蠕墨铸铁石墨形态定量分析研究

用图象分析仪对蠕墨铸铁石墨形态进行了定量分析,并以形状系数、长宽比及蠕化率为参数考察了蠕墨铸铁的石墨形态与铸铁中稀土、镁的残留量和铸件壁厚的关系。此外还分析了蠕墨铸铁石墨粒子形状系数的分布规律。     

无孕育蠕墨铸铁壁厚敏感性研究

采用低镧镁硅铁蠕化剂制备蠕铁铁液,探索了铸件壁厚对合金蠕化率、蠕墨和共晶团形态及基体组织的影响规律。结果表明,在无孕育工艺条件下,蠕墨铸铁的凝固组织由奥氏体枝晶、形态不规则的蠕墨/奥氏体共晶团和少量球墨/奥氏体共晶团组成,铸态组织由铁素体、珠光体和蠕虫状石墨及少量球状石墨组成。随着铸件壁厚的增大,蠕墨铸铁的蠕化率、蠕墨形态参数、蠕墨/奥氏体共晶团尺寸趋于增大,共晶团形貌团球化,而枝晶数量和珠光体数量显著减少。当铸件模数一定时,铸件边缘处的蠕化率、蠕墨形态参数和共晶团尺寸均低于心部,但枝晶析出数量高于心部。对于蠕化率较高的合金,当模数MS≥0.75 cm时,蠕化率对壁厚的变化不甚敏感,反之,敏感性较强;而对于蠕化率较低的合金,敏感性转变模数由0.75 cm降为0.5 cm。此外,无论合金蠕化率高低,其基体组织中的珠光体数量对壁厚变化均十分敏感,尤其是当铸件模数MS0.5 cm时,珠光体数量随铸件模数的增大显著减少。     

稀土蠕化剂对蠕墨铸铁石墨形态和性能的影响

对以云南地方生铁为主要炉料的铁液,搭配使用稀土硅铁合金和稀土镁合金作为蠕化剂,研究了稀土蠕化剂加入量对蠕墨铸铁石墨形态和性能的影响。研究结果表明,随着稀土蠕化剂加入量的增加,铁液中稀土残留量逐渐增加,石墨形态从片状逐渐向球状过渡,抗拉强度和硬度逐渐上升。实践证明,通过合适的蠕化处理工艺,云南地方生铁铁液可以获得组织和性能较为理想的蠕墨铸铁。     

蠕墨铸铁组织性能均匀性研究

蠕墨铸铁是制造高功率发动机机体及气缸盖等部件的理想材料。缸盖等部件属于结构复杂且壁厚不均匀铸件。为此,本文通过对阶梯件的蠕墨铸铁组织性能测试,研究壁厚对蠕铁组织性能的影响。通过金相分析发现:试样壁厚在10~50 mm范围内,随着壁厚的增加,蠕化率陡增后缓慢增加。壁厚不同,试样各部位的冷却速率不同,冷速越快,蠕化衰退时间越短,球状石墨不能充分衰退为蠕虫状石墨,蠕化率降低,铁素体数量越少。通过力学性能测试发现:随着壁厚由10 mm增加到50 mm,抗拉强度先降低后基本不变,伸长率逐渐增大,硬度对壁厚敏感性小,变化不大。     

“两步法”蠕化处理工艺的开发与应用

蠕墨铸铁传统蠕化处理工艺采用冲入法或喂丝法,严格控制原铁液的化学成分、熔炼温度和蠕化处理过程,但因影响蠕化率的因素多铁液质量波动较大。为此采用预蠕化处理+第二次喂丝处理的“两步法”蠕化处理工艺,通过快速准确判断预蠕化处理铁液的状态,根据浇注铸件蠕化率和孕育要求,自动计算出二次喂丝的加入量,从而获得蠕化质量稳定的铁液,有利于提高蠕墨铸铁件质量的一致性。     

蠕墨铸铁制动盘的质量控制

蠕墨铸铁制动盘采用两步法蠕化处理工艺,通过调整浇注温度、芯砂材料、涂料等措施消除了铸件内腔表面的片状石墨,稳定了铸件的蠕化率、力学性能。生产实践表明:相同条件下,含0.5%左右钛元素的铁液与未含Ti元素的铁液相比,蠕化剂的加入量增加了0.3%~0.35%。另外蠕墨铸铁生产过程中,型砂、芯砂、涂料等辅材的选择非常重要。     

