前保蒙皮塑料表征及在行人保护中的仿真应用

对保险杠塑料材料进行一系列的准静态和动态加载试验,获得不同应力下的力学性能曲线。基于LS-DYNA显示分析的方法,开发模拟塑料性能的187号材料模型,该模型屈服面是将拉伸、剪切、压缩和双向拉伸4个屈服试验点采用最小二乘法拟合得出,更适用于表征塑料材料的力学性能。将所开发的187号材料模型模拟动态拉伸、剪切、压缩和穿孔4项基本工况,并将仿真和试验结果进行了对标。最后将该材料模型应用于系统级的行人保护腿部碰撞中,验证了所开发材料模型的可靠性。     

双孔微剪切试验评定铝合金焊接接头局部变形特性

工程上需要得到力学性能不均匀焊接接头的局部特性,提出一种双孔微剪切试验方法,测定焊接接头局部材料塑性流变的特性参数.这种方法通过对两小孔之间的材料小区进行剪切试验,测量其载荷位移曲线.建立双孔微剪切试验的有限元模型, 并选择不同屈服应力和加工硬化指数的材料进行大变形有限元模拟, 给出材料塑性变形参数与试验载荷位移曲线的相关关系.这样,根据双孔微剪切的试验曲线可以直接得到材料的塑性变形参数.用铝合金挤压型材对这种方法的准确性进行验证,并对铝合金焊接接头各区的塑性变形性能进行评定.     

剪切修正GTN模型在小冲杆试验中的应用研究

小冲杆试验作为一种非标准的微试样测试技术,能有效地获取薄板结构的材料参数。而选用合适的损伤模型对准确表征材料变形到断裂的整个过程有着重要影响。基于NAHSHON提出的含剪切修正项的Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman(GTN)模型,通过有限元软件ABAQUS及用户自定义子程序VUMAT考察不同应力三轴度对断裂失效的影响。采用有限元模拟和拉伸试验获得冷轧硅钢材料的无损伤弹塑性力学参数以及GTN损伤演化模型中的形核参数和临界断裂参数,通过纯剪切试验和数值模拟的对比确定出材料中微孔洞的剪切变形对材料损伤演化的贡献。运用剪切修正的GTN模型对小冲杆试验进行模拟,结果表明,由于修正GTN模型考虑了微孔洞剪切畸变的对材料损伤影响,模拟结果比原GTN模型更接近于试验数据,可更好地应用于小冲杆试验的研究。     

连续球压痕试验检测金属材料应变硬化指数方法的修正

采用连续球压痕试验获取金属材料压入载荷-深度曲线,将该曲线计算转化为表征应力-应变数据并拟合即可得到应变硬化指数n;通过采用材料塑性拓展指数确定材料完全塑性变形区间,采用迭代算法对塑性约束因子进行修正以及考虑压痕堆积效应获得真实接触深度对连续球压痕试验测定n值方法进行修正。采用修正方法得到6061铝合金、6063铝合金、45钢、ST钢、AIF1合金、X52钢、X60钢、SK3钢等8种材料的n值,并与单轴拉伸试验结果进行对比。结果表明:未修正方法得到的n值与拉伸试验结果的相对误差均在10%以上,采用3种方法修正后相对误差减小,除X60钢的相对误差为8.6%外,其他均在5%以下。     

金属厚板力学性能鼓胀试验方法研究

鼓胀试验是一种评定板材力学性能和成形性能的试验方法。由于金属厚板难以直接进行鼓胀试验,提出了一种在金属厚板厚度方向去除部分材料得到试件进行鼓胀试验的方法,将鼓胀试验引入测定金属厚板的力学性能。建立与鼓胀试验对应的有限元模型,将单轴拉伸试验应力应变关系数据作为有限元分析的初始材料本构关系,模拟鼓胀变形过程,得到P-h关系。通过试验获得实际鼓胀过程中鼓胀压力P*、极顶高度h*,得到P*-h*关系,然后将相同的压力下的试验极顶高度h*与模拟极顶高度h比较,修正初始应力应变关系模型,逐渐逼近,最终得到大应变条件下真应力应变关系。     

平纹编织C/SiC复合材料层合板偏轴拉伸性能研究

通过理论和试验方法,分析了平纹编织C/Si C复合材料的偏轴拉伸性能。在室温下进行(0°/90°)和(±45°)、(30°/60°)试件的轴向拉伸试验和(0°/90°)试件的面内剪切试验。结果表明,材料的面内力学性能与材料纤维的方向角有明显的关系。经典层合板理论在初始低应力阶段仍然适用于平纹编织C/Si C复合材料,但随着载荷的增大,由于拉剪损伤耦合效应的影响,计算的应力-应变曲线逐渐偏离试验曲线。根据试验数据,给出了拉剪耦合的影响公式,对经典层合板理论模型进行修正,由修正后模型得到的计算应力-应变曲线与实测曲线吻合很好。     

