层、中间层(第6层)和顶层运输包装件的固有频率、最大响应加速度和振动传递率。最后探讨了最大响应加速度、振动传递率随时间的变化规律,分析了固有频率和振动传递率峰值与堆码高度之间的关系,研究了其在模拟振动条件下的损伤规律,找出了现有包装的不足,提出了合理的包装设计方案。