Increased sensitivity in PCR detection of tdh-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood with purified template DNA

PCR is an important method for the detection of thermostable direct hemolysin gene (tdh)-positive (pathogenic hemolysin-producing) strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood because tdh-negative (nonpathogenic) V. parahaemolyticus strains often contaminate seafood and interfere with the direct isolation of tdh-positive V. parahaemolyticus. In this study, the use of PCR to detect the tdh gene of V. parahaemolyticus in various seafoods artificially contaminated with tdh-positive V. parahaemolyticus was examined. PCR was inhibited by substances in oysters, squid, mackerel, and yellowtail but not by cod, sea bream, scallop, short-necked clam, and shrimp. To improve detection, DNA was purified by either the silica membrane method, the glass fiber method, or the magnetic separation method, and the purified DNA was used as the PCR primer template. For all samples, the use of the silica membrane method and the glass fiber method increased detection sensitivity. The results of this study demonstrate that the use of properly purified template DNA for PCR markedly increases the effectiveness of the method in detecting pathogenic tdh-positive V. parahaemolyticus in contaminated seafood.     

Occurrence of the tdh and trh genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from waters and raw shellfish collected in two French coastal areas and from seafood imported into France

The occurrence of the hemolysin genes, tdh and trh, in Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from environmental samples collected in two French coastal areas, clinical samples, and seafood products imported into France was studied. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with two sets of primers was used to detect the hemolysin genes. Most of the clinical isolates (91%) and 1.5% of the isolates from seafood possessed the hemolysin genes. Three and fifteen percent, respectively, of the two groups of environmental strains carried the hemolysin genes depending on the geographic site. The tdh and trh genes play important roles in virulence. Thus, our results indicate that pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus isolates are present in French coastal areas and in seafood imported into France. Furthermore, they may also be present in French seafood products.     

中国部分水产品副溶血性弧菌毒力基因的分布特征

目的了解中国部分水产品中副溶血性弧菌毒力基因的分布情况。方法通过聚合酶链反应测定从中国部分水产品中分离的192株副溶血性弧菌是否携带毒力基因tdh、trh,及种特异性基因tlh、toxR。结果192株实验菌株tdh全阴性,4株trh阳性,毒力基因携带率2.08%;而tlh、toxR的携带率均为100%。结论中国副溶血性弧菌水产品分离株毒力基因携带率非常低。     

Characteristics of virulent vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from Oregon and Washington

Thirty-four virulent strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus containing tdh and/or trh genes isolated from Oregon and Washington coastal water were analyzed for O-group antigens and urease activity, and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Six O serotypes (O1, O3, O4, O5, O10, and O11) were identified among the isolates, with the O5 group (19 isolates) being the most prevalent, followed by the 01 group (9 isolates). Nearly all (33 of 34) isolates were capable of producing urease, which reaffirmed the correlation between urease production and virulence factors of V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from the Pacific Northwest. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis with NotI and SfiI digestions of the 34 V. parahaemolyticus isolates plus five clinical strains revealed 22 patterns (NlS1 to N20S22), with NIS1 (25.6%) being the most common, followed by N2S2 (10.3%). Nine Oregon isolates were grouped with a 1997 Oregon outbreak strain (027-1C1) with the same serotype (O5), virulence factors (tdh+ and trh+), and genotype (N S 1). Three Washington isolates were found to share the same serotype (O1), virulence factors (tdh' and trh'), and genotype (N2S2) with a 1997 Washington outbreak strain (10293). The repetitive isolation of virulent strains of V. parahaemolyticus identical to clinical strains involved in previous outbreaks indicates potential hazards associated with oyster consumption. These data may be useful in risk assessment of V. parahaemolyticus infections associated with raw oyster consumption in Oregon and Washington.     

Evaluation of an alkaline phosphatase-labeled oligonucleotide probe for the detection and enumeration of the thermostable-related hemolysin (trh) gene of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Reliable methods are needed to detect total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus. One marker of V. parahaemolyticus virulence is the thermostable-related hemolysin. We developed an alkaline phosphatase-labeled DNA probe method for the specific detection and enumeration of trh-positive V. parahaemolyticus by colony hybridization. The probe was tested against a panel of 200 bacterial strains and determined to be specific for trh-positive V. parahaemolyticus. Additionally, the trh alkaline phosphatase probe colony hybridization was successfully used to detect and enumerate trh-positive V. parahaemolyticus in seafood and water samples collected from the United States and the United Kingdom.     

