热超声倒装键合过程中的非线性动力学行为

在作为微器件电气互连主要手段的热超声键合工艺中,微细键合区域内金属变形/变性/互连所需的能量,来自于超声波功率源通过换能系统所施加的微幅压剪动载.对热超声倒装键合过程的研究说明,PZT换能系统在热超声倒装键合工艺过程中的非线性动力学行为,如换能系统启动后的初值敏感性和不确定性,键合工具与换能杆之间的不稳定动力耦合,倒装芯片运动的奇异相轨线等,是深入研究键合机理以及提高工艺可靠性的重要关键.     

欠键合/过键合与功率设置及温度关系的研究

在热超声引线键合过程中,低功率设置和低温下容易导致欠键合,高功率设置和高温下则容易出现过键合。通过实验采集了不同超声功率设置、不同温度下大量键合过程中换能杆末端轴向的速度信号、换能杆两端驱动电压和电流信号,并测量其键合强度,计算得到不同温度下换能杆的振幅。分析了超声功率和键合温度对振幅的影响规律,解释了功率设置和键合温度导致欠键合和过键合的可能原因,建立了功率设置和温度对换能杆振幅影响的模型。这些实验数据和结果有助于进一步研究键合过程中参数间的相互影响规律。     

热超声倒装键合换能系统 多模态振动与有限元分析

研究了热超声倒装键合设备的核心执行机构——换能系统的动力学特性.利用激光多谱勒测振仪测试系统末端各方向的振动速度,发现系统以轴向振动为主,但受到其他非轴向振动的干扰.非轴向振动对芯片造成芯片倾斜、键合强度降低等负面影响.采用有限元方法对换能系统建模,仿真计算发现换能系统振动是各方向振动的耦合结果,且工作模态附近存在多种干扰模态.最后分析了系统多模态产生的根源并提出抑制方法.     

GaAs芯片上倒装Si芯片的金凸点高度与键合工艺参数优化

随着射频集成电路向小型化、高集成方向发展，基于金凸点热超声键合的芯片倒装封装因凸点尺寸小、高频性能优越成为主流技术之一。以GaAs芯片上倒装Si芯片的互连金凸点为研究对象，通过有限元仿真方法，分析了温度和剪切力作用下不同高度金凸点的等效应力，得到金凸点的最优高度值。通过正交试验，研究键合工艺参数(压力、保持时间、超声功率、温度)对金凸点高度和键合强度的影响规律。通过可靠性试验，验证了工艺优化后倒装焊结构的可靠性。结果表明：键合工艺参数对凸点高度的影响排序为压力>超声功率>温度>保持时间，对剪切力的影响排序为压力>超声功率>保持时间>温度。     

消除温度对倒装键合对准精度影响的方法

为消除温度在热超声倒装键合过程中芯片与基板对准精度的影响,必须将因键合加热而引起的图像抖动量控制在亚像素范围内.设计了一套实验方案,通过实验对比,发现在未启用吹气装置时图像间的抖动剧烈,明显受温度影响,不能满足对准精度要求.采用二元二次曲面拟合亚像素法计算了启用吹气装置后图像间的平移,发现图像间整像素级的抖动明显消除,亚像素级的抖动受温度影响小,在键合温度下最大抖动量不超过0.3像素,能满足对准精度要求.该方法为热超声倒装工艺提出了有价值的参考.     

温度因素对热超声键合强度的影响实验研究

主要研究了热超声键合过程中环境温度对键合强度的影响规律.分析了键合强度与键合温度之间的关系.实验研究发现,最佳键合"窗口"出现在200～240℃,此时键合强度可达20g左右.对推荐使用的大于5.4g的键合强度标准,本实验条件下可键合"窗口"为120～360℃.这些实验现象和分析结果为后期的键合参数匹配规律和系统动态特性研究打下基础.     

金丝楔形键合强度的影响规律分析

金丝楔形键合是一种通过超声振动和键合力协同作用来实现芯片与电路引出互连的技术。现今,此引线键合技术是微电子封装领域最重要、应用最广泛的技术之一。引线键合互连的质量是影响红外探测器组件可靠性和可信性的重要因素。基于红外探测器组件,对金丝楔形键合强度的多维影响因素进行探究。从键合焊盘质量和金丝楔焊焊点形貌对键合强度的影响入手,开展了超声功率、键合压力及键合时间对金丝楔形键合强度的影响研究。根据金丝楔焊原理及工艺过程,选取红外探测器组件进行强度影响规律试验及分析,指导实际金丝楔焊工艺,并对最佳工艺参数下的金丝键合拉力均匀性进行探究,验证了金丝楔形键合强度工艺一致性。     

工作条件下超声倒装键合换能系统的阻抗特性

在建立各子部分等效阻抗的基础上,采用等效电路方法构建工作条件下芯片超声倒装键合换能系统的阻抗/导纳模型.对阻抗模型进行数值计算,并采用频率扫描的方法实测系统的阻抗特性.研究发现,在工作条件下,换能系统100 kHz范围内包含4阶轴向固有频率;相比于空载条件,工作条件下的各阶谐振频率增大,其电阻值增大,电导值降低.实验测试与数值计算结果相互吻合.     

