分层小区系统中预留资源的切换策略分析

分层小区结构是增强覆盖,提高系统容量,为具有不同移动特性的用户提供更好服务质量的一种有效的解决方案.本文讨论了具有分层小区结构的CDMA(码分多址)系统中切换策略的性能,分别用一维和二维的马尔可夫模型来分析微蜂窝和宏蜂窝中的状态.CDMA的自干扰特性使得其系统容量与干扰水平相关,因此我们采用状态空间无限的马尔可夫模型来进行分析.另外,考虑到切换用户的优先级问题,以及具有不同移动特性的用户的公平性问题,我们在系统中设置了多级接入门限,同时分析了资源预留量对系统性能的影响.     

Evaluation of Random Physical Cell Id Assignment to Femtocells Under Dense Cell Deployment

Wireless