珠江三角洲地区副溶血性弧菌遗传多样性和致病性相关研究

副溶血性弧菌(Vibiro parahaemolyticus)是一种常见的食源性致病菌,本文研究了珠江三角洲地区副溶血性弧菌的遗传多样性。从54株副溶血性弧菌出发,研究了它们的API20E生化反应、抗生素耐药性、O抗原血清型,进行了ERIC-PCR分子分型,并检测了两种毒力基因tdh和trh的分布。54株副溶血性弧菌可被分为6个生化反应类群,主要类群为Biochem-A;菌株对萘啶酮酸、环丙沙星、氯霉素均不耐药,而对氨苄青霉素耐药率最高,耐药率0.88;O抗原血清型分别为O1、O2、O3、O4、O5、O6、O8、O10、O11,O2为主要血清型,O3为临床主要血清型;ERIC-PCR分子分型将54株菌分成47个型别,ERIC-PCR图谱相似性大于0.80的类群有12个,没有明显的优势类群;有12株副溶血性弧菌为tdh阳性,阳性率为0.22,其中10株为临床来源菌株;有2株副溶血性弧菌为trh阳性,阳性率为0.04,均为食品分离株。珠三角地区食品和临床来源的副溶血性弧菌具有丰富的遗传多样性。     

Levels of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and thermostable direct hemolysin gene-positive organisms in retail seafood determined by the most probable number-polymerase chain reaction (MPN-PCR) method

The incidence and levels of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and thermostable direct hemolysin gene (tdh)-positive organisms in retail seafood were determined. The most probable number-polymerase chain reaction (MPN-PCR) method using a PCR procedure targeting the species-specific thermolabile hemolysin gene (tlh) and tdh was used to determine the levels of V. parahaemolyticus and tdh-positive organisms, respectively. In seafood for raw consumption, V. parahaemolyticus was found in four (13.3%) of 30 fish samples, 11 (55.0%) of 20 crustacean samples, and 29 (96.7%) of 30 mollusc samples. Levels of V. parahaemolyticus were below 10(4) MPN/100 g in all fish and crustacean samples tested. However, they were above 10(4) MPN/100 g in 11 (36.7%) of the 30 mollusc samples. In all seafood for raw consumption, the level of tdh-positive organisms was below the limit of detection (< 30 MPN/100 g). In seafood for cooking, V. parahaemolyticus was found in 15 (75.0%) of 20 fish samples, nine (45.0%) of 20 crustacean sample, and 20 (100%) of 20 mollusc samples. Levels of V. parahaemolyticus were above 10(4) MPN/100 g in only three (15.0%) and one (5.0%) of the 20 fish and 20 crustacean samples, respectively. However, they were above 10(4) MPN/100 g in 18 (90.0%) of the 20 mollusc samples. In seven (35.0%) of the 20 mollusc samples, tdh-positive organisms were found and their levels ranged from 3.6x10 to 1.1 x 103 MPN/100 g. From four of seven tdhpositive samples, tdh-positive V. parahaemolyticus was isolated.     

中国水产品中副溶血性弧菌耐药性及遗传特征分析

目的研究我国水产品中分离的副溶血性弧菌耐药性、产毒特性及遗传特征。方法对我国26个省、直辖市和自治区水产品中分离的1 137株副溶血性弧菌进行耐药性分析和毒力基因检测,并用脉冲场凝胶电泳方法比对产毒菌株的遗传特征。结果 1 137株副溶血性弧菌中有254株(22.3%)受试菌株对测定的12种抗生素全部敏感,883株(77.7%)对测定的抗生素呈现不同程度耐药。所有受试菌株对左氧氟沙星和庆大霉素抗生素敏感,主要耐受的抗生素为氨苄西林(53.7%,611/1 137)、阿莫西林/克拉维酸(46.3%,526/1 137)和头孢唑林(24.2%,275/1 137)。1 137株副溶血性弧菌分离株全部检出tlh基因,有3株检出tdh基因,有19株检出trh基因,其中2株同时检出tdh和trh基因。20株产毒菌株遗传特征分散,与其食品来源和耐药谱之间也无密切关联,其中4株对测定的抗生素均敏感,其余菌株主要对青霉素类和头孢类抗生素耐药。结论我国水产品中副溶血性弧菌对青霉素类抗生素普遍耐药,毒力基因携带率较低,产毒菌株遗传特征多样。     

