ELID磨削工艺参数对磨削力的影响

小口径非球面玻璃透镜因具有极高的成像质量和成像分辨率而被广泛应用于中高档镜头中。在线电解修整(Electrolytic In-Process Dressing,ELID)磨削作为高效的镜面磨削方法被广泛应用于硬、脆等加工材料的镜面磨削。在精密平面磨床上安装喷嘴电解ELID磨削系统对硬质合金材料进行了喷嘴电解方式ELID磨削试验研究。实验分析了磨削力随着砂轮转速、工作台进给速度、磨削深度三个磨削工艺参数变化的规律。同时,相同的磨削参数下,比较喷嘴电解方式ELID磨削和普通磨削的磨削力研究。试验结果表明,喷嘴电解方式ELID磨削能明显降低磨削力,与普通磨削相比较,能更好的实现硬质合金材料的超精密磨削加工。     

非球面光学零件的超精密磨削技术

本文首先介绍了非球面光学零件的作用、硬脆材料的超精密加工的一个热点──延性方式磨削，实现延性方式磨削的条件和应用了延性方式磨削技术的非球面光学零件的超精密磨削加工机床，最后介绍了非球面光学零件的ELID起精密后削技术。     

ELID精密镜面外圆磨削技术的应用

在线电解修整(ELID)精密镜面磨削有效地实现了许多难加工材料的平面精密加工和高效加工.本文介绍了ELID磨削技术在精密镜面外圆磨削上的应用.通过采用金属基超硬磨料砂轮在线电解修整对硬质合金、碳化硅陶瓷进行精密镜面外圆磨削,得到了表面粗糙度Ra=0.025～0.028μm的加工表面.     

铸铁纤维、铸铁结合剂超硬磨料砂轮在ELID超镜面磨削中的应用

本文介绍了铸铁纤维和铸铁结合剂超硬磨料砂轮在ELID超精密镜面磨削中的特点、ELID磨削技术原理及ELID技术在硬脆材料、金属材料的镜面加工前景。     

ELID磨削砂轮表面氧化膜状态的表征

在线电解修整磨削(ELID)是一种电化学加工技术,可在磨削过程中对铸铁基砂轮进行连续修整,非常适合硬脆材料的超精密镜面加工.在ELID磨削过程中,砂轮表面氧化膜的状态对ELID磨削影响重大,在磨削过程中维持良好的氧化膜状态是获良好表面质量的前提保证.本文通过粘附性实验,建立了氧化膜的状态归一化模型,利用在ELID磨削过...     

ELID镜面磨削硬质合金的工艺参数实验研究

随着国防尖端技术的迅速发展,许多具有独特性能的新材料得到了日益广泛的应用,如光学玻璃、硬质合金。但采用传统磨削工艺加工这些材料很难得到良好的表面质量。在线电解砂轮修整(ELID)磨削技术是一项新的、高效的磨削方法,它有效地实现了许多难加工材料的超精密加工和高效加工。针对硬质合金的特性,用ELID磨削方法应用于硬质合金的精密加工,通过实验研究ELID磨削中工艺参数对加工表面的影响规律,找到了在一定条件下优化的工艺参数。     

ELID精密镜面外圆磨削技术的应用

在线电解修整（ELID）精密镜面磨削有效地实现了许多难加工材料的平面精密加工和高效加工。本文介绍了ELID磨削技术在精密镜面外圆磨削上的应用。通过采用金属基超硬磨料砂轮在线电解修整对硬质合金,碳化硅陶瓷进行精密镜面外圆磨削,得到了表面粗糙度Ra=0.025-0.0028μm的加工表面。     

微小非球面光学模具单点斜轴误差补偿磨削

针对微小非球面光学透镜模具的纳米单点斜轴误差补偿磨削进行研究。通过分析比较传统的直交轴磨削法,提出微小非曲面光学模具的单点斜轴磨削方式,有效避免微细砂轮在加工微小非球面时发生干涉情况;采用单点恒定磨削方式提高微小非球面磨削的稳定性及精度。通过分析磨削区域内微细砂轮与微小非球面的干涉情况,从而合理计算并选用较高强度的微细砂轮。提出微小非球面误差补偿磨削策略,分析砂轮的对心误差(x轴向和y轴向)对形状精度的影响,采用法向残余误差补偿的方法对加工后的形状误差进行超精密补偿磨削。利用超精密磨床对口径为2 mm的超硬热压模具碳化钨材料的微小非球面进行纳米单点斜轴误差补偿磨削试验,经过三次超精密磨削及误差补偿循环,其形状精度PV从1 034 nm改善至146 nm,表面粗糙度达到Ra2.19 nm。     

铸铁基金刚石球头砂轮精密修整技术

针对小直径、深凹非球光学曲面超精密磨削中使用的铸铁基金刚石球头砂轮,提出了一种基于电火花加工原理的精密在位修整方法。只要改变工具电极直径,即可对不同直径的球头砂轮进行修整。实验表明,用该方法修整出的铸铁基金刚石球头砂轮具有良好的精度和高等微刃群,可很好地满足小直径、深凹光学零件的超精密磨削加工要求。     

