Optimum filter bandwidths for optically preamplified NRZ receivers

We present a comprehensive treatment of optically preamplified direct detection receivers for non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and return-to-zero (RZ) on/off keying modulation, taking into account the influence of different (N)RZ optical pulse shapes, specified at the receiver input, and filter transfer functions; optical Fabry-Perot filters (FPFs) and Bragg gratings as well as electrical fifth-order Bessel and first-order RC low-pass filters are considered. We determine optimum optical and electrical filter bandwidths and analyze the impact of bandwidth deviations on receiver sensitivity. Optimum receiver performance relies on a balance between noise and intersymbol interference (ISI) for NRZ transmission, while for RZ reception detection noise has to be traded against filter-induced signal energy rejection. Both for NRZ and 33% duty cycle RZ, optical filter bandwidths of around twice the data rate are found to be optimum. Receivers using RZ coding are shown to closely approach the quantum limit, and thus to outperform NRZ-based systems by several decibels. We further analyze the impact of important degrading effects on receiver sensitivity and optimum receiver bandwidths, including receiver noise, finite extinction ratio, chirp, and optical carrier frequency (or optical filter center frequency) fluctuations     

Sensitivity enhancement of optical receivers by impulsive coding

A theory for the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of optical direct-detection receivers employing return-to-zero (RZ) coding (and possibly optical preamplification) is developed. The results are valid for both signal-independent noise limited and signal-dependent noise limited receivers, as well as for arbitrary optical pulse shapes and receiver filter characteristics. Even if the same receiver bandwidth is used, RZ coding is seen to perform better than nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) coding. Asymptotic expressions for the SNR in case of very high and very low receiver bandwidths show that the full sensitivity enhancement potential of RZ coding is exhausted at fairly moderate duty cycles. A realistic example taking into account intersymbol interference (ISI) shows that a receiver sensitivity gain (compared to NRZ coding) of, e.g., 3.2 dB can be obtained in a signal-independent noise limited receiver with a bandwidth of 80% of the data rate, using a duty cycle of three     

Impact of phase noise in weakly coherent systems: a new andaccurate approach

Coherent optical systems for future broadband local loops may use lasers with significant phase noise, manifest as broad linewidths. This phase noise can be accommodated if the receiver is correctly designed, i.e. if nonsynchronous (envelope or square-law) IF demodulation is used and sufficient IF bandwidth is provided. It is difficult to analyze the performance of a coherent optical receiver when the signals are corrupted by phase noise. The central theoretical problem arising from filtering a signal with phase noise is defined in a particular form which permits the derivation of the forward or Fokker-Planck partial differential equation for probability density of the output voltage of the receiver. The results are used to discuss the IF bandwidth required for optical heterodyne receivers for amplitude-shift-keying (ASK) signals     

Bit error probability reduction in direct detection opticalreceivers using RZ coding

We analyze the bit error probability reduction for direct detection ON-OFF keying optical receivers using return-to-zero (RZ) coding instead of the nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) format. For the same average optical power, RZ is shown to outperform NRZ, even when employing the same receiver bandwidth. Results are given for receivers whose noise variance is i) dominated by a signal-independent term (e.g., simple pin diode receivers), ii) dominated by a signal-dependent term (e.g., optically preamplified receivers), and iii) made up of two equally important contributions [e,g,, avalanche photodiode (APD) receivers]. Based on semianalytic simulations including intersymbol interference, we show that the achievable RZ sensitivity gain is typically less for dominating signal-independent noise than for dominating signal-dependent noise, where it amounts to about 3 dB. We also quantitatively discuss the influence of the optical pulse shape on the achievable RZ coding gain, and show that finite extinction ratios can significantly reduce that gain, especially when the RZ signals are produced by direct-modulation methods     

Experimental study on optically band-limited 40-Gb/s RZ signals with optically time-division demultiplexing receiver

The impact of optical filtering on 40-Gb/s return-to-zero (RZ) signals was experimentally investigated with an optically time-division multiplexing (OTDM) receiver. Through the evaluation of the signal performance by changing the interpulse-phase conditions of the symmetrically band-limited 40-Gb/s signals, we have confirmed that similar performance was obtained regardless of the interpulse-phase condition, owing to the pulse-reshaping capability of an OTDM receiver. A performance comparison was also conducted between symmetrically and asymmetrically filtered 40-Gb/s RZ signals. It was found that the symmetrically filtered signal was more tolerant for the dispersion-compensation error, while the asymmetrically filtered signal was more tolerant for fiber nonlinearity with optical filters that have a 3-dB bandwidth of 45 GHz.     