食物来源和食源性疾病来源的副溶血性弧菌的生物学特性比较研究

目的了解温州市平阳县食物来源和食源性疾病来源的副溶血性弧菌的血清群分布特点以及耐热直接溶血素(TDH)和TDH相关溶血素(TRH)检出情况。方法以59株副溶血性弧菌食品风险监测分离株和39株副溶血性弧菌食源性疾病监测分离株为研究对象,用标准血清进行血清学分群,应用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)法检测tdh基因和trh基因。结果食品风险监测分离株检出9个血清群,无优势菌群;食源性疾病监测分离株检出O1、O3和O4;以O3和O4为主,分别占48.7%(19/39)和46.2%(18/39)。食源性疾病监测分离株的毒力基因检测结果为38株仅含有tdh基因,1株仅含有trh基因,而食品风险监测分离株仅检出1株只含有tdh基因的菌株。结论平阳县食品风险监测中分离的副溶血性弧菌菌株与分离自食源性疾病监测的副溶血性弧菌菌株的主要血清型、毒力基因都存在差别。本研究为预防和快速检验副溶血性弧菌引起的食源性疾病提供了科学依据。     

基于环介导等温扩增法(LAMP)检测上海市售贝类产品中副溶血性弧菌的毒力菌株

基于环介导等温扩增法(LAMP)对上海市8-10月市售贝类产品中副溶血性弧菌毒力菌株(tdh和trh毒力基因)进行检测分析,共检测贝类样品180份,6个常规品种,实验同时采用PCR测定方法进行对比。结果表明,含tdh和trh毒力基因的副溶血性弧菌在市售贝类中的检出率分别是12.77%和11.66%,PCR的分析结果为11.11%和7.78%。对分离的毒力菌株进行血清型分型后发现了2株O3:K6型副溶血性弧菌,其中1株为毒力基因双阳性菌(tdh+/trh+)。2株O3:K6型副溶血性弧菌的PFGE条带型相似度较高(相似度90%)。这些结果表明上海市售贝类产品中副溶血性弧菌毒力菌株存在一定的污染,应引起足够重视。双阳性O3:K6型副溶血性弧菌的出现值得关注,应对各血清型菌株尤其是O3:K6型副溶血性弧菌的流行情况加强监测。PCR检测结果对比分析表明,LAMP方法适用于贝类产品中副溶血性弧菌毒力菌株的检测分析。     

养殖海水贝类中副溶血性弧菌的致病性及 耐药性分析

目的对从山东和辽宁沿海地区养殖海水贝类中分离到的84株副溶血性弧菌进行致病性及耐药性分析。方法通过PCR扩增及测序法检测毒力基因,通过神奈川试验测定溶血能力,采用K-B法进行药敏试验分析。结果 84株菌均含有tlh基因,均不含trh基因,有1株菌含tdh基因。tdh基因阳性菌株的神奈川试验呈阳性,其余菌株均呈阴性。菌株对氨苄西林、头孢呋辛钠和复方新诺明的耐药率分别为91.7%、6.0%和1.2%。所有菌株对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、阿米卡星、庆大霉素、亚胺培南、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、萘啶酸、氯霉素、氟苯尼考和呋喃妥因高度敏感。结论海水贝类中含有少量致病性副溶血性弧菌,菌株存在一定程度的耐药性,提示应加强对海产品中副溶血性弧菌致病性及耐药性的监控。     

北京口岸进口鲜活海产品中副溶血性弧菌致病性分析

目的调查从北京口岸进口的鲜活海产品中是否存在致病性副溶血性弧菌。方法对2005年从北京口岸进口的鲜活海产品中分离的267株副溶血性弧菌（Vibrio parahaemolyticus）的尿素酶活性、神奈川现象和毒性基因（tdh和trh）进行了检测。结果267株副溶血性弧菌中27株尿素酶呈阳性，其中14株菌tdh基因和砌基因呈阳性。tdh基因和trh基因呈阳性的14株菌中有10株菌神奈川现象为阳性，并且全部分离自从加拿大进口的象拔蚌。结论北京口岸进口的鲜活海产品中存在致病性副溶血性弧菌，主要集中在象拔蚌中。应对从加拿大进口的象拔蚌加强监管，防止致病性副溶血性弧菌引起食物中毒发生。     

Distribution of virulent and pandemic strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in three molluscan shellfish species (Meretrix meretrix, Perna viridis, and Anadara granosa) and their association with foodborne disease in southern Thailand

