一种面向多源领域的实例迁移学习

在迁移学习最大的特点就是利用相关领域的知识来帮助完成目标领域中的学习任务,它能够有效地在相似的领域或任务之间进行信息的共享和迁移,使传统的从零开始的学习变成可积累的学习,具有成本低、效率高等优点.针对源领域数据和目标领域数据分布类似的情况,提出一种基于多源动态TrAdaBoost的实例迁移学习方法.该方法考虑多个源领域知识,使得目标任务的学习可以充分利用所有源领域信息,每次训练候选分类器时,所有源领域样本都参与学习,可以获得有利于目标任务学习的有用信息,从而避免负迁移的产生.理论分析验证了所提算法较单源迁移的优势,以及加入动态因子改善了源权重收敛导致的权重熵由源样本转移到目标样本的问题.实验结果验证了此算法在提高识别率方面的优势.     

Multitask Learning

Multitask Learning is an approach to inductive transfer that improves generalization by using the domain information contained in the training signals of related tasks as an inductive bias. It does this by learning tasks in parallel while using a shared representation; what is learned for each task can help other tasks be learned better. This paper reviews prior work on MTL, presents new evidence that MTL in backprop nets discovers task relatedness without the need of supervisory signals, and presents new results for MTL with k-nearest neighbor and kernel regression. In this paper we demonstrate multitask learning in three domains. We explain how multitask learning works, and show that there are many opportunities for multitask learning in real domains. We present an algorithm and results for multitask learning with case-based methods like k-nearest neighbor and kernel regression, and sketch an algorithm for multitask learning in decision trees. Because multitask learning works, can be applied to many different kinds of domains, and can be used with different learning algorithms, we conjecture there will be many opportunities for its use on real-world problems.     

The Utility of Knowledge in Inductive Learning

In this paper, we demonstrate how different forms of background knowledge can be integrated with an inductive method for generating function-free Horn clause rules. Furthermore, we evaluate, both theoretically and empirically, the effect that these forms of knowledge have on the cost and accuracy of learning. Lastly, we demonstrate that a hybrid explanation-based and inductive learning method can advantageously use an approximate domain theory, even when this theory is incorrect and incomplete.     

Learning Hierarchical Task Models from Input Traces

We describe HTN‐MAKER , an algorithm for learning hierarchical planning knowledge in the form of task‐reduction methods for hierarchical task networks (HTNs). HTN‐MAKER takes as input a set of planning states from a classical planning domain and plans that are applicable to those states, as well as a set of semantically annotated tasks to be accomplished. The algorithm analyzes this semantic information to determine which portion of the input plans accomplishes a particular task and constructs task‐reduction methods based on those analyses. We present theoretical results showing that HTN‐MAKER is sound and complete. Our experiments in five well‐known planning domains confirm the theoretical results and demonstrate convergence toward a set of HTN methods that can be used to solve any problem expressible as a classical planning problem in that domain, relative to a set of goal types for which tasks have been defined. In three of the five domains, HTN planning with the learned methods scales much better than a modern classical planner.     

一种基于局部分类精度的多源在线迁移学习算法

近年来,迁移学习得到越来越多的关注.现有的在线迁移学习算法一般从单个源领域迁移知识,然而,当源领域与目标领域相似度较低时,很难进行有效的迁移学习.基于此,提出了一种基于局部分类精度的多源在线迁移学习方法——LC-MSOTL.LC-MSOTL存储多个源领域分类器,计算新到样本与目标领域已有样本之间的距离以及各源领域分类器对其最近邻样本的分类精度,从源领域分类器中挑选局部精度最高的分类器与目标领域分类器加权组合,从而实现多个源领域知识到目标领域的迁移学习.在人工数据集和实际数据集上的实验结果表明,LC-MSOTL能够有效地从多个源领域实现选择性迁移,相对于单源在线迁移学习算法OTL,显示出了更高的分类准确率.     

Learning over subconcepts: Strategies for 1‐class classification

In machine learning research and application, multiclass classification algorithms reign supreme. Their fundamental property is the reliance on the availability of data from all known categories to induce effective classifiers. Unfortunately, data from so‐called real‐world domains sometimes do not satisfy this property, and researchers use methods such as sampling to make the data more conducive for classification. However, there are scenarios in which even such explicit methods to rectify distributions fail. In such cases, 1‐class classification algorithms become the practical alternative. Unfortunately, domain complexity severely impacts their ability to produce effective classifiers. The work in this article addresses this issue and develops a strategy that allows for 1‐class classification over complex domains. In particular, we introduce the notion of learning along the lines of underlying domain concepts; an important source of complexity in domains is the presence of subconcepts, and by learning over them explicitly rather than on the entire domain as a whole, we can produce powerful 1‐class classification systems. The level of knowledge regarding these subconcepts will naturally vary by domain, and thus, we develop 3 distinct methodologies that take the amount of domain knowledge available into account. We demonstrate these over 3 real‐world domains.     

