吹氩板坯连铸结晶器内夹杂物去除的数值模拟

针对吹氩板坯连铸结晶器内非金属夹杂物去除问题,采用准单相模型和离散相模型描述了水-空气-夹杂模拟物体系和钢液-氩气-夹杂物体系的粒子行为和去除效率.结果表明,吹氩有利于夹杂物上浮去除,同一气量(6.0L/min)下夹杂物在拉速1.3m/min时去除率最低.同一拉速(1.2m/min)下存在临界气量9.0L/min,小于临界气量,吹氩可增加夹杂物上浮率,减小进入铸坯率;大于临界气量,夹杂物上浮率减少,进入铸坯率增大.准单相模型和离散相模型能较好地模拟夹杂物在气液两相中的运动和去除.     

钢包底吹氩钢液流动行为与夹杂去除率的关系

针对攀钢200 t钢包,结合物理模拟与数值模拟,研究了一定底吹氩流量和时间条件下钢水流动行为与夹杂物去除率的关系. 结果表明,夹杂物去除率受气泡、旋涡和液面速度影响. 当吹氩流量从4 Nm3/h增加到5 Nm3/h时,气泡尺寸增大,夹杂物去除率降低;当从5 Nm3/h增加到12 Nm3/h时,气泡数增加,搅拌能增大,夹杂物去除率升高;但超过12 Nm3/h后,受旋涡影响,液面速度增大引起回流惯性力增加,夹杂物去除率反而降低. 合理的吹氩流量为9~12 Nm3/h,吹氩时间为8~10 min. 该条件下钢水经吹氩去夹杂物后,钢中全氧低于25′10-6(w).     

板坯连铸结晶器水模型内吹气流动和夹杂物粒子去除模拟

利用数值模拟方法研究了连铸结晶器水模型内吹气作用下的流动和夹杂物粒子去除效果,分析了吹气量对结晶器内流动和夹杂物粒子去除的影响规律.研究结果表明,吹气可增加整个上回流的向上运动趋势,尤其是靠近水口附近的流动:随着吹气流量增大,自由液面波动减弱:夹杂物粒子上浮率增加,在2,4和6 L/min气流量下,夹杂物粒子去除率比无气体吹入时分别提高3.4%,5.9%和9.6%.     

水中1,1,1-三氯乙烷的三种去除工艺方法

该文对水中1,1,1-三氯乙烷的三种去除方法进行了研究。结果表明曝气吹脱能有效去除水中1,1,1-三氯乙烷。当初始浓度为14 mg/L时,曝气流量越大,去除率越高,在固定的曝气流量下,曝气时间越长,去除效果越好,当曝气时间达到35 min时去除率达到100%;当气水比为3.5时,剩余污染物浓度可以满足国标限值要求;在相同的曝气流量下,1,1,1-三氯乙烷去除效果随着温度的升高而增大;pH值对1,1,1-三氯乙烷去除无影响。水源水条件下,当1,1,1-三氯乙烷初始浓度为1 mg/L、粉末活性炭投加量为20 mg/L、吸附时间为120 min时,1,1,1-三氯乙烷吸附达到平衡,30 min去除率达42%。1,1,1-三氯乙烷初始浓度为5 mg/L,煮沸,2 min后即可达到国标限值以下,5 min后去除率可达80%。     

底吹钢包三相流的数值模拟

采用多相流体积法对某钢厂的LF炉底吹钢包建立了氩气/钢液/钢渣三相瞬态数学模型. 描述了钢包内多相流动的基本形貌,并与稳态计算的结果进行了对比;研究了不同吹气流量对渣滴卷入深度和渣眼直径的影响. 计算结果表明,渣滴卷入深度和渣眼直径随吹气流量的增加而增加,且在吹气流量为600 L/min时发生骤增,该流量为临界卷渣吹气流量;在保持吹气流量为300 L/min的条件下,当渣层厚度从150 mm增加到300 mm时,渣眼直径由455 mm减小至110 mm,且此时更容易发生卷渣现象.     