球压痕法评价材料拉伸性能的有限元分析

球压痕法被广泛应用于设备材料真应力应变曲线、屈服强度和抗拉强度等拉伸性能的无损测试。它有望实现对在役设备材料拉伸性能的连续性监控,用于评估在役设备的结构完整性。建立了带有两种不同刚度压头的球压痕试验有限元模型,用于研究不同刚度压头对压痕载荷深度曲线和拉伸性能结果的影响。为了验证模型的有效性,将模拟16MnR材料获得的加载曲线和试验机获得的加载曲线进行对比,对比结果表明,模型能有效地实现球压痕试验的模拟。最后取16MnR和17-7PH两种材料做球压痕试验的有限元模拟,把模拟获得的结果与在试验机上进行常规室温拉伸试验获得的结果进行对比,对比结果表明,球压痕法可以有效测量材料的拉伸性能。     

金属薄板不同主应力比状态下力学性能研究

采用夹持器椭圆度分别为0、1/3、1/2和2/3的鼓胀试验方法研究金属薄板力学性能。结合单向拉伸实验能准确测量出金属薄板处于弹性阶段时应力应变关系这一特性,通过有限元模拟鼓胀试验,反求出金属薄板材料处于双向拉伸状态下真实应力应变关系。综合分析试验数据与模拟试验反求数据,对不同主应力比状态下金属薄板进行力学性能研究,得出定椭圆度的金属薄板所受的主应力比不是一固定值;鼓胀试验试件最大应变与椭圆度之间存在反比例关系,而主应力比与椭圆度呈正比例关系。     

轧制差厚板变厚度区的应力应变关系表征

针对轧制差厚板几何形状不均匀、力学性能不均匀的特征,设计了适用于差厚板的单向拉伸试样,并加工等宽度试样用作比较。结合数字散斑技术对两种拉伸试样进行单向拉伸试验,结果表明新型差厚板拉伸试样变形更加充分,应变分布更加均匀。通过计算获得差厚板变厚度区材料的真应力-真应变曲线,利用插值法构建差厚板材料模型。将材料模型用于差厚板试样的单向拉伸数值模拟中,发现数值模拟和试验获得的试样应变分布及力-位移曲线吻合程度较高,与试验相比模拟所预测的试样断后伸长率略低,误差范围为9.0%～14.0%。结果表明,数值模拟与试验具有良好的一致性,材料模型的准确度较高,具有实用性。新型拉伸试样同时考虑了差厚板厚度不均匀和力学性能不均匀的特性,通过一次拉伸试验即可获得变厚度区任意位置处的真应力-真应变曲线,对差厚板力学性能和后续加工工艺研究具有实际价值。     

铝-铜合金异质材料复合搭接自冲铆性能研究

通过试验方法研究不同刺穿方向下铝合金和铜合金(简称Al-Cu)组合的自冲铆(SPR)接头的力学性能,并进行材料性能测试。对Cu-Cu的SPR接头进行铆接试验和有限元模拟以分析其可成形性。对不同刺穿方向下Al和Cu组合的SPR接头进行力学性能测试,获得其载荷-位移曲线。结果表明:SPR接头抗拉伸剪切强度高于抗剥离强度;Cu-Cu接头强度最高,Cu-Al次之,Al-Cu最小。拉伸剪切条件下,内锁结构决定接头力学性能,失效模式均为铆钉从下板中被拉出;剥离条件下,内锁结构和板材特性决定接头力学性能,上板强度较小时,铆钉从上板铆孔处脱离;下板强度较小时,铆钉脱离下板;上、下板强度较高且接近时,铆钉脱离下板。     

S-N曲线和P-S-N曲线小子样测试方法

采用异方差回归分析理论,建立一种S-N曲线和P-S-N曲线小子样测试方法,可以对金属材料中寿命区的S-N曲线和P-S-N曲线进行散点测试。该方法能将一条S-N曲线上的所有试验数据作为一个整体进行统计分析,实现多母体联合推断,信息量远远大于成组试验法,既可节省大量试件,又能提高测试精度。此外,该方法对成组试验数据的分析精度也比成组试验法高,可以对过去积累的S-N曲线试验数据进行处理,在不补充试验的情况下,即可得到P-S-N曲线。大量Monte Carlo模拟验证和工程应用表明,在精度相同的情况下,该方法可以比成组试验法节省60％以上的试件。     

