Optimum surface area distribution of quadruple-effect evaporator in sugar juice evaporation process

The evaporation process in raw sugar manufacturing consists of juice heater, multiple-effect evaporator, and crystallizer. Two performance parameters of the evaporation process are the rate of processed sugar juice and the steam economy, defined as the ratio between water content of sugar juice entering the process to the amount of steam required to run the process. If the total surface area of the multiple-effect evaporator is fixed, the performance parameters are affected by the distribution of the surface area among the effects of the evaporator. Although the optimization of evaporator surface area distribution has been investigated in previous studies, they have considered only the multiple-effect evaporator, and overlooked interactions between the three components of the evaporation process. The current investigation proposes a model of the evaporation process that takes into account interactions between the three components of the process through mass and energy balances. The model is used to find the optimum surface area distribution that maximizes the rate of sugar juice processed by the system and the optimum surface area distribution that maximizes the steam economy are different.     

Effects of Cooling Water Flow Rate and Temperature on the Performance of a Multiple-Effect Evaporator

The multiple-effect evaporator is commonly used in the sugar industry. The final effect of the evaporator operates under a vacuum, which is created by the mixing of cooling water and vapor in a condenser. The complete analysis of the multiple-effect evaporator must take into account the interaction between the evaporator and the condenser. To date, coupled models of evaporator and condenser remain unavailable. Although most studies pertaining to multiple-effect evaporators assume that the final vapor pressure leaving the last effect is given, in fact it depends on the operating conditions of the condenser. This article aims at investigating the interaction between multiple-effect evaporator and direct-contact condenser. Coupled models of multiple-effect evaporator and direct-contact condenser are developed. Nonlinear equations resulting from the models are solved by an iterative procedure. Simulation results of a test case indicate quantitatively how the concentration of sugar juice at the exit of the evaporator varies with the cooling water flow rate and temperature.     

罗茨压缩机驱动MVR热泵系统的实验研究

机械蒸汽再压缩(MVR)蒸发系统是一种高效节能的蒸发体系。本文采用降膜蒸发器为蒸发主体、罗茨压缩机为蒸汽压缩机, 并以水为实验原料研究了一套MVR蒸发装置。实验中以总蒸发水量和单位能耗蒸发水量(SMER)作为MVR蒸发系统的性能指标, 分别研究了进料温度、蒸发压强、压缩机频率对其影响。结果表明:最佳进料温度是蒸发压强下的饱和液体温度;最适蒸发压强与具体系统的蒸发能力和压缩机效率密切有关, 在压缩机效率保持较高水平的前提下, 适当降低蒸发压强有利于系统的节能;压缩机的频率直接影响系统的蒸发量和压缩机的功耗, 在压缩机允许的范围内增大压缩机频率, 单位能耗蒸发量是增加的。     

降膜分子蒸馏过程模型研究

通过对降膜分子蒸馏器蒸发表面上液膜流动和传质传热的分析,建立了液膜的传质和传热方程;并在单组分非线性BGK方程的基础上,建立了描述多组分稀薄气体流动的非线性BGK模型方程。通过适当的边界条件将液膜方程和气体方程耦合在一起,得到了降膜分子蒸馏过程的传质与传热数学模型。该模型揭示了液膜温度和浓度在径向和轴向上的变化规律以及气相空间气体的密度、温度和速度的变化规律,适用于恒壁温和绝热壁等不同操作情况。     

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF MEE SYSTEM USED IN THE SUGAR INDUSTRY

In this work, a generalized steady-state mathematical model has been developed for simulation of the multiple effect evaporator (MEE) system, used in the Indian sugar industry. The developed model is capable of handling exhaust steam (saturated/superheated) inputs in more than one effect, vapor bleeding from desired effects, heat loss from each effect, and variations in boiling point rise as well as specific heat capacity with combination, heat transfer coefficient through external empirical correlations, and condensate flashing. The developed model has been solved by the globally convergent method. The results of present investigations have been validated against the data obtained from the Indian sugar industry with seven effects. The predicted exit liquor concentration, vapor body temperature, and amount of vapor bleed from each effect shows close agreement with the industry data within a maximum error band of ±2%. Further, a correlation has been developed for the prediction of overall heat transfer coefficient (OHTC) of each effect. The developed model can be further used to improve the steam economy of the MEE system by the incorporation of flash vapors from condensate stream.     

