人工骨支架内部微结构两相流数值模拟

人工骨仿生支架内部微孔结构关系到支架能否替代自然骨,植入骨生长因子、成骨细胞等活性物质,促进骨组织的生长。利用Fluent软件,对中心为球体,边缘为圆柱体的单元微结构进行了细胞和营养液的两相流数值模拟,分析了中心球半径R及连通孔径d对系统压力、流速及细胞相体积分数的影响规律,为人工骨支架微结构的优化及仿形研究奠定了基础。结果表明中心球半径R对系统压力影响很小,较大的连通孔径d比较适合细胞的增殖与粘附;最大流速在0.011m/s-0.018m/s范围内,d恒定时,随着的R的增加,流速分布很均匀,但是值却稍微有些降低。R恒定时,随着连通孔径d增大,流速分布越均匀,速度值也越大。     

组织工程骨支架内部微孔结构流场特性分析

组织工程骨支架内部微孔结构对于营养液的渗入和细胞的长入有着至关重要的影响,也直接关系到支架是否能够代替缺损部位的骨骼,继续发挥其作用与功能。根据骨骼内部微孔结构的扫描电镜形貌设计三种微孔单胞模型,并利用ADINA有限元分析软件对组织工程骨支架微孔单胞模型内营养液的流动性能进行了数值模拟,得到不同类型微孔单胞模型内部流场的压力和速度分布,分析模型参数对营养液平均入口压力和流速的影响规律。结果表明：当营养液从微孔单胞模型的上端流入到下端流出时,最大压力均出现在入口部位且靠近单胞模型壁面处,营养液流速变化趋势是先增大后减少,且最大流速均出现在入口附近。随着连通孔径的增大,平均入口压力值减少,营养液流速值更大,且分布更均匀。对于带孔板-杆单胞和带孔板单胞而言,与连通孔径D相比,中心孔径D_s对平均入口压力和流速的影响很小。通过对比不同类型单胞模型,发现开口杆状单胞模型的平均入口压力更稳定,压力值更小,处于（0.300~0.412）Pa,且营养液流速更大,分布更均匀,且最大流速处于（0.011 8~0.013 1）m/s,更有利于营养液快速均匀渗入和细胞均匀的沉积。所取得的研究结果对组织工程骨支架内部微孔结构的优化设计、后续仿形建模的研究及快速成型制造奠定了基础。     

油膜轴承润滑压力罐系统内流场的CFD仿真

运用CFD仿真技术模拟了轧机油膜轴承润滑系统中不同内部结构压力罐在相同工况下的三维流场与温度场;仿真分析了节流支管的流场情况,从理论上探讨了节流支管大小、长度与主油管的匹配问题.仿真结果表明:带均压支管的压力罐内部结构有助于改善流速均匀性,其中均压缝隙支管相比阻尼孔支管具有更好的改善效果.     

单流程蒸发器表面温度场均匀性的影响因素研究

改善蒸发器表面温度场的均匀性对提高其换热效率具有决定性作用。设计出一种类似平行流蒸发器的圆管单流程蒸发器,改变其集液管和蒸发管衔接处的孔径大小以及制冷剂入口流速,并进行了蒸发器管路的水力计算和相应的实验研究,得出管路中间截面的温度分布。模拟结果表明:在结构一定的条件下,集液管内的制冷剂来流速度具有决定性作用。当集液管内的来流速度在0.04m/s时,蒸发器各支管的温度分布最为均匀;同时在制冷剂流量一定时,支管数及各蒸发管与集液管衔接处的孔径大小也影响着温度分布。试验结果证明了此结论:在一定的液态制冷剂集管入口流速下,最小孔径为0.4mm时,具有8根支管的单流程蒸发器比10根支管的单流程蒸发器具有均匀的温度场。研究结果为研发高效率的平行流蒸发器提供了一定的理论和试验基础。     

发动机进气歧管流场的数值分析

以某发动机进气歧管为研究对象建立三维模型,运用CFD前处理软件Gambit划分网格,建立进气歧管流场模型,在计算流体动力学软件Fluent中分析各缸进气均匀性,进气歧管的进气阻力,进气歧管的内部流场特性。结果清晰显示各歧管的近壁流速、内部流速、表面总压分布情况,并根据分析结果对进气歧管进行了结构优化,改进后的发动机进气歧管在各缸进口减小总压损失、进气阻力、管二流量等方面取得较明显的效果,管四流量得到提高,各进气管不均匀度得到优化。     