载荷形式对疲劳寿命预测方法的影响

用力学分析方法解析了多种载荷条件下试件断面上各点应力分布规律,并根据这个分布规律由现有的大量旋转弯曲疲劳寿命实验数据推算同样材料的其他载荷形式下的疲劳寿命。同时,在旋转弯曲载荷条件下,通过建立试件表面应力应变与名义应力应变关系式,如何得出在单向拉压圆形试件名义与应力与旋转弯曲圆形试件表面应力相等时,通过试件断面上的应力梯度值和材料的静拉伸强度值,可以简便地预测出材料任何尺寸大小、一定应力水平下的疲     

Material characterization of Inconel 718 from free bulging test at high temperature

Macroscopic superplastic behavior of metallic or non metallic materials is usually represented by the strain-rate sensitivity, and it can be determined by tensile tests in uniaxial stress state and bulging tests in multi axial stress state, which is the actual hot forming process. And macroscopic behavior of Non-SPF grade materials could be described in a similar way as that of superplastic materials, including strain hardening, cavity and so on. In this study, the material characterization of non-SPF grade Inconel 718 has been carried out to determine the material parameters for flow stress throughout free bulging test under constant temperature. The measured height of bulged plate during the test was used for estimation of strain-rate sensitivity, strain-hardening index and cavity volume fraction with the help of numerical analysis. The bulged height obtained from the simulation showed good agreement with the experimental findings. The effects of strain-hardening and cavity volume fraction factor for flow stress were also compared.     

高温长期运行Cr-Mo钢断裂性能微试样测试实验研究

开展采用小冲杆微试样试验技术评定材料断裂性能的研究.针对2.25Cr-1Mo钢(脆化态和脱脆态)及1.25Cr-0.5Mo钢,将小冲杆试验测试结果与常规冲击韧度及断裂韧度试验结果相关联,得到小冲杆试样变形过程中消耗的总变形能与常规夏比冲击功间的对应关系经验公式,以及小冲杆试样等效断裂应变与材料延性断裂韧度间的关联式,说明可以直接采用小冲杆试验结果估算材料的冲击及断裂韧度值,为无法取标准试样进行材料抗断裂性能测试场合提供了一种可行的间接测试技术.     

Modeling and evaluating of surface roughness prediction in micro-grinding on soda-lime glass considering tool characterization

The current research of micro-grinding mainly focuses on the optimal processing technology for different materials. However, the material removal mechanism in micro-grinding is the base of achieving high quality processing surface. Therefore, a novel method for predicting surface roughness in micro-grinding of hard brittle materials considering micro-grinding tool grains protrusion topography is proposed in this paper. The differences of material removal mechanism between convention grinding process and micro-grinding process are analyzed. Topography characterization has been done on micro-grinding tools which are fabricated by electroplating. Models of grain density generation and grain interval are built, and new predicting model of micro-grinding surface roughness is developed. In order to verify the precision and application effect of the surface roughness prediction model proposed, a micro-grinding orthogonally experiment on soda-lime glass is designed and conducted. A series of micro-machining surfaces which are 78 nm to 0.98 ~tm roughness of brittle material is achieved. It is found that experimental roughness results and the predicting roughness data have an evident coincidence, and the component variable of describing the size effects in predicting model is calculated to be 1.5x 107 by reverse method based on the experimental results. The proposed model builds a set of distribution to consider grains distribution densities in different protrusion heights. Finally, the characterization of micro-grinding tools which are used in the experiment has been done based on the distribution set. It is concluded that there is a significant coincidence between surface prediction data from the proposed model and measurements from experiment results. Therefore, the effectiveness of the model is demonstrated. This paper proposes a novel method for predicting surface roughness in micro-grinding of hard brittle materials considering micro-grinding tool grains protrusion topography, which would provide significant research theory and experimental reference of material removal mechanism in micro-grinding of soda-lime glass.     