轴承钢专用ELID磨削液的开发

针对轴承生产加工时磨屑不易排除导致砂轮黏附率大造成工件烧伤的难题,采用在线电解修整(ELID)磨削技术,在磨削过程中电解磨削液能够通过对砂轮表面阳极溶解的电解作用实现在线电解修锐及磨屑电解去除,从而达到良好的磨削状态,以对轴承钢进行精密、超精密磨削加工。结合已有ELID磨削液的开发经验,研制出更适合轴承钢磨削特点的专用磨削液。试验证明:采用HDMY-30磨削液磨削轴承钢,表面粗糙度Ra可达0.011μm,比采用原有磨削液磨削轴承钢的Ra降低了0.005μm。     

Experimental study of wheel wear in electrolytic in-process dressing and grinding

Profile accuracy of components ground with ultra-precision machine tools is primarily dependent on wheel wear. Quantitative analysis of wheel wear is therefore an important aspect for precision grinding with electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID). In this paper, wheel wear is measured from ELID grinding experiments with different dressing and machining parameters. The grinding forces and dressing current characteristics of the experiments are also compared. Based on the results, a benchmark function is defined for wheel wear rate. A relation for identifying insufficient dressing from sufficient dressing for particular machining conditions is also identified. It is found that insufficient dressing produces pitting and/or arcing on the wheel surface, and wheel wear can be linearly correlated to ELID grinding conditions when the wheels are sufficiently dressed.     

Grinding of aluminium silicon carbide metal matrix composite materials by electrolytic in-process dressing grinding

The grinding cost of metal matrix composite materials is more due to low removal rates and high rates of wear of super abrasive wheels. This electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) technique uses a metal-bonded grinding wheel that is electrolytically dressed during the grinding process for abrasives that protrude continuously from super abrasive wheels. This research carries out ELID grinding using various current duty ratios and conventional grinding of 10% SiC_p reinforced 2,124 aluminium composite materials. Normal forces and tangential forces are monitored. Surface roughness of the ground surface, Vickers hardness numbers and metal removal rate (MRR) are measured. The results show that the cutting forces in the ELID grinding are unstable throughout the grinding process due to the breakage of an insulating layer formed on the surface of grinding wheel and are less than conventional grinding forces. A smoother surface can be obtained at high current duty ratio in ELID grinding. The micro-hardness is reduced at high current duty ratio. In ELID, the MRR increases at high current duty ratio. The results of this investigation are presented in this paper.     

光学自由曲面反射镜模芯的镜面成型磨削

采用精密修锐修整的圆弧形粗金刚石砂轮在CNC精密磨床上进行了数控成型磨削加工,实现了高效镜面磨削。分析金刚石砂轮圆弧形轮廓的成型修整原理,建立了圆弧形修整的数控模式。通过建立曲面数控成型磨削的行走轨迹算法,实现了自由曲面的圆弧包络成型磨削加工。分析了磨削工艺参数和砂轮出刃形貌参数与超光滑表面形成的作用机制,进行了镜面磨削试验并检测表面微观形貌和粗糙度,分析实现镜面磨削的脆/塑性磨削转换机理。理论分析表明,降低砂轮行走速度,提高砂轮转速以及改善出刃形貌可以获得纳米级粗糙度的超光滑磨削表面。试验结果显示,先将砂轮修锐修整再控制砂轮行走速度小至15 mm/min时,表面粗糙度小于10 nm以下,且微观加工表面没有发生脆性破坏,形成镜面。加工高速钢自由曲面时,面形误差(PV值)可以达到10 μm以下,表面粗糙度R_a可以达到约16 nm。实验结果表明:利用数控技术和粗金刚石砂轮可以实现自由曲面模芯的高效镜面磨削加工,保证了高精度的光学自由曲面反射镜注塑模芯。     

The laser dressing of resin-bonded CBN wheels by a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser

Resin-bonded cubic boron nitride (CBN) grinding wheels are widely used in industry due to their good grinding ability. There is, therefore, a need to find a good method suitable for the dressing of these wheels. This paper presents a new method dressed by an acoustic-optic Q-switched Nd: YAG laser based on thermal interaction, which is unlike the conventional mechanical dressing methods based on force interaction. The mechanism of the selective removal of the bond was analysed. Experiments of a single pulse ablation on the resin bond and the CBN grains, and the laser dressing of resin-bonded CBN wheels with different dressing parameters have been carried out. The grinding force has been compared for the conventional mechanical dressed wheel and the laser dressed wheel. It is shown that the resin-bonded CBN grinding wheel is suitable for an acoustic-optic Q-switched Nd: YAG laser dressing with radial irradiation, which is better than a continuous wave (CW) laser dressing with radial irradiation and conventional mechanical dressing methods.     