深小孔电加工流场仿真研究

深小孔结构在航空航天、精密仪器及机械电子设备等领域的核心零部件上有着广泛的应用。为了研究管电极的转速与进口压力对加工间隙流场的影响,通过Solid Works软件对侧壁开孔阵列管电极进行三维建模后导入Workbench软件,Fluent对深小孔电加工过程中的流场进行仿真分析,探究管电极的转速与进口压力对流场压力分布和流速分布的变化规律。结果表明,随着管电极进口压力的增大,流场的最大压强和最大流速也会增加;随着管电极转速的增加,流场的最大压强基本不变,最大流速会增加。在电加工过程中,分析流场流速和压力的变化,对于促进加工产物的排出具有重要意义。     

基于Fluent的蒸发器喷淋管路数值模拟分析

利用计算流体力学软件Fluent对不同结构尺寸的蒸发器喷淋管路流场进行三维模拟计算。结果表明:当主管采用端口进料时,各支管的流量分布呈现距主管进料端越近,支管流量越小的规律;从模拟结果还发现,通过增大喷淋管路主管的直径,减小支管直径,以及采用中间进料方式等,均能够使各支管间流量分布更加均匀。     

基于3D打印的CPC人工骨支架流道结构设计

人工骨支架植入人体后主要为细胞提供支撑作用。3D打印技术的出现为组织工程化人工骨支架结构的设计、制造与优化提供了新的方法。为研究磷酸钙骨水泥(Calcium Phosphate Cement,CPC)人工骨支架的微孔分布及孔隙率与力学性能的关系,设计了3种不同主流道模型,并在原始模型的基础上对微孔道进行了细化,分别建立这些具有不同孔隙率的支架结构模型,采用Ansys Workbench对这些模型进行有限元分析,提取各个模型的最大等效应力和最大总变形,综合分析支架微孔的分布及孔隙率与上述参数的关系。结果显示,支架的力学性能与微孔道的分布有着紧密的关系,对于同种模型,随着孔隙率的增大,支架的最大总变形呈递增趋势,但不同模型的上述参数对孔隙率的敏感性存在一定的区别。分析结果为后续通过3D打印技术制备生物陶瓷人工骨支架提供了参考依据。     

管电极电解加工工艺过程稳定性研究

为提高管电极电解加工的稳定性,对管电极电解加工的极间流场进行建模仿真,分析底面流场分布与加工稳定性的关系。仿真所得到的底面压强分布变化规律表明,侧面间隙、底面间隙以及电解液流速均对底面流场分布有重大影响,从而影响管电极电解加工的过程稳定性。结合仿真分析,通过对影响加工稳定性的主要工艺参数,如绝缘层的涂覆厚度、工具进给速度、电解液供液压力进行优化,减少深小孔加工中火花、短路等现象的发生。采用优化的参数,利用群电极成功加工出深宽比为2的7×7小孔阵列,加工过程稳定,孔径均匀。     

生物活性骨的新型制备方法研究

提出了一种制备人工生物活性骨的新方法并建立了相应的工程化制造系统。利用该系统所制作出的人工骨外形与被替代骨一致,内部具有模拟真实骨组织微管系统结构,并通过复合骨生长因子使其具有生物活性,弥补了传统生物填充材料由于缺乏活性而无法实现骨诱导的缺陷。动物试验的结果表明,所制作出的人工骨内部哈佛管与浮克曼管的仿真结构为新生骨细胞的三维并行生长提供了理想的空间条件,有效地促进了人工骨的快速活化。     

Assessment of stage–discharge predictors for compound open-channels

The accurate prediction of flood levels and velocities is a prerequisite to any appropriate management of river valleys, where the mitigation of environmental, economic or human losses caused by flood events is of paramount importance. During these events, rivers frequently acquire a compound channel configuration.Due to the 3D nature of compound channel flows, the stage–discharge curves are not as easily predicted as in single channels. Despite the availability of 2D and 3D flow models that may solve this question, 1D methods are often preferred due to the reduced data required and to the much shorter processing time. In the last five decades, important research efforts have been devoted to the improvement of 1D predictors of stage–discharge curves in compound channels. In this study, the accuracy of seven of those methods is assessed by comparing their predictions with a large experimental dataset, comprising symmetrical and asymmetrical compound channels with vertical and inclined main channel sidewalls, and smooth and rough floodplains. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the most comprehensive assessment of stage–discharge predictors for straight compound channels since it involves the highest number of predictors applied to the widest data set.It was concluded that the methods that account for the momentum transfer between the main channel and the floodplains display considerably better results than the traditional methods. For relative depth (ratio between floodplain and main channel flow depths) higher than 0.25, predicted discharges for the methods that account for the turbulent momentum exchange are within 5% of observed values. Depending on whether the flow depth or the flow discharge is the pertinent variable, two different methods seem to be the most appropriate to produce precise and safe predictions.     