MVR蒸发工艺在氯化铵废水处理中的应用及经济分析

介绍了蒸汽机械再压缩式蒸发器的工作原理及工艺流程,并与三效蒸发、四效蒸发两种蒸发方式的运行费用进行了对比,体现其明显的节能效果。结果表明:从氯化铵废水中每蒸发出1 t水,相对于四效蒸发器,MVR蒸发器可以节省60.72%的标准煤。     

氨水溶液降膜蒸发实验

发生器和吸收器的传热性能是影响制冷机组和双工质发电机组做功效率的关键因素,为了提高中低温地热（余热）在热泵机组和地热双工质发电系统中的利用效率,本文选用50%和60%的氨水溶液作为循环工质,对约6 m长的竖管降膜蒸发器的传热特性进行实验研究,分别讨论喷淋密度和热水温度对垂直降膜蒸发器的传热系数、氨蒸气量和蒸发压力的影响。结果表明,降膜蒸发器的传热系数和氨蒸气量随喷淋密度的增加先增大后减小,传热系数和蒸发压力随着热源温度的增大而增加;50%和60%的氨水溶液喷淋密度最佳值分别在0.2200～0.2500 kg/(m·s)和0.2600～0.2900 kg/(m·s);传热系数和热源温度呈线性关系。氨水溶液的实验传热系数明显高于现有文献中水的实验传热系数,通过两种不同浓度的溶液对比发现,60%的氨水溶液传热性能明显优于50%的氨水溶液。     

3D Modeling and Simulation of Mass Transfer in Vapor Transport through Porous Membranes

A 3D mathematical model is developed to predict the transport of water vapor through porous membranes. The model is based on solving the continuity, momentum as well as energy equations for water in the membrane contactor. The model's equations are numerically solved using the finite element method to obtain the concentration and temperature distributions of water in the membrane contactor. The model findings were in good agreement with experimental data. The proposed 3D model proved to be appropriate for predicting the performance of a membrane evaporator. Simulations were carried out in order to study the influence of different operating parameters and membrane structure on the membrane evaporation effectiveness. The results of simulation indicate that the gas velocity is a favorable parameter in the membrane evaporation process due to its tendency to keep the process far from the thermodynamic equilibrium.     

MVR并联双效蒸发结晶系统设计及研究

利用蒸发法处理工业废水,能够实现废水的资源化利用。本文针对不同类型蒸发器适用范围受限问题,将降膜式蒸发器与强制循环蒸发器联用,提出了机械蒸汽再压缩（MVR）并联双效蒸发结晶系统。首先设计了系统的工艺循环流程并建立数学模型,对该系统及其设备进行质量和能量衡算,并对模型的可行性进行核算。随后建立系统性能的?分析模型,对常压下质量分数为5%的硫酸钠溶液蒸发结晶进行实例计算,并将其与传统三效蒸发结晶系统进行比较。通过综合能量分析与?分析,MVR并联双效蒸发结晶系统的节能程度更大,其效能系数（COP）值为21.4,相同工况下高于传统三效蒸发结晶系统82.2%,而单位能耗仅为传统三效蒸发结晶系统的17.6%;其?效率高于传统三效蒸发结晶系统51.5%,?损失则低于传统三效蒸发结晶系统24.7%,这表明MVR并联双效蒸发结晶系统热力学完善程度更高,在节能方面有较大的推广应用潜力。     

回路脉动热管运行稳定性分析

以简单回路脉动热管为热力系统，通过热力学分析，导出了系统的热平衡条件和稳定循环的特征，得到系统耗散功和系统体积功的关系，以及用水作为工质时膨胀功与汽化压力的关系。结果显示：耗散功是维持系统稳定运行的必要条件，且蒸发端的吸热量应等于冷凝端的放热量;稳定循环时，蒸发端的压力和温度必高于冷凝端;循环过程中工质的汽化膨胀功必大于冷凝压缩功，其差值用于克服系统耗散功;水的汽化功与汽化压力呈抛物线形变化，最大值分别出现在2.5 MPa，225℃。     