Optical preamplifier receiver for spectrum-sliced WDM

Spectrum-slicing provides a low-cost alternative to the use of multiple coherent lasers for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) applications by utilizing spectral slices of a single broadband noise source for creating the multichannel system. In this paper we analyze the performance of both p-i-n and optical preamplifier receivers for spectrum-sliced WDM using actual noise distributions, and the results are compared with those using the Gaussian approximation. This extends prior results of Marcuse for the detection of deterministic signals in the presence of optical amplifier and receiver noise. Although the methodology is similar, the results are considerably different when the signal is itself noise-like. For the case of noise-like signals, it is shown that when an optical preamplifier receiver is used, there exists an optimum filter bandwidth which minimizes the detection sensitivity for a given error probability. Moreover the evaluated detection sensitivity, in photons/bit, represents an order of magnitude (>10 dB) improvement over conventional detection techniques that employ p-i-n receivers. The Gaussian approximation is shown to be overly conservative when dealing with small ratios of the receiver optical to electrical bandwidth, for both p-i-n and preamplifier receivers     

Design of wide-band optical heterodyne balanced mixer receivers

The optical heterodyne balanced mixer, or dual-detector receiver, offers significant advantages over a single detector receiver. Balanced mixer receivers are particularly attractive for use in optical heterodyne communication systems because they conserve local oscillator power and cancel excess intensity noise present in the local oscillator. Simple circuit models that illustrate the noise performance, small signal gain, and bandwidth of a balanced mixer receiver are developed. A figure-of-merit for receiver noise performance is also derived. An example design of a gigahertz bandwidth optical heterodyne balanced mixer receiver and the techniques used to characterize near-quantum-limited receiver performance are discussed.     

Theory of burst-mode receiver and its applications in opticalmultiaccess networks

In this paper, a unified theory for the newly developed optical burst-mode receiver is presented. Based on this theory, an analysis of the performance of the receiver is given both theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical model agrees well with the experimental results. This theory can quantitatively explain the bit error rate (BER) performance of burst-mode receivers. Several potential applications of burst-mode receivers are also illustrated, including applications in supervisory system for erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) trans-oceanic optical links and various high-speed all-optical multiaccess packet networks     

Novel transmitter of dark RZ signal based on external modulator

A novel transmitter to generate a dark RZ signal with tunable duty cycle and extinction ratio is proposed, by modifying the process of precoding, modulating and coding. A dark RZ signal is generated simply by using one dual-arm Mach-Zehnder LiNbO3 modulator. We demonstrate experimentally that this optical dark RZ signal can be directly measured by a conven- tional binary intensity modulation direct detection (IM-DD) receiver. When different values of duty cycles at 2.5 Gbit/s are adjusted, the experimental results show different BER curves and eye diagrams of the optical dark RZ signal.     

Performance Optimization of Optically Preamplified Receivers for Return-to-zero and Non Return-to-zero Coding

We determine optimum bandwidths for optical and electrical filters in optically preamplified receivers, both for NRZ coding and RZ coding. Our simulations clearly reveal the trade-offs to be made when optimizing bandwidths: NRZ is typically limited by intersymbol interference, while RZ is limited by energy truncation. Thus, RZ allows for tighter filtering, leading to near quantum limited performance. Further, RZ systems are less susceptible to suboptimum filtering. We also show that the use of RZ with duty cycles below 33% only leads to minor additional receiver sensitivity improvements at the expense of impractically higher receiver bandwidths. Employing an RZ duty cycle of 33%, we achieved a receiver sensitivity of 52 ppb at a data rate of 10 Gbit/s, which is only 1.4 dB off the quantum limit.     