Distribution of pandemic strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood, particularly in molluscan shellfish, and their serological and molecular relationships to clinical strains were examined from Hat Yai City in southern Thailand. During 2000 to 2002, virulent strains (tdh+ or trh+) were isolated from 13 of 230 molluscan shellfish samples using alkaline peptone water enrichment followed by immunomagnetic separation. The isolates included 12 pandemic strains (tdh+, trh-, group-specific PCR positive) from five Oriental hard clam samples, five green mussel samples, and one bloody clam sample. Among the pandemic strains, eight belonged to serogroup O3:K6, three belonged to O1:K25, and one was O1:K untypeable. One hundred eighty-seven strains of V. parahaemolyticus were isolated from clinical specimens obtained from a hospital in this city during 2000 to 2001. The pandemic strains comprised 64 and 68% of the isolates in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Among the serotypes of the pandemic strains, O3:K6 was dominant at 73% in 2000 and 76% in 2001 followed by O1:K25 at 20% in 2000 and 13% in 2001. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of the pandemic strains from molluscan shellfish were indistinguishable or very similar to those of patient isolates. Similarity of the serotype distribution and DNA fingerprints occurring between the molluscan shellfish strains and clinical strains suggests that molluscan shellfish may be an important source of pandemic V. parahaemolyticus infection in southern Thailand. For public health, proper cooking of molluscan shellfish in this area is strongly recommended.     

Incidence of highly genetically diversified Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood imported from Asian countries

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important pathogen of humans and aquacultured animals, especially in Asian countries. In this study, we examined 686 samples of seafood imported from Hong Kong, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam for V. parahaemolyticus. V. parahaemolyticus was recovered from 315 (45.9%) samples. The incidence of V. parahaemolyticus in products from Hong Kong and Thailand was markedly higher than the incidence in products from Indonesia and Vietnam. The incidence rates in shrimp, crab, snail, lobster, sand crab, fish and crawfish were 75.8, 73.3, 44.3, 44.1, 32.5, 29.3 and 21.1%, respectively. None of the isolates possessed the hemolysin genes (tdh, trh). The chromosomal DNA of 121 randomly selected imported isolates and three local environmental strains was digested with SfiI and analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). These isolates were then grouped into 96 different but mostly unique PFGE patterns. After hierarchical cluster analysis, these patterns could be arbitrarily grouped into twenty-two PFGE types (type A to V). A wide range of PFGE types were identified in isolates from different origin. Moreover, the PFGE types were not specifically associated with the origin or kind of seafood. These results reveal the high genetic diversity in V. parahaemolyticus isolated from seafood.     

成都市海产品中副溶血性弧菌耐药特征及多位点序列分型

目的了解成都市不同种类的海产品中副溶血性弧菌的污染程度、耐药情况、毒力基因分布、基因分型情况,为成都市食源性副溶血性弧菌流行及其风险评估提供基础数据。方法参照GB 4789. 7—2013《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验副溶血性弧菌检验》,从不同种类的海产品中分离副溶血性弧菌疑似菌株,通过生化试验及16S r DNA测序进行准确鉴定;采用纸片扩散法对分离株进行药敏试验,通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测与其致病性相关的2个毒力基因,对分离株进行多位点序列分型分析。结果从采集的380份海产品中共104份样品检出副溶血性弧菌,总检出率为27. 4%。药敏试验表明,97. 1%(101/104)的分离株具有耐药性,其中对氨苄西林的耐药率最高(95. 2%,99/104)。分离株trh基因携带率为12. 5%(13/104),tdh基因携带率为1. 0%(1/104); 104株分离株共分为38个ST型,其中ST1801、ST392、ST413型分离率较高,分离株未出现流行克隆群。结论流通过程中不同种类海产品副溶血性弧菌污染率、耐药情况、毒力基因分布存在差异,可能与养殖环境、运输条件等有关。     

基于弧菌毒力基因多重PCR法的建立及其在副溶血弧菌毒力基因检测中的应用

针对副溶血弧菌常见的11种毒力基因(tox R、Collagenase、tox S、trh、tdh、tlh、Ure R、Fla A、omp W、Asp A、fur),建立了两套六重PCR检测体系,应用于副溶血弧菌环境分离株和水产品分离株的毒力基因分布情况调查。在调查的248株副溶血弧菌中,鞭毛丝蛋白基因Fla A、外膜蛋白基因omp W和铁吸收调节蛋白基因fur的分布最广(100%),其次为碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶基因Asp A(99.60%),胶原蛋白酶基因Collagenase、不耐热性溶血毒素基因tlh以及毒力调控基因tox R和tox S的分布率均在90%以上且tox R和tox S的分布极为相似,尿素酶基因Ure R的分布极少(1.21%),而耐热直接溶血素基因tdh和耐热相关溶血素基因trh在这248株副溶血弧菌中没有检出。本研究建立的多重PCR检测体系能快速、高效地检测多个毒力基因的分布情况,为副溶血弧菌的毒力机制研究和风险评估提供方法和依据。     