蒸汽压缩热泵蒸发器的重力无关性计算

蒸汽压缩热泵在高温环境和大功率航天器热控系统中具有很好的应用前景。航天蒸汽压缩热泵运行在微重力环境中,蒸汽压缩热泵的微重力适应性是航天蒸汽压缩热泵研发的关键技术。蒸发器是蒸汽压缩热泵的关键部件,为了探究蒸发器的重力无关条件,进行了蒸汽压缩热泵蒸发器的重力无关性计算,获得了不同蒸发温度、不同流速下蒸发器的重力无关临界流速和临界直径。结果表明,蒸发器处于重力无关区的最小临界流速在1.45～1.5 m·s^-1。最大临界直径随制冷量的增加而增加,制冷量从50 W变为300 W,临界直径由0.42 mm变为1.02 mm。     

Economics of small solar-assisted multiple-effect stack distillation plants

The objective of this paper is to compare the economics of using solar energy to operate small, multiple-effect seawater distillation systems in remote areas with the conventional method of using fossil fuels. The particular multiple-effect system used is an advanced horizontal-tube, falling-film system called “multiple-effect stack” (MES) in which the pumping energy requirement is relatively low compared with the horizontal in-line system. Three system configurations were investigated: (1) a conventional system using a steam generator to provide steam for the MES evaporator and a diesel generator to provide pumping power, (2) a solar-assisted system which uses solar thermal collectors to provide hot water (instead of steam) for the evaporator and a diesel generator for pumping power, and (3) a solar stand-alone system which uses solar thermal collectors for the evaporator heat requirement and a solar PV array to provide electrical energy for pumping. At the present time, solar energy cannot compete favorably with fossil energy, particularly under the present international market prices of crude oil. However, in many remote sunny areas of the world where the real cost of fossil energy can be very high, the use of solar energy can be an attractive alternative. Two important cost parameters affect the relative economics of solar energy vis-à-vis conventional (fossil) energy: the collector cost in dollars per square meter and the cost of diesel oil in dollars per giga Joule. Solar energy becomes more competitive as the local cost of procuring conventional fuel increases and as the collector cost decreases. The water cost from a solar thermal-diesel-MES system (configuration #2) can be seen to approach the water cost from a steam generator-diesel-MES system (configuration #1) when the collector cost drops to $200/m² and diesel oil cost at the remote site reaches $50/GJ. Using a 100% solar system (configuration #3) with solar thermal and solar PV collectors, the economics was seen to improve in favor of the solar system. Even when diesel fuel can be procured at $10/GJ at the remote site, the cost of water from the solar system can be seen to approach that from a conventional plant when thermal collectors costing $200/m² are used. The cost of water from the solar system was shown to be always less than that from a conventional system which uses diesel oil procured at the high price of $50/GJ, but always higher than water produced from a conventional system using diesel oil at the low price of $10/GJ.     

惰性气体对高真空蒸发与冷凝过程的影响

采用Bhatnagar Gross Krood(BGK)模型方程,建立了计算多组分稀薄气体流动的数学模型和求解方法。应用该模型对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和癸二酸二丁酯(DBS)物系在有惰性气体存在条件下的一维蒸发和冷凝过程进行了数值模拟,考察了各操作工艺参数对该过程的影响。研究结果表明惰性气体分压远大于蒸发液体的饱和蒸气压时,蒸发效率趋近于零;升高蒸发温度、冷凝温度以及增大蒸发面和冷凝面之间的距离都将使得蒸发效率降低,其中冷凝温度的升高将使蒸发效率显著减小。     

机载冷源参数对蒸发循环系统性能的影响

为了深入研究机载蒸发循环系统的工作特性及为搭建仿真计算模型做准备,基于试验室已有设备和条件,以一台新型微通道换热器作为研究对象,以R134a为工质,通过控制压缩机转速和电子膨胀阀开度一定,分别调节冷源温度和流量,考察冷源温度和流量对压缩机入口过热度、热源出口温度和制冷量的影响,并基于试验数据搭建了针对该蒸发器的仿真计算模型。试验结果表明在试验工况下,冷源防冻液入口温度对系统性能的影响明显,随冷源入口温度升高,压缩机入口过热度逐渐降低、热源出口温度明显升高,但冷源流量对系统性能的影响不显著。基于试验数据,建立了蒸发器仿真计算模型,将该模型应用于蒸发循环系统模型中,对比试验数据和仿真计算数据,可知,该蒸发器仿真计算模型准确可靠,可用于针对该蒸发器的性能仿真计算。     