Static and dynamical characteristics of narrow-band tunableresonant amplifiers as active filters and receivers

The static and dynamical characteristics of semiconductor narrowband tunable resonant optical amplifiers as active filters and receivers are theoretically studied. Device performance at different cavity length, electrical bias level, incoming signal level, frequency detuning, and signal bandwidth is calculated for both amplitude-shift keyed and frequency-shift keyed input. Nonlinear dynamical effects under high-Q conditions and high input power are also discussed. Through the coupled field and carrier dynamics, the amplifier response can be monitored by the amplifier terminal voltage. The calculations are compared with experimental results where the amplifier is used as tunable receiver     

MMSE receivers for multirate DS-CDMA systems

Minimum-mean squared error (MMSE) receivers are designed and analyzed for multiple data rate direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems. The inherent cyclostationarity of the DS-CDMA signal is exploited to construct receivers for asynchronous multipath channels. Multiple- and single-bandwidth access are treated for both single and multicarrier scenarios. In general, the optimal receiver is periodically time-varying. When the period of the optimal receiver is large, suboptimal receivers are proposed to achieve a lower complexity implementation; the receivers are designed as a function of the cyclic statistics of the signals. In multiple chipping rate systems, the complexity of receivers for smaller bandwidth users can also be controlled by changing their front-end filter bandwidth. The effect of front-end filter bandwidth on receiver performance and system capacity is quantified for a variable chipping rate system. Analysis and simulation show that significant performance gains are realized by the periodically time-varying MMSE receivers over their time-invariant counterparts     

Gain-bandwidth-limited response in long-wavelength avalanche photodiodes

The gain-bandwidth(GB)-limited response of In0.53Ga0.47As/ InP heterostructure avalanche photodiodes (APD's) and related devices used in long-wavelength digital optical receivers is calculated. We find that these diodes, as currently designed, are useful at bit ratesB lsim 2Gbit/s when employed in conjunction with high-sensitivity optical receivers. Response at higher bit rates may be obtained depending on the details of device design. On the other hand, use of poor-quality receivers that require moderate-to-high values of optimum gain can significantly degrade the performance of heterostructure APD's at high bit rates due to GB limitations. We also show that APD receiver bandwidth can be expressed in terms of the sensitivity obtained using the receiver in conjunction with a p-i-n photodiode. It is found that the response speed of optimized receivers is lowest for an APD effective ionization rate ratio ofk = 0.5.     

接收机参数对北斗三号卫星伪距偏差影响研究

伪距偏差是抑制北斗系统服务能力提升的重要误差源,影响用户实时定位性能和卫星精密定轨处理.目前对北斗三号伪距偏差的分析研究与测量较少,文章首先从理论上分析了接收机的前端滤波带宽和相关器间隔对伪距偏差的影响,并对理论分析结果进行了仿真.然后在此基础上利用7.5 m大口径天线对北斗三号在轨卫星信号进行采集,使用软件接收机对卫星实测数据的伪距偏差进行测试验证,全面分析了前端滤波带宽和相关器间隔对北斗三号卫星信号伪距偏差的影响.根据理论分析和实测验证的结果,得到了接收机的相关器间隔和前端滤波带宽对北斗三号卫星B1I、B3I和B1C信号的伪距偏差影响范围.研究表明,通过合理设置接收机相关器间隔和前端滤波带宽,可有效减小北斗三号卫星信号伪距偏差,提升用户定位精度.     