漩流中间包夹杂物去除水模实验

为更好地去除钢液中非金属夹杂物,在中间包内安放1个漩流室有利于夹杂物碰撞团聚上浮去除.通过水模实验对漩流中间包中央杂物的去除作了较为详细的模拟,对影响去除率的漩流室直径、高度、入口流量、入口方向和不同的夹杂物颗粒的加入量等凶素作了研究.结果表明,漩流室的引入使得夹杂物的去除率得到了提高,小粒径夹杂的上浮率最大提高了近10%,漩流中间包有利于夹杂物上浮去除.     

250吨转炉底吹对熔池搅拌的影响研究

采用物理模拟和数值模拟,研究了某钢厂250 t转炉底吹对熔池混匀时间、气液两相区速度、熔池低速区体积、炉底剪切力和气体能量利用率的影响。结果表明,熔池混匀时间随底吹气量增大而减少,随底吹孔数增加而减少。底吹孔数为12个时,底吹气量由15 L/min增至50 L/min,熔池混匀时间降低54.8%。底吹气量不变(50 L/min),底吹孔数由12个减至3个时,混匀时间增加52.9%。底吹枪数量减少,搅拌区域减小,熔池中“死区”和“低速区”体积比分别增加4.89%和28.9%。底吹枪减至3个时,单个底枪气量增大,气液两相区最大速度由0.34 m/s增至0.64 m/s,底吹孔处炉底所受剪切力增大52%,对炉底耐材寿命不利。从数值模拟结果也可发现,底吹工况的变化影响气体在熔池中的利用效率。底吹总气量增大时,熔池动能增加,但气体能量利用率降低。底吹气量较小时,底吹孔数的变化对气体能量利用率影响较小。底吹气量较大(50 L/min)时,相比于12个底吹孔,6个和3个底吹孔的气体能量利用率分别下降18.4%和23.3%。     

晶种加速沉淀软化去除反渗透浓水中硬度的研究

研究了废弃粉末活性炭作为晶种加速沉淀软化，去除浓水中硬度的可行性及效果。结果表明：晶种的引入，能够显著提高硬度的去除效果，初始硬度为1228 mg/L,晶种为2 g/L,碳酸钠为1 g/L,转速为120 rpm时，10 min时硬度去除率可达75.6%,而没有晶种时，达到相似硬度去除效果，则需20 min。系统连续运行时，硬度去除效果随着运行次数的增加而增加，连续运行20次时，出水硬度由287 mg/L降至106 mg/L,去除率由77%增至90%。因此，此方法能取得较好的效果，初步可行。     

超声波功率对电渣钢锭中氧化铝夹杂物分布的影响

采用自行设计的带超声波振动的电渣炉,研究了超声波功率对轴承钢中氧化铝夹杂物分布及去除的影响. 结果表明,电渣重熔过程中超声波功率从0增至400和700 W,钢锭中的夹杂物最大尺寸分别是40, 36和14 mm,功率增至1000 W时,夹杂物最大尺寸增至36 mm. 电渣重熔过程中无超声波时,钢锭中夹杂物在试样边部与中心部位聚集,边部聚集尤为严重. 超声波功率增加,夹杂物聚集逐渐减弱直至均匀分布. 超声波去除夹杂物主要是其空化和声流效应改善了渣-金间反应的动力学条件,使夹杂物均匀分布于钢锭中. 但超声波功率过高会降低渣-金间的反应速率,引起金属熔池扰动,降低电渣精炼能力.     

GAC-UF一体化净水柱去除水中硝酸盐氮的研究

在硝酸盐氮浓度5～25 mg/L,pH值在5. 5～8. 5,进水流量75～150 mL/min,颗粒活性炭厚度在100～150 mm的变化条件下,考察了GAC-UF一体化净水柱对水中硝酸盐氮去除的效果,以及活性炭和超滤的协同去除效果。结果表明,随着活性炭厚度、硝酸盐氮浓度的增大,硝酸盐氮的去除率增加;在流量75 mL/min时,pH值为5. 5和8时,硝酸盐氮去除率分别可达25. 21%,23. 01%。协同实验表明,超滤对硝酸盐氮的去除率仅为3. 97%,而活性炭的去除率为14. 55%,但一体化净水柱的去除率达到23. 01%,表明颗粒活性炭和超滤具有协同作用。该装置对硝酸盐氮浓度不超过饮用水标准1. 25倍的原水,经处理后,可达到饮用水标准。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。