减少缩二脲在蒸发器中的堆积

缩二脲为白色固体,难溶于水,熔点高达190℃,在尿素合成以及尿素溶液浓缩蒸发过程中产生的缩二脲会大量堆积在蒸发器的上部,当缩二脲堆积过多时会严重影响蒸发系统真空度,挤压设备,不易被清理,也会造成水解解吸系统无法正常运行。介绍了研究如何通过部分工艺改造和工艺参数调整以及操作维护来减少缩二脲在蒸发器中堆积。     

Mathematical modeling and experimental validation of an absorption-driven multiple-effect evaporator

A mathematical model has been developed to simulate the operation of an absorption-driven multiple-effect evaporator. The model is based on mass and enthalpy balances and heat transfer rate equations of the various components of the system. The model has been validated by comparing model predictions to experimental results from the operation of a four effect absorption-driven falling film evaporator coupled with a two-effect regenerator which operated using solutions of sodium hydroxide as an absorptive medium. The model predictions are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results.     

HD低温蒸发系统中填料蒸发器传质传热的分析

通过研究系统中填料蒸发器的蒸发传质传热过程以及两相流动特性，采用计算流体力学（computational fluid dynamics，CFD）中离散相与连续相耦合的方法来模拟规整填料内部通道的蒸发传质传热过程，实现了填料蒸发器中两相传质传热的过程以及液滴流动的可视化，为研究气液两相在规整填料内的流动提供了一种模拟方法。通过与实验结果的比较，最终选用RNG k-ε湍流模型来分析规整填料内部气液两相传质传热以及流动情况。数值模拟研究了规整填料板间距对填料内部气液两相传质传热以及液滴运动影响，发现随着板间距的增大，填料内部压力降逐渐降低，出口空气中水蒸气的含量不断减小，液滴蒸发速率降低，液滴进出口质量差减小，气相出口温度逐渐降低，蒸发传质传热效率降低。随着气速的增大，出口空气中水蒸气的含量不断减小，液滴蒸发速率增加，气相出口温度降低，气液两相传质传热效率降低。     

机械蒸汽再压缩蒸发系统的性能分析

机械蒸汽再压缩（MVR）蒸发系统是一种新型高效节能蒸发技术。它有多个单元设备组成,每个操作节点的控制都对系统运行的稳定性和节能效率至关重要,其中包括进料温度、蒸发压强、蒸汽压缩比、冷凝液温度等。若操作条件不当,不仅会大大降低蒸发效率而且会对设备和管路造成损害。本文建立了一套充分利用能源的MVR蒸发工艺流程,并通过理论分析对每个操作节点进行了质量和能量衡算,同时利用Aspen Plus模拟软件建立了系统的流程模拟图。通过对操作单元的变量控制,研究了循环蒸汽量、补充水的量与进料温度、冷凝液温度、蒸汽压缩比以及蒸发压强等之间的变化关系。由数据分析可得：原料在饱和液体时进料最佳,冷凝液的温度应保持与蒸发温度的有效温差在5～8 ℃时较好,压缩机的蒸汽压缩比控制在1.8～2.2较为合理。同时可利用冷凝液和浓缩液的余热对原料预热,补充水也可从冷凝液中直接取用。     

惰性气体对分子蒸馏过程的影响

本文采用基于Bohzmann方程的Bhatnagar—Gross—Krook模型方程，建立了计算多组分稀薄气体流动的数学模型和求解方法。应用该模型对一维蒸发和冷凝问题进行了数值模拟，考察了惰性气体存在对该过程的影响，着重讨论了蒸发温度、冷凝温度、惰性气体分压以及蒸发面和冷凝面之间的距离等因素对分离因数的影响。     

真空下同轴圆筒间分子蒸馏过程的数值模拟

在源于Boltzmann方程的BGK模型方程的基础上,建立了计算多组分稀薄气体流动的数学模型,揭示了蒸发空间气体的密度、温度、速度和压力的变化规律. 运用该模型对同轴柱面之间的蒸发与冷凝过程进行了数值模拟,考察了惰性气体存在对该过程的影响,着重讨论了蒸发器结构尺寸、残留惰性气体分压等因素对蒸发效率和分离因数的影响.