含铝蠕铁的研究

对稀土及稀土镁处理含铝蠕铁进行了研究。结果表明：含铝铸铁的蠕化范围比普通铸铁的大得多，并对其机理进行了探讨。     

YC6113柴油机蠕墨铸铁缸盖铸件的质量控制

通过合理选择炉料配比,并在冲天炉出铁时脱硫,可以有效得到满足蠕墨铸铁生产的低硫原铁液,同时正确选择控制化学成分、熔炼工艺及蠕化处理方法,并使用长方形压边冒口工艺,使牌号为RUT340的柴油机缸盖铸件的蠕化率≥75％,金相组织中珠光体体积分数稳定达到98％以上,石墨长度为4级,硬度≥160HBS,铸件综合废品率低于8％,满足相关技术和质量控制要求。     

喷吹稀土球墨铸铁的研究

本文论述了使用喷吹法,用无镁稀土合金作球化剂处理不同合硫量的铁水制备球墨铸铁的可能性。喷吹法由于改善了球化反应动力学条件,稀土和镁一样是优良的球化剂。文中对稀土球铁的稀土残留量范围,不同种类球化剂的相应处理方法作了初步探讨,认为喷吹法是稀土球墨铸铁合适的处理方法。     

蠕墨铸铁中石墨的三维空间结构表征北大核心CSCD

石墨空间结构形貌的准确表征,对于预测和改善蠕墨铸铁的性能至关重要。以蠕化率61.0%、68.9%、82.0%和92.2%蠕铁为研究对象,采用X射线三维扫描技术重构石墨的三维空间结构形貌,定量描述石墨的三维连通性,并建立连通性与蠕铁力学和导热性能之间的关联。结果表明,蠕铁中尺寸越大的石墨,珊瑚状特征越明显,随着蠕化率的提高,蠕铁中石墨的连通性也越来越高,连通性相对于蠕化率这一石墨的二维表征参数,能够更准确全面地评价蠕铁中石墨的形貌,这对制备高性能蠕铁具有重要参考价值。     

蠕墨铸铁生产中蠕化率的控制

讨论炉料、化学成分、蠕化剂质量、处理后包内保留时间和温度对蠕墨铸铁蠕化率的影响。介绍如何控制、检测蠕化率，并对如何防止蠕化衰退提出建议。实践表明，蠕化率可以稳定在55％-85％的范围内。     

蠕墨铸铁缸体缸盖的铸造技术开发

蠕墨铸铁在国外高性能发动机缸体缸盖上的应用日益普遍.本文主要介绍采用蠕墨铸铁进行6DL发动机缸体缸盖的样件技术开发,在蠕化率、抗拉强度、基体组织、蠕化衰退以及铸造工艺等方面进行了系统的试验研究,并成功开发出具有国际同类产品水平的批量产品样件.     

蠕墨铸铁的生产

蠕墨铸铁的石墨形状介于灰铁的片状石墨与球铁的球状石墨之间，抗拉强度高于灰铸铁70％，略低于球墨铸铁，是结构件的优良材料。对蠕墨铸铁生产中应当如何选择、控制化学成分，蠕化剂的种类，蠕化处理方法及质量控制方法进行了介绍。     

喂丝法生产蠕墨铸铁的研究

应用喂丝工艺生产蠕墨铸铁。通过试验分析了包芯线的化学成分及加入量对蠕化率的影响,确定了喂丝工艺的工艺参数。结果表明,喂丝法生产蠕墨铸铁,蠕化情况良好,蠕化率稳定。     

The forty years of vermicular graphite cast iron development in China （Part Ⅰ）

In China, the research and development of vermicular graphite cast iron (VGCI) as a new type of engineering material, were started in the same period as in other developed countries; however, its actual industrial application was even earlier. In China, the deep and intensive studies on VGCI began as early as the 1960s. According to the incomplete statistics to date, more than 600 papers on VGCI have been published by Chinese researchers and scholars at national and international conferences, and in technical journals. More than ten types of production methods and more than thirty types of treatment alloy have been studied. Formulae for calculating the critical addition of treatment alloy required to produce VGCI have been put forward, and mechanisms for explaining the formation of dross during treatment were brought forward. The casting properties, metallographic structure, mechanical and physical properties and machining performance of VGCI, as well as the relationships between them, have all been studied in detail. The Chinese Standards for VGCI and VGCI metallographic structure have been issued. In China, the primary crystallization of VGCI has been studied by many researchers and scholars. The properties of VGCI can be improved by heat treatment and addition of alloying elements enabling its applications to be further expanded. Hundreds of kinds of VGCI castings have been produced and used in vehicles, engines,mining equipment, metallurgical products serviced under alternating thermal load, machinery, hydraulic components, textile machine parts and military applications. The heaviest VGCI casting produced is 38 tons and the lightest is only 1 kg.Currently, the annual production of the VGCI in China is about 200 000 tons. The majority of castings are made from cupola iron without pre-treatment, however, they are also produced from electric furnaces and by duplex melting from cupolaelectric furnaces or blast furnace-electric furnace. Examples of typical applications for VGCI castings are introduced in this paper. In China, the technologies such as rapid testing of the molten metal and non-destructive testing of casting microstructure still need to be improved. Several proposals are put forward in this paper in order to improve the production of VGCI.Generally speaking, in China, the research, production, and application of vermicular graphite cast iron are at the same level as in other developed countries and in some fields China even takes lead. (332 references and 5 Tables)     