迁移近邻传播聚类算法

在目标域可利用数据匮乏的场景下,传统聚类算法的性能往往会下降.在该场景下,通过抽取源域中的有用知识用于指导目标域学习以得到更为合适的类别信息和聚类性能,是一种有效的学习策略.借此提出一种基于近邻传播的迁移聚类（transfer affinity propagation,简称TAP）算法,在源域和目标域数据分布相似的情况下,通过引入迁移学习机制来改善近邻传播聚类（affinity propagation,简称AP）算法在数据匮乏场景下的聚类性能.为保证迁移的有效性,TAP在综合考虑源域和目标域的统计特性及几何特征的基础上改进AP算法中的消息传递机制使其具备迁移能力,从而达到辅助目标域学习的目的.此外,通过TAP对应的因子图,亦可说明TAP可以以类似AP的消息传递机制,在目标域数据匮乏的情况下进行高效的知识迁移,为最终所获得的聚类结果提供了保证.在模拟数据集和真实数据集上的仿真实验结果显示,所提出的算法较之经典AP算法在处理非充分数据聚类任务时具有更佳的性能.     

Machine Learning and Software Engineering

Machine learning deals with the issue of how to build programs that improve their performance at some task through experience. Machine learning algorithms have proven to be of great practical value in a variety of application domains. They are particularly useful for (a) poorly understood problem domains where little knowledge exists for the humans to develop effective algorithms; (b) domains where there are large databases containing valuable implicit regularities to be discovered; or (c) domains where programs must adapt to changing conditions. Not surprisingly, the field of software engineering turns out to be a fertile ground where many software development and maintenance tasks could be formulated as learning problems and approached in terms of learning algorithms. This paper deals with the subject of applying machine learning in software engineering. In the paper, we first provide the characteristics and applicability of some frequently utilized machine learning algorithms. We then summarize and analyze the existing work and discuss some general issues in this niche area. Finally we offer some guidelines on applying machine learning methods to software engineering tasks and use some software development and maintenance tasks as examples to show how they can be formulated as learning problems and approached in terms of learning algorithms.     

Learning social behavior

This paper discusses the challenges of learning to behave socially in the dynamic, noisy, situated and embodied mobile multi-robot domain. Using the methodology for synthesizing basis behaviors as a substrate for generating a large repertoire of higher-level group interactions, in this paper we describe how, given the substrate, greedy agents can learn social rules that benefit the group as a whole. We describe three sources of reinforcement and show their effectiveness in learning non-greedy social rules. We then demonstrate the learning approach on a group of four mobile robots learning to yield and share information in a foraging task.     

Learning from Cluster Examples

Learning from cluster examples (LCE) is a hybrid task combining features of two common grouping tasks: learning from examples and clustering. In LCE, each training example is a partition of objects. The task is then to learn from a training set, a rule for partitioning unseen object sets. A general method for learning such partitioning rules is useful in any situation where explicit algorithms for deriving partitions are hard to formalize, while individual examples of correct partitions are easy to specify. In the past, clustering techniques have been applied to such problems, despite being essentially unsuited to the task. We present a technique that has qualitative advantages over standard clustering approaches. We demonstrate these advantages by applying our method to problems in two domains; one with dot patterns and one with more realistic vector-data images.     

PRIMEROSE: PROBABILISTIC RULE INDUCTION METHOD BASED ON ROUGH SETS AND RESAMPLING METHODS

Automated knowledge acquisition is an important research issue in machine learning. Several methods of inductive learning, such as ID3 family and AQ family, have been applied to discover meaningful knowledge from large databases and their usefulness is assured in several aspects. However, since their methods are of a deterministic nature and the reliability of acquired knowledge is not evaluated statistically, these methods are ineffective when applied to domains essentially probabilistic in nature, such as medical domains. Extending concepts of rough set theory to a probabilistic domain, we introduce a new approach to knowledge acquisition, which induces probabilistic rules based on rough set theory (PRIMEROSE) and develop a program that extracts rules for an expert system from a clinical database, using this method. The results show that the derived rules almost correspond to those of the medical experts.     

迁移学习研究进展

近年来,迁移学习已经引起了广泛的关注和研究.迁移学习是运用已存有的知识对不同但相关领域问题进行求解的一种新的机器学习方法.它放宽了传统机器学习中的两个基本假设:(1)用于学习的训练样本与新的测试样本满足独立同分布的条件;(2)必须有足够可利用的训练样本才能学习得到一个好的分类模型.目的是迁移已有的知识来解决目标领域中仅有少量有标签样本数据甚至没有的学习问题.对迁移学习算法的研究以及相关理论研究的进展进行了综述,并介绍了在该领域所做的研究工作,特别是利用生成模型在概念层面建立迁移学习模型.最后介绍了迁移学习在文本分类、协同过滤等方面的应用工作,并指出了迁移学习下一步可能的研究方向.     