Experimental and numerical analysis of velocity distribution in a compound meandering channel with double layered rigid vegetated flood plains

Vegetation is one of the major topographic features that is encountered along and across the margins and flood plains of many rivers systems. This vegetation creates a most complex flow mechanism in the compound river bed channels; therefore, a detailed analysis is required to observe the flow and vegetation interactions to understand the hydrodynamic aspects in the river systems. This paper studies the effect of double-layered rigid vegetation in a meandering channel on the flow characteristics at two relative depth conditions, of 0.34, 0.45 which creates an alternate emergent and submerged flow situation. The three-dimensional velocity distribution was captured using micro-ADV. The concept of two relative depth conditions allowed us to capture record and classify the velocity zones between the short and tall vegetation. Compared to the flow in the main channel, flood plains registered relatively lower velocity values due to the resistance offered by the vegetation along the flood plains, which consequently led to the increase in main channel flow velocities. Velocities compared to the non-vegetated meandering channels; the highest velocity readings were recorded at the centerline of the main channel. Numerical analysis was also conducted using the CFD codes in fluent. The vegetation geometry is modelled as cylindrical dowels of diameter 10 mm and two-variable heights of 7.5 cm and 15 cm at two relative depth flow conditions. The experimental results were numerically compared using the k-ϵ model along with grid sensitivity tests. The final simulated numerical results were found to be close and in good agreement with experimental values.     

空间细胞培养装置设计与流体动力学仿真优化

细胞培养装置可用于细胞生物学、空间生物技术和航天医学的研究。设计并制作了一种流加式细胞自动培养装置,可适用于空间、地面微重力环境下的细胞体外自动培养,定期给细胞培养板提供不同试剂定时定量的输入,满足空间细胞培养所要求的小型化、方便组装和高可靠性的要求。整体装置采用模块化的设计方法,利用Solid Works软件分别构建基础组件、试剂供应组件和培养组件三维模型,并使用Solid Works软件中Flow Simulation模块对细胞培养装置与细胞培养板连接的关键部件—针板,进行有限元分析和流体仿真结构优化,观察其内部通道的速度场和压力场,采用圆角替换直角的方法优化通道。仿真结果表明,该装置切实可行,能满足细胞培养装置所需条件,优化后的针板通道内流体稳定性更强,流速及压力分布更均匀。在地面环境中,优化后的针板在低、中、高流速下,流体在横向通道内的速度均匀度分别提升了95%、96%、94%,在纵向通道内的速度均匀度分别提升了68%、70%、72%。实验结果表明,流体在优化后针板通道出口流量更接近入口处泵的设定输出流量,设计的装置可用于空间生物技术研究。     

Three-dimensional features of MHD flows turning in a right-angle duct

This study presents a numerical simulation of three-dimensional (3D) Liquid metal (LM) Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows turning in a right-angle duct with a square cross section under a uniform magnetic field applied perpendicular to the plane of the main flow. The 3D features of the flow in a fluid region adjacent to the duct walls of the turning segment are investigated. Cases with different Hartmann numbers and conductance parameters are analyzed using the CFX code. The MHD features of the LM flow are examined in terms of fluid velocity, current density, electric potential, and pressure gradient. The formation of a velocity recirculation is observed in the inner region of the right-angle segment immediately after the turning of the flow because of the inertial force therein, thereby yielding a region of low electric potential with a complicated current distribution. In particular, in the right-angle segment, the axial velocity in the side layer near the outer wall (that is, in the outer side layer) is relatively lower than that in the inflow and outflow channels. In addition, the velocity recirculation region in the right-angle segment decreases and the pressure gradient increases with an increase in conductance parameter.     