喂线蠕化用蠕化剂的研制及应用效果

介绍了喂线蠕化工艺所用蠕化剂的研制过程及应用效果.试验结果表明,该蠕化剂的蠕化范围宽,便于蠕墨铸铁的稳定生产,同时可以降低生产成本.     

The forty years of vermicular graphite cast iron development in China (Part Ⅰ)

In China, the research and development of vermicular graphite cast iron (VGCI) as a new type of engineering material, were started in the same period as in other developed countries; however, its actual industrial application was even earlier. In China, the deep and intensive studies on VGCI began as early as the 1960s. According to the incomplete statistics to date, more than 600 papers on VGCI have been published by Chinese researchers and scholars at national and international conferences, and in technical journals. More than ten types of production methods and more than thirty types of treatment alloy have been studied. Formulae for calculating the critical addition of treatment alloy required to produce VGCI have been put forward, and mechanisms for explaining the formation of dross during treatment were brought forward. The casting properties, metallographic structure, mechanical and physical properties and machining performance of VGCI, as well as the relationships between them, have all been studied in detail. The Chinese Standards for VGCI and VGCI metallographic structure have been issued. In China, the primary crystallization of VGCI has been studied by many researchers and scholars. The properties of VGCI can be improved by heat treatment and addition of alloying elements enabling its applications to be further expanded. Hundreds of kinds of VGCI castings have been produced and used in vehicles, engines, mining equipment, metallurgical products serviced under alternating thermal load, machinery, hydraulic components, textile machine parts and military applications. The heaviest VGCI casting produced is 38 tons and the lightest is only 1 kg. Currently, the annual production of the VGCI in China is about 200 000 tons. The majority of castings are made from cupola iron without pre-treatment, however, they are also produced from electric furnaces and by duplex melting from cupola-electric furnaces or blast furnace-electric furnace. Examples of typical applications for VGCI castings are introduced in this paper. In China, the technologies such as rapid testing of the molten metal and non-destructive testing of casting microstructure still need to be improved. Several proposals are put forward in this paper in order to improve the production of VGCI. Generally speaking, in China, the research, production, and application of vermicular graphite cast iron are at the same level as in other developed countries and in some fields China even takes lead. (332 references and 5 Tables)     

蠕墨铸铁喂线蠕化处理工艺的研究

研究喂线蠕化处理工艺生产蠕墨铸铁的可行性,通过试验分析了蠕化芯线的化学成分及加入量对蠕化率的影响,确定了喂线蠕化的工艺参数.试验还通过对喂线法和冲入法的比较,体现出喂线工艺在生产中的优势.结果表明,喂线蠕化处理工艺可行,蠕化情况良好,蠕化率稳定.     

浅谈近年来铸铁件的发展

介绍了近年来我国铸铁件的产量和新制订、修订的铸铁件国标:(1)灰铸铁的发展在产量增速上虽有所放缓,但质量上却有很大提高,体现在:新国标中牌号的细化,掌握了HT300和HT350的生产技术,专用灰铸铁的开发。(2)球墨铸铁不仅在产量上快速发展,而且更有质的飞跃,概括为:发展速度令人惊异,从无到有,从少量生产到占世界球铁产量的49.5%;球铁应用领域不断扩大;开发出各种球化处理方法;系列化生产了球化剂和孕育剂。重点介绍了Si固溶强化铁素体球铁、高强度高伸长率球铁、低温铁素体球铁、珠光体基体球铁、ADI、奥氏体球铁、高强韧TWIP铸铁,并指出了生产高端球铁件的关键点——优化石墨、净化晶界、强化基体。(3)蠕铁的进步体现在:新的国标替代了旧的部标,蠕铁缸体缸盖的生产渐入佳境,蠕铁制动盘的扩大应用正在稳妥推进。     

蠕墨铸铁的生产与应用

叙述了用REMgTiSiFe合金作蠕化剂生产蠕墨铸铁的工艺过程.研制出了可使含硫量为0.04％及0.07％的原铁液稳定地生产出蠕墨铸铁的蠕化剂.讨论了蠕化剂中某些元素对蠕墨铸铁的影响,并分析了蠕墨铸铁的铸造性能.