倒装键合中助焊剂涂敷的工艺优化

助焊剂涂敷是C4凸点焊料的倒装键合中的关键工艺步骤之一,涂敷均匀和稳定性决定了回流焊后整体成品的质量和可靠性,同时影响倒装键合设备的生产效率。在实际生产中,现有的助焊剂涂敷系统影响设备提升生产效率,并且暴露出生产过程中助焊剂泄漏量过大的问题。通过分析现有涂敷系统的问题和助焊剂泄漏的成因,优化设计了一种更高效的助焊剂涂敷系统,有效提升了设备生产率,使泄漏量对生产的影响降低到最小。     

倒装芯片热电极键合工艺研究

文章将论述一种无掩模制造细小焊料凸点技术。利用热电极键合工艺将带有凸点的倒装芯片焊到基板上。此项工艺能将间距小至40μm的倒装芯片组装到基板上。文章也论述了间距为40μm、电镀AuSn钎料凸点的倒装芯片组装工艺技术。金属间化合物相的形成对焊点可靠性有重要影响,尤其是对于细小焊点。文中研究了金属间化合物相的形成与增加对可靠性的影响。讨论分析了热循环和湿气等可靠性试验结果。     

Experimental observations on nonlinear phenomena in transducer assembly for thermosonic Flip-Chip bonding

Dynamical characteristics of PZT actuated transducer assembly are the key to reliable flip-chip bonding and basic understanding of metal interconnection. A systematic experimental observations and analysis clearly exhibit that, rich phenomena and effects like the negative cubic stiffness, dynamical coupling between transducer body and tool, velocity dropping and anomalous phase portrait of the die movement, may be explained by nonlinear features and non-parallel loading of transducer assembly onto its bonding area. It will be possible to explore their mechanism and effects to bonding quality by identifying and decoding them.     

Study of Temperature Parameter in Au–Ag Wire Bonding

The effect of the temperature on bondability and bonding process for wire bonding are investigated. Bondability is characterized by shear bonding strength and bonding process is represented by input and output power of ultrasonic transducer. A laser Doppler vibrometer and Labview software were used to record the velocity, voltage and current of transducer at different temperature settings. A K-type thermocouple sensor was used to measure the bonding temperature. Experimental results show that unsuccessful bonding happens at low temperature, and over bonding appears if the temperature is too high. Only when the temperature is at appropriate settings, can a stable and satisfied bondability be attained. The reason for this experimental observation is analyzed. By using a high resolution transmission electron microscope, the atom diffusion depth of Au-Ag bonding interface was measured and the result is about 200 nm. By using joint time-frequency analysis, the instantaneous characteristics of bonding process were observed completely and clearly. It is found that input and output ultrasonic power vs. time-frequency in a bonding process, including resonance frequency, harmonic components and amplitude of ultrasonic energy, vary along with the change of temperature settings.      

劈刀和肋环夹持工况对超声键合换能系统电学特性的影响

通过实验分析了肋环夹持松紧度和劈刀存在两个因素对超声键合换能系统电学导纳特性的影响规律。对换能系统在悬挂有无劈刀和夹持8个松紧度等各个情况下进行谐振频率附近的导纳圆测量,确定换能系统等效电路各特征参数的变化情况。由实验结果的分析可知,劈刀的附加质量以及肋环松紧程度对换能系统谐振频率的影响不大,但劈刀的存在改变了换能系统的能量分布和耗散,是影响换能系统各特征参量的主要因素之一。这些结论有助于超声键合换能系统的优化。     

多向复合超声换能器有限元分析与试验

超声换能器是微电子封装技术的核心执行元件,为解决传统一维纵振超声换能器键合效率低、键合面不均匀及键合点不牢靠等问题,采用ANSYS仿真软件建立换能器有限元模型进行模态分析及谐响应分析,设计了一种可同时实现轴向纵振、水平弯振及竖直俯仰振动的40 kHz多向复合夹心压电式超声换能器。其中,压电部分由整圆环和可单独激励的1/4圆环陶瓷片组成。利用阻抗分析仪实物测试,得到换能器纵振、弯振及俯仰振动的阻抗 频率特性曲线。结果表明,测试值与仿真值基本一致,且结构性能参数均符合键合要求,验证了该结构的合理性。     