Optically Preamplified Direct Detection in the Presence of Modulator Chirp

We analyze the impact of modulation induced chirp on optically preamplified direct-detection communication systems transmitting over dispersion-free channels, as found in optical free-space communication links. We show that commonly used quantitative measures of chirp (the small-signal chirp parameter and the effective chirp parameter) can fail to describe changing chirp characteristics under large-signal modulation in a satisfactory manner. We present an extended chirp model that lends itself both to measurement and simulation in a straightforward way. Regardingreceiver performance, we show thatreturn-to-zero (RZ) coded data signals can experience receiver sensitivity degradations of several dB due to spectral broadening of the chirped signal. By optimizing optical and electrical receiver bandwidths the penalty can be kept considerably lower than for receivers optimized for chirp-free signals. For non return-to-zero (NRZ) coding, chirpcan even improve receiver sensitivity by means of a pulse compression effect in the presence of narrow-band optical filters, leading to reduced inter-symbol interference (ISI). In our simulations and for the measurements, we exploit the variable chirp characteristics of a dual-drive electro-optic Mach-Zehnder modulator.     

Improved design of tuned optical receivers

We present new design principles for improved heterodyne tuned optical receivers where several tuning inductances reduce the influence of thermal receiver noise over a broad frequency range. A theoretical example for a 600 MHz tuning bandwidth shows a reduction of thermal receiver noise (and thus in required local oscillator power) of up to 13dB. The example is tested experimentally for the so-called mixed tuning configuration. We obtain good agreement with the theoretical predictions. The experimental RMS noise current is <5pA/?(Hz) over a 580 MHz bandwidth with the lowest value of 3-5 pA/?(Hz) at 950MHz.     

Investigation of Spectrum Signature Instrumentation

A relationship between pulse-power input to a receiver of finite bandwedth and a siustituted CW signal is derived. Experimntal data is obtained on narrow bandwidt. (optetrum analysers) and wide bancdwidth (RF-FI meters) receivers to verify the theoretical results. It is shovn that using the proposed method data collected on different bandwidth spectrum analysers can be correlated. Equations for power per unit bandwidth are also derived. The results indicate present correlation techniques are inadequate.     

Wide-linewidth phase diversity homodyne receivers

The use of phase diversity homodyne receivers, which have excellent performance even when the laser linewidth is of the same order of magnitude as the bit rate, to construct coherent systems with semiconductor lasers and moderate bandwidth receivers is considered. Theoretical, experimental, and computer simulation results of a study of a linewidth homodyne phase-diversity receiver is presented. A 150-Mb/s system with an IF linewidth of more than 50% of the bit rate is investigated in depth and is experimentally shown to operate within 1.8 dB from its theoretical limit     

Digital microwave receiver technology

This paper reports the impact of digital signal processing on microwave receiver technology. The majority of modern receiver designs are based on digital technology. Wide-and narrow-band receivers are presented. The wide-band receivers cover approximately 1-GHz instantaneous bandwidth and are used to intercept radar pulses. Current narrow-band receivers cover up to 50-MHz instantaneous bandwidth and are primarily used for receiving communication signals. Two approaches for wide-band receiver design are discussed. One is the conventional digital receiver. The other one is called the monobit receiver, which has slightly inferior performance in some respects, but can be built on a single chip. Narrow-band receivers are best implemented in software because they can more adapt to changes. Two types of receivers are discussed. One is the software Global Positioning System receiver. The other one is called a transform-domain communication system. The object of this system is to avoid interference in a hostile communication environment     

Free-space optical communication through atmospheric turbulence channels

In free-space optical communication links, atmospheric turbulence causes fluctuations in both the intensity and the phase of the received light signal, impairing link performance. We describe several communication techniques to mitigate turbulence-induced intensity fluctuations, i.e., signal fading. These techniques are applicable in the regime in which the receiver aperture is smaller than the correlation length of fading and the observation interval is shorter than the correlation time of fading. We assume that the receiver has no knowledge of the instantaneous fading state. When the receiver knows only the marginal statistics of the fading, a symbol-by-symbol ML detector can be used to improve detection performance. If the receiver has knowledge of the joint temporal statistics of the fading, maximum-likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) can be employed, yielding a further performance improvement, but at the cost of very high complexity. Spatial diversity reception with multiple receivers can also be used to overcome turbulence-induced fading. We describe the use of ML detection in spatial diversity reception to reduce the diversity gain penalty caused by correlation between the fading at different receivers.