Evaluating the flow stress of aerospace alloys for tube hydroforming process by free expansion testing

In order to obtain accurate tube hydroforming (THF) simulation results, one of the important inputs in the finite element model (FEM) of the process is the mechanical response of the material during THF. Generally, the mechanical response is defined by the stress–strain behavior that can be determined from tensile testing of the specimens extracted either from the sheet used for roll forming of the tubes or directly from the tubes. More recently, free expansion testing has been used to characterize the mechanical response of the material for hydroforming applications. The free expansion test can emulate process conditions similar to those found during THF, and as such, can be used to obtain reliable and accurate information on the mechanical response/properties of the tubular material. The aim of this research is to present an approach for evaluating the stress–strain behavior of different materials using a 3D deformation measurement system in conjunction with an analytical model. Here, to characterize the mechanical response of the materials, free expansion and tensile testing were used for austenitic stainless steel types 321 (SS 321) and 304L (SS 304L), INCONEL® alloy 718 (IN 718), and aluminum alloy 6061 in the annealed “0” temper condition (AA 6061-0). The mechanical response of each material, measured through free expansion testing of tubular forms, was compared to the respective stress–strain behavior determined from the uniaxial tensile test using ASTM E8 geometry specimens extracted from the tubes. For each material studied in this work, the two flow stress behaviors were distinct, indicating that the test method can have a noticeable effect on the mechanical response. Finite element analysis (FEA) of the free expansion of each material was also utilized to simulate the THF process with the flow stress curves obtained experimentally; the predicted expansion and burst pressure results were close to the experimental data indicating that the approach developed and described in this work has merit for characterizing the mechanical response of aerospace alloys for hydroforming applications.     

On the measurement of friction coefficient utilizing the ring compression test

The main objective of this research was to investigate whether generalized friction calibration curves, as recommended in the literature for use with ring compression tests, are applicable to all types of materials and test conditions. Specifically, the effects of material properties, strain-rate sensitivity, and “barreling” on the behavior of friction calibration curves were investigated. To this end, a series of ring compression tests were conducted in order to determine the magnitude of the friction coefficient, μ, as well as the corresponding calibration curves for two types of modeling materials, white and black Plasticine. The experiments were first conducted using the Physical Modeling Technique (PMT) and then simulated via an elastic–plastic finite element code (ABAQUS). In contrast to the results available in the literature, where the same friction calibration curves are recommended for all types of materials and test conditions, the results of this investigation showed that friction calibration curves are indeed affected by the material properties and test conditions and every material possesses its own distinctive friction calibration curve.     

A thermal porosimetry method to estimate pore size distribution in highly porous insulating materials

Standard pore size determination methods such as mercury porosimetry, nitrogen sorption, microscopy, or x-ray tomography are not always applicable to highly porous, low density, and thus very fragile materials. For this kind of materials, a method based on thermal characterization is proposed. Indeed, the thermal conductivity of a highly porous and insulating medium is significantly dependent on the thermal conductivity of the interstitial gas that depends on both gas pressure and size of the considered pore (Knudsen effect). It is also possible to link the pore size with the thermal conductivity of the medium. Thermal conductivity measurements are realized on specimens placed in an enclosure where the air pressure is successively set to different values varying from 10(-1) to 10(5) Pa. Knowing the global porosity ratio, an effective thermal conductivity model for a two-phase air-solid material based on a combined serial-parallel model is established. Pore size distribution can be identified by minimizing the sum of the quadratic differences between measured values and modeled ones. The results of the estimation process are the volume fractions of the chosen ranges of pore size. In order to validate the method, measurements done on insulating materials are presented. The results are discussed and show that pore size distribution estimated by the proposed method is coherent.     

Non-destructive Measurement of Magnetic Properties of Claw Pole

The magnetic properties of the claw pole have a direct effect on the output power of a generator Many methods can be used to measure these magnetic properties,each with its own advantages,but an important shortcoming is that all are destructive.In this study,a new non-destructive method to measure the magnetic properties of claw pole was proposed and a corresponding testing set-up was designed.A finite-element model was constructed to simulate the measurement process.Results proved that the measured magnetization-like curves had good agreement with the trend of the input magnetic curves and the effect of the positioning error in the measuring process could be neglected.To further validate the new method,seven types of claw poles of different materials subjected to different heat-treatment processes were forged and tested by both the new method and the conventional ring-sample method.Compared with the latter,the new method showed better consistency,relatively higher accuracy,and much stronger stability of measurement results;however,its sensitivity needs to be improved.The effects of material compositions and heat-treatment parameters on the magnetic properties of the claw pole were briefly analyzed.     

盾构实验台盘形滚刀垂向振动间接测试研究

为解决盘形滚刀垂向振动测试难的问题,笔者设计了滚刀回转切削振动测试系统,提出一种盾构实验台间接测试盘形滚刀垂向振动位移的方法,即用ZA-21电涡流位移传感器来测量滚刀顶部振动量的方法以间接测定滚刀破岩面的振动量。然后在机械振动综合实验平台上用加速度传感器进行实测,采用Matlab中的cor-rcoef函数对采集的时域信号计算相关性,计算结果与实测曲线表明,测量滚刀顶部振动量与直接测量滚刀破岩面振动量有很高的相关性,由此证明测试方案的可行性。