夹持环对换能系统振动模态影响的有限元分析

换能系统是热超声引线键合装备的核心部分,夹持环对系统起安装支撑的作用,其安装方式直接影响换能系统的能量传递与振动模态。利用有限元法分析了夹持环对换能系统振动模态的影响,结果表明,对夹持环未施加约束、施加z向约束时换能系统的夹持环会出现振动现象,而施加x向约束时,工作频率下的主振型完全不符合要求;改变夹持环的安装位置,对换能系统的节点位置及谐振频率都有一定的影响,实验测得在全约束情况下,换能系统的节点位置为58 mm,与分析结果一致;换能系统在工作频率附近包含有其他的振动模态,在键合过程中易被激发出来,由此消耗超声能量而降低芯片的键合质量,这些振动模态必须得到抑制。     

Dynamics of Ultrasonic Transducer System for Thermosonic Flip Chip Bonding

Thermosonic flip chip bonding is used in certain fine pitch IC packaging for its unique features. By using this bonding process in this paper, 1 mm$, times ,$1 mm chip with 8 gold bumps has been bonded onto a silver-coated substrate. Dynamical properties of transducer system, which is the key component for providing the ultrasonic energy, have been investigated using finite element model (FEM) and measurement using impedance analyzer and laser doppler vibrometer (LDV). The simulation results show that the ultrasonic transducer vibrates by coupling with all excited modes, therefore resulting in complicated motions during bonding. The third axial mode, which includes 1.5 wavelengths and 3 nodes, is the dominant working vibration. However, this axial mode is severely disturbed by undesirable non-axial modes such as flexural modes. There are some other unwanted parasitic modes close to dominant mode. Measured velocities of the transducer horn show that the system vibrates under several modes simultaneously. The impedance measurements reveal additional frequencies overlapping the working frequency. All non-axial modes of the ultrasonic transducer disturb the bonding process and degrade the bonding quality. A subtle control is needed to obtain unique axial mode and stable vibration for high bonding quality.      

Advanced process characterization for 125 kHz wire bonder ultrasonic transducers

A high frequency ultrasonic transducer for wire bonding is conceived, designed, prototyped, tested and industrially produced. The influence of each feature of the ultrasonic transducer design, such as constituent material, amplifier geometry, mounting flange, capillary fixing, on the wire bonding process results is clearly identified and carefully analyzed through thorough process tests. The assembly and aging characteristics of the transducers are measured and the scattering of the vibration properties in the mass production is statistically quantified by laser interferometer measurements and compared with that of conventional horns. The transducer is mounted on the wire bonder with a flange whose special geometry is calculated by means of FEM simulations and patented. This flange allows the mechanical stiffness of the coupling transducer-wire bonder to be dramatically increased and the parasitic mechanical dynamical vibrations at the horn tip to be significantly reduced. Process tests show that the reduction in mechanical vibrations obtained in this way allows a wire bonder scarcely capable normally to attain the 80 /spl mu/m fine pitch process, to perform easily the 60 /spl mu/m fine pitch process. A beneficial impact of the mechanical coupling horn-wire bonder on the process performance is ascertained. The use of titanium as horn material, characterized by a low thermal expansion coefficient, is proven by process tests to be effective in improving the placement accuracy of the wire bonder. The high vibration frequency of the transducer (125 kHz) is proven by process tests to be effective in improving the ball roundness and the fine pitch wire bonding capabilities of the wire bonder and in decreasing the minimum wire bonding temperature and the applied bond force. The new approach to characterize the process performance of new ultrasonic transducer designs is of general importance for wire bonding technology.     

超声波在换能器接触界面传播的特性研究

在研究超声换能系统的过程中发现,系统存在非线性特性.引起超声波非线性的主要因素是换能器子结构接触界面上传递的不连续造成的.该文对超声波在超声键合换能器中的传播为研究对象,建立了超声波在单一均质材料和两种材料接触界面传递的一维数学模型,并采用机械动力学软件进行了仿真,推导出界面预紧力和超声波传播的关系,并试验测试了超声换能器在不同预紧力条件下,换能器换能杆末端振动速度和键合强度的变化规律.为超声键合换能器系统的设计、安装和维护提供了可靠依据.