超硬磨料砂轮的激光修锐技术研究

激光修整超硬磨料砂轮的原理,利用Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ固体脉冲激光器进行激光修锐青铜结合剂和树脂结合剂硬磨料砂轮的试验,用扫描电镜观察了激光修锐前后砂轮表面的微观表貌,对激光作用下砂轮表面不同结合剂材料的去除机理进行了分析,通过磨削陶瓷试验,研究激光修锐的金刚石砂轮的磨削性能,并与普通砂轮磨削肖修锐的金刚石砂轮进行对比。结果表明,采用试验所确定的激光参数可选择性地去除砂轮表面的结合剂材料,而不损伤超硬磨粒,     

超高速磨削砂轮技术发展

高速超高速磨削加工是先进制造方法的重要组成部分,集粗精加工于一身,达到可与车、铣和刨削等切削加工方法相媲美的金属磨除率,而且能实现对难磨材料的高性能加工。本文主要论述了高速超高速磨削工艺技术的特点;分析了超高速砂轮用电镀或涂层超硬磨料(CBN、金刚石)的特点以及修整方法,介绍了广泛应用于高速及超高速磨床的德国Hofmann公司砂轮液体式自动平衡装置。     

基于多层钎焊金刚石砂轮在线电解修整技术的超细晶硬质合金精密磨削研究

利用模压成型技术和真空钎焊技术制备出了磨粒把持力大、力学性能优良的多层钎焊金刚石砂轮;采用在线电解修整技术促使磨钝的磨粒及时脱落,使砂轮在磨削过程中始终保持锋利性;并开展了基于多层钎焊金刚石砂轮在线电解修整技术的超细晶硬质合金精密磨削试验。试验结果表明：在相同磨削条件下,多层钎焊砂轮在线电解修整磨削力较无修整时的磨削力下降了33.7%～57.9%;多层钎焊砂轮在线电解修整磨削技术能有效提高加工表面质量。当进给速度为30 mm/s,磨削深度为15 μm时,无电解磨削加工表面粗糙度为0.35 μm,而在线电解修整磨削表面粗糙度仅为82.1 nm;多层钎焊砂轮在线电解修整磨削残余应力仅为无电解磨削时的38.2%～49.5%。且在线电解修整磨削表面完整性较好,没有出现表面/亚表面裂纹等相关缺陷,可实现超细晶硬质合金等难加工材料的高效精密加工。     

Precision grinding of bearing steel based on active control of oxide layer state with electrolytic interval dressing

The oxide layer state directly relates to machining quality in electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) grinding. In this paper, intermittent grinding control strategy was used to monitor and control the state of the oxide layer in interval ELID (ELID II) grinding. Some experiments were implemented based on active control of the oxide layer state. The influence of dressing current, wheel speeds, and grit size on surface roughness and waviness has been discussed in detail with ELID II grinding for bearing steel. The experimental results illustrate that the ELID II method can realize a stable grinding process based on active control of the oxide layer state. The surface roughness (Ra) and waviness (Wa) increase with increase of the dressing current. When the dressing current is constant, Ra and Wa reduce as wheel speed increases and decrease as grain size of wheel decreases. The experimental results also show that sufficient abrasive protrusion can be ensured in ELID II grinding, especially for grinding with a W2.5 super-abrasive wheel which may produce a very smooth surface quality, Ra 0.0166 μm and Wa 0.018 μm.     

磨料粒度对电镀CBN砂轮磨损影响的有限元仿真分析

以单颗CBN磨粒的磨损为例,对电镀CBN砂轮的磨损进行研究。针对磨削淬硬轴承钢GCr15,将单颗CBN磨粒适当简化成圆锥体,建立楔形滑擦模型,利用Deform 3D软件对单颗CBN磨粒的磨耗磨损进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明:不同粒度磨粒的磨损形式相似,均为前端面磨成弧形月牙洼形,尖端逐渐磨成平台;相同条件下磨粒的最大磨损量随着磨料粒度号的增大而减小。同时也说明了细粒度的电镀CBN砂轮的磨损较小。研究结果对进一步研究电镀CBN砂轮制造工艺有指导意义。     

SUS304不锈钢ELID镜面磨削正交化实验研究

SUS304不锈钢具有高耐腐耐磨性和良好的综合性能而被广泛应用,但其高韧性和低导热性使传统的SUS304不锈钢磨削或车削工艺存在一定困难。在线电解修整ELID(Electrolytic in-process dressing)磨削技术能有效地用于SUS304不锈钢镜面磨削加工。本文主要对SUS304不锈钢进行ELID镜面磨削正交化实验研究以获得合理的工艺参数。首先利用#325砂轮进行7个影响因素2水平的正交磨削实验,获得初步的优化参数,然后利用#1200砂轮进行3个影响因素2水平的正交镜面磨削实验。通过改变削件砂轮转速、X和Y平台移动速度、进给率和ELID电源件等各种磨削条件,获得优化后的磨削工艺参数,进行了相应的磨削验证,并讨论了工艺参数对磨削特性的影响。研究了不同砂轮磨粒对表面粗糙度的影响,使用#8000金刚石砂轮对SUS304不锈钢镜面磨削,获得表面粗糙度Ra=3.6 nm。