Three dimensional flow simulation over a sharp-crested V-Notch weir

Thin-plate weirs are widely used to monitor the flow rate in open channels. Thereby, three dimensional (3D) modeling of the flow over a weir in an open channel can be considered as one of the main topics in hydraulic science. In this study, the flow over a sharp-crested v-notch weir (SCVW) is simulated by a 3D numerical model. Laboratory experiments were conducted to monitor and measure the behavior of the SCVW in practice. Finally, the simulated velocity distributions, water surface profiles, and hydraulic jump were compared with those of the experimental data. Due to the turbulent nature of the flow over the SCVW, a Reynolds stress model (RSM) and three types of the k–ϵ turbulence models with the fractional volume of fluid technique (VOF) were used in the analysis. In this respect, the two-phase solution method and dense mesh were used in generating the simulation domain. Results indicated that the RSM exhibited higher accuracy in defining the velocity distribution, complex flow pattern, and predicting the hydraulic jump formation downstream of the SCVW.     

树状分支传热结构层次生长优化设计技术

To design heat transfer structures for high heat flux electronic components with small space, reasonable heat transfer channel layout was the most effective approach. Aiming at the complex geometry boundaries and difficult-to-manufacture for heat transfer structures designed by topology optimization, a hierarchy growth method for optimal design of branching heat transfer structure inspired by hierarchical characteristics of natural vein branching system was suggested. Different growth control criteria were adopted for principal channels and lateral channels, which grew in succession to form heat transfer structures. Specifically, space colonization algorithm with temperature information was applied to the growth of principal channels, and the law of minimal thermal resistance was applied to control the growth of lateral channels. Several typical 2D or 3D design problems were studied by the suggested method, and the design results were compared with those of SIMP method. The results show that the heat transfer structure by hierarchy growth method has simple and clear geometry boundary, no tiny channel and gray element, therefore it is easy to be manufactured, and has good thermal performance.     

考虑3D打印工艺约束的液压流道拓扑优化设计

为了解决传统液压阀块体积笨重、制造工艺繁琐且效率损失大的问题,使用3D打印和流体拓扑优化相结合的方法对液压流道进行优化设计。以入口和出口处压差最小为目标,通过流体拓扑优化对常见的液压阀体T形通道进行优化,得到更加符合流体特性的流道,并设计了可以无支撑进行3D打印的圆角正方形截面形状,进行了3D打印试验,优化后的流道3D打印成形效果较好。利用Fluent进行流体仿真,结果显示,当入口流速在2~5 m/s时,优化后的流道有效避免了气穴的形成,最大压力减小了40%以上,入口和出口处压差减小了28%以上,湍流改善了85%以上,流体性能得到显著提升。     

聚合物气体辅助挤出中气体流动对熔体截面的影响

将聚合物熔体和低速热空气均视作不可压流体,针对一聚苯乙烯（PS）片材的全气体辅助挤出,建立了描述其气体-熔体两相分层流动的三维有限元模型,采用黏弹应力分离法（EVSS）和非协调流线迎风法（SU）等有限元方法,利用PolyFlow求解器对气体辅助流道中气体和熔体流动进行了计算,分析了熔体截面变化的规律及原因。研究结果表明：气体辅助流道内,气体对熔体有拖曳作用;沿挤出方向,熔体速度逐渐增大,而截面积逐渐减小,都在口模出口面上达到极值,同时截面形状有微小改变;口模出口面上熔体沿挤出方向的速度随入口气体体积流率的增大而近似线性增大,熔体截面积则近似线性减小。     

The effect of channel flow pattern on internal properties distribution of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell for cathode starvation conditions

The effect of channel flow pattern on the internal properties distribution of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) for cathode starvation conditions in a unit cell was investigated through numerical studies and experiments. The polarization curves of a lab-scale mixed serpentine PEMFC were measured with increasing current loads for different cell temperatures (40, 50, and 60°C) at a relative humidity of 100%. To study the local temperature on the membrane, the water content in the MEA, and the gas velocity in terms of the channel type of the PEMFC with operating characteristics, numerical studies using the es-pemfc module of STAR-CD, which have been matched to the experimental data, were conducted in detail. The water content and velocity at the cathode channel bend of the mixed serpentine channel were relatively higher than those at the single and double channels. Conversely, the local temperature and mean temperature on the membrane of a single serpentine channel were the highest among all channels. These results can be used to design the PEMFC system, the channel flow field, and the cooling device.