蚁群聚类组合方法的研究

基于蚁群算法的聚类算法已经在当前的数据挖掘研究中得到应用。针对蚁群聚类算法早期出现的缺点,提出一种蚁群聚类组合方法使其得以改进。改进思路是引入K-means作为蚁群算法的预处理过程。通过K-means快速、粗略地确定聚类中心,利用K-means方法的结果作为初值,再进行蚁群算法聚类。有效地解决了蚁群算法早期收敛过慢等问题。     

基于信息熵的蚁群聚类改进方法研究

从模仿蚂蚁堆积尸体的基本模型出发,可以实现蚁群聚类算法.研究了实现基本蚁群算法以及基于信息熵的蚁群聚类算法的关键方法,测试并验证了算法的有效性.同时,在比较其性能的基础上,主要针对基于信息熵的蚁群聚类算法收敛速度快,但却容易陷入局部最优的缺陷,从聚类拆分、合并、孤立点处理等几个方面对基于信息熵的蚁群聚类算法进行了改进,从而在利用其收敛速度快的基础上提高聚类的准确性.仿真实验表明:改进后的方法在聚类的准确性和收敛速度方面都得到了很好的结果,对基于信息熵的蚁群居类算法优化提供了比较好的应用改进.     

支持向量机优化基于K-means的蚁群聚类算法

基于K-means算法思想改进蚁群聚类算法聚类规则,提出一种新的K-means蚁群聚类算法,并通过实验验证其聚类效果;引入具有全局最优性的支持向量机SVM,取各类中心附近适当数据训练支持向量机,然后利用已获模型对整个数据集进行重新分类,进一步优化聚类结果,使聚类结果达到全局最优。UCI数据集实验结果表明,新的算法可以明显提高聚类质量。     

基于改进蚁群算法的聚类分析

聚类在数据挖掘、统计学、机器学习等很多领域都有很大应用.聚类问题可以归结为一个优化问题.蚁群算法(Ant Colony Algorithm)已成功地解决了许多组合优化的难题.介绍一种蚁群聚类算法,并进行了优化,提出一种改进的蚁群聚类算法.它改进了蚂蚁搜索解的方法,并引入均匀交叉算子,将蚁群算法和遗传算法融合.它提高进化速度,有效改善了蚁群算法易于过早地收敛于非最优解的缺陷.仿真实验取得了较好的结果.     

基于改进的启发式蚁群算法的聚类问题的研究

蚁群算法是优化领域中新出现的一种仿生进化算法,广泛应用于求解复杂组合优化问题,并已在通信网络、机器人等许多应用领域得以具体应用。聚类问题作为一种无监督的学习,能根据数据间的相似程度自动地进行分类。基于蚁群算法的聚类算法已经在当前的数据挖掘研究中得到应用。文中针对早期蚁群聚类算法的缺点,提出一种改进的启发式蚁群聚类算法(IHAC),将蚁群在多维空间中移动的启发式知识存储在称之为"记忆银行"的设备当中,来指导蚁群后边的移动行为,降低蚁群移动的随意性,避免产生未分配的数据对象。并用一些数据做了一些实验,结果证明改进的蚁群聚类算法在误分类错误率和运行时间上优于早期的蚁群聚类算法。     

基于改进的启发式蚁群算法的聚类问题的研究

蚁群算法是优化领域中新出现的一种仿生进化算法,广泛应用于求解复杂组合优化问题,并已在通信网络、机器人等许多应用领域得以具体应用。聚类问题作为一种无监督的学习,能根据数据间的相似程度自动地进行分类。基于蚁群算法的聚类算法已经在当前的数据挖掘研究中得到应用。文中针对早期蚁群聚类算法的缺点,提出一种改进的启发式蚁群聚类算法（IHAC）,将蚁群在多维空间中移动的启发式知识存储在称之为“记忆银行”的设备当中,来指导蚁群后边的移动行为,降低蚁群移动的随意性,避免产生未分配的数据对象。并用一些数据做了一些实验,结果证明改进的蚁群聚类算法在误分类错误率和运行时间上优于早期的蚁群聚类算法。     

基于聚合距离参数的改进K-means算法

针对传统K均值聚类（K-means）算法随机选择初始中心及K值导致的聚类结果不确定且精度不高问题,提出了一种基于聚合距离的改进K-means算法。首先,基于聚合距离参数筛选出优质的初始聚类中心,并将其作用于K-means算法。然后,引入戴维森堡丁指数（DBI）作为算法的准则函数,循环更新聚类直到准则函数收敛,最后完成聚类。改进算法提供了优质的初始聚类中心及K值,避免了聚类结果的随机性。二维数值型仿真数据的聚类结果表明,改进算法在数据样本数达到10000时仍能保持较好的聚类效果。针对Iris和Seg这两个UCI标准数据集的调整兰德系数,改进算法比传统算法性能分别提高了83.7%和71.0%,最终验证了改进算法比传统算法聚类结果的准确性更高。     

基于改进蜂群算法的K-means算法

针对标准人工蜂群算法搜索效率低、收敛速度慢等缺点提出一种改进的人工蜂群算法.通过引入算术交叉操作以及利用最优解指导搜索方向,增加算法收敛的速度.在7个基准函数上的测试结果表明了算法的有效性.在此基础上,针对K-means算法的缺点提出基于改进蜂群算法的K-means算法,并加入自动获得最佳聚类数的功能.在人工数据集和UCI真实数据集上的测试验证了所提出算法的性能.     

基于免疫K-means聚类的无监督SAR图像分割

利用图像纹理的信息熵特征,并结合空间矩阵的概念,提出一种基于免疫K-means聚类的无监督SAR图像分割算法.免疫规划的K-means聚类克服收敛结果易陷于局部极值的缺点,且保持K-means算法快速收敛的特点.信息熵的应用可有效抑制相干斑噪声的影响,空间矩阵的引入实现聚类过程中类别的自动合并.该算法执行复杂度不高,对噪声的影响有较强的鲁棒性,分割结果较好,是一种实用的SAR图像分割算法.     

一种改进蚁群聚类的入侵检测方法

入侵检测是网络信息安全的一个重要方面。针对现有的入侵检测对各类攻击不全面以及在检测率低误检率高的缺点,文中提出了一种改进的蚁群聚类的入侵检测方法。该方法对蚁群聚类算法的收敛速度方面和易陷入局部最优问题进行了改进,在优化过程中引进K-means算法以及信息熵,从而使其能够对信息素的更新进行自动的调整,提高了聚类速度和效果。进而设计了网络入侵检测系统。实验结果表明,该方法不仅提高了检测率,而且降低了误检率,对于各大类攻击都能够进行精确的检测。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).