机器学习中的核覆盖算法

基于统计学习理论的支持向量机（SVM）方法在样本空间或特征空间构造最优分类超平面解决了分类器的构造问题,但其本质是二分类的,且核函数中的参数难以确定,计算复杂性高．构造性学习算法根据训练样本构造性地设计分类网络,运行效率高,便于处理多分类问题,但存在所得的分界面零乱、测试计算量大的缺点．该文将SVM中的核函数法与构造性学习的覆盖算法相融合,给出一种新的核覆盖算法．新算法克服了以上两种模型的缺点,具有运算速度快、精度高、鲁棒性强的优点．其次．文中给出风险误差上界与覆盖个数的关系．最后给出实验模     

基于典型相关分析的多视图跨领域情感分类

跨领域的文本分类,是指利用有标记领域的知识去帮助另一个概率分布不同的,未标记领域的知识进行分类的问题。从多视图学习的视角提出一个新的跨领域文本分类的方法(MTV算法)。通过在核空间典型相关分析中引入与标记相关的信息,MTV算法可以得到一个判别性能更优的公共子空间。在多个情感类文本数据上的实验表明,MTV算法可以大大提升传统监督式学习算法面对领域迁移时的分类性能,并且在引入判别式的核空间典型相关分析后,进一步优化性能。     

Learning goal hierarchies from structured observations and expert annotations

We describe a relational learning by observation framework that automatically creates cognitive agent programs that model expert task performance in complex dynamic domains. Our framework uses observed behavior and goal annotations of an expert as the primary input, interprets them in the context of background knowledge, and returns an agent program that behaves similar to the expert. We map the problem of creating an agent program on to multiple learning problems that can be represented in a “supervised concept learning’’ setting. The acquired procedural knowledge is partitioned into a hierarchy of goals and represented with first order rules. Using an inductive logic programming (ILP) learning component allows our framework to naturally combine structured behavior observations, parametric and hierarchical goal annotations, and complex background knowledge. To deal with the large domains we consider, we have developed an efficient mechanism for storing and retrieving structured behavior data. We have tested our approach using artificially created examples and behavior observation traces generated by AI agents. We evaluate the learned rules by comparing them to hand-coded rules. Editor: Rui Camacho     

Application of Bayesian Network Learning Methods to Waste Water Treatment Plants

Bayesian Networks have been proposed as an alternative to rule-based systems in domains with uncertainty. Applications in monitoring and control can benefit from this form of knowledge representation. Following the work of Chong and Walley, we explore the possibilities of Bayesian Networks in the Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTP) monitoring and control domain. We show the advantages of modelling knowledge in such a domain by means of Bayesian networks, put forth new methods for knowledge acquisition, describe their applications to a real waste water treatment plant and comment on the results. We also show how a Bayesian Network learning environment was used in the process and which characteristics of data in the domain suggested new ways of representing knowledge in network form but with uncertainty representations formalisms other than probability. The results of applying a possibilistic extension of current learning methods are also shown and compared.     

信度网结构在线学习算法

提出一种新的信度网结构在线学习算法.其核心思想是,利用新样本对信度网结构和参数不断进行增量式修改,以逐步逼近真实模型.本算法分为两个步骤:首先分别利用参数增量修改律和添加边、删除边、边反向3种结构增量修改律,并结合新采集的样本,对当前信度网模型进行增量式修改;然后利用结果选择判定准则,从增量式修改所得的后代信度网集合中选择一个合适的信度网作为本次迭代结果.该结果在与当前样本的一致性和与上一代模型的距离之间达到一个合理的折衷.实验结果表明,本算法能有效地实现信度网结构的在线学习.由于在线学习不需要历史样本,     

一种结合半监督Boosting方法的迁移学习算法

迁移学习是数据挖掘中的一个研究方向,试图重用相关领域的数据样本,将相关领域的知识”迁移”到新领域中帮助训练.当前,基于实例的迁移学习算法容易产生过度拟合的问题,不能充分利用相关领域中的有用数据,为了避免这个问题,通过引入目标领域的无标记样本参与训练,利用半监督Boosting方法,提出一种新的迁移学习算法,能够对样本的...     

一种基于Rough集获取规则知识的增量式学习方法

将Rough集理论应用于规则归纳系统,提出了一种基于粗糙集获取规则知识库的增量式学习方法,能够有效处理决策表中不一致情形,采用启发式算法获取决策表的最简规则,当新对象加入时在原有规则集基础上进行规则知识库的增量式更新,避免了为更新规则而重新运行规获取算法。并用UCI中多个数据集从规则集的规则数目、数据浓缩率、预测能力等指标对该算法进行了测试。实验表明了该算法的有效性。