2015年我国食源性副溶血性弧菌毒力基因及 耐药特征研究

目的 探究我国2015年食品来源的副溶血性弧菌毒力基因分布情况和耐药特征。方法 通过聚合酶链式反应,研究1046株副溶血性弧菌携带毒力基因tlh、tdh和trh情况,并采用微量肉汤稀释法,测定副溶血性弧菌对氨苄西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢唑林、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、亚胺培南、庆大霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、左氧沙星、氯霉素、复方新诺明等抗生素的敏感性。结果 本研究所用1046株副溶血性弧菌中有965株（92.3%）对一种或多种抗生素耐药,总耐药率为92.2%。全部菌株对庆大霉素和左氧氟沙星敏感,对其余10种抗生素有不同程度耐药,耐药率最高的前三位抗生素分别为头孢唑林（85.4%）、氨苄西林（59.4%）、阿莫西林/克拉维酸（49.3%）。1046株副溶血性弧菌全部携带tlh基因,其中19株（1.8%）trh基因阳性,4株（0.4%）tdh基因阳性。毒力基因阳性的所有菌株均未发现多重耐药现象,部分毒力基因阳性菌株对青霉素类和第一代头孢类抗生素耐药。结论 我国2015年食品来源的副溶血性弧菌毒力基因携带率较低,但对第一代头孢类和青霉素类抗生素耐药率较高;水产养殖地区应在养殖环节应加强抗生素的管理并规范使用。     

The occurrence of Vibrio species in tropical shrimp culture environments; implications for food safety

The occurrence of various Vibrio species in water, sediment and shrimp samples from multiple shrimp farm environments from the east and west coast of India was studied. The relative abundance was higher in west coast farms (ca. 10(4) cfu/ml water) when compared to the east coast (ca. 10(2) cfu/ml water). Vibrio alginolyticus (3-19%), V. parahaemolyticus (2-13%), V. harveyi (1-7%) and V. vulnificus (1-4%) were the predominant Vibrio species identified by standard biochemical testing. In some cases, V. cholerae could be found, but all isolates were negative for the cholera toxin (ctx) gene that is associated with choleragenic strains. The biochemical identification of V. parahaemolyticus, the other human pathogen among the species mentioned above, was confirmed by PCR targeting the toxR gene and a 387 bp chromosomal locus specific for this species. Furthermore, the presence of the virulence-associated tdh (thermostable direct haemolysin) and trh (TDH-related haemolysin) genes in the V. parahaemolyticus isolates was also detected by PCR. Only 2 out of 47 isolates were tdh positive and one contained the trh gene. However, since V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus species are recognized as a major cause of seafood-borne illness, it is important to pay attention to post-harvest handling and adequate cooking.     

副溶血性弧菌食源性疾病暴发分离株的血清型、核糖型及毒力基因研究

目的 了解目前食源性副溶血性弧菌暴发菌株在上海地区的血清型分布、毒力相关基因的携带情况,及Ribo分型.方法 收集上海市27起食源性副溶血性弧菌暴发事件分离的98株副溶血性弧菌,采用副溶血性弧菌分型血清对所收集的菌株进行血清学分型.利用双重PCR方法扩增tdh,trh两个重要的毒力基因以了解其毒力基因的携带情况.应用Riboprinter系统检测上述菌株的酶切片段杂交多态性.结果 引起27起暴发的98株副溶血性弧菌分为11个血清型,5个Ribo型.优势血清型为03:K6,优势Ribo型为vp-EcorI-002型.全部分离菌株均携带toxR基因,97株携带tdh基因,1株携带trh基因.有多起暴发事件分离到多个血清型的副溶血性弧菌.结论 血清分型和PCR方法检测毒力基因,是副溶血性孤菌暴发事件实验室诊断的有用方法.对于从一起暴发事件中检出的不同血清型的副溶血性弧菌需要确认各菌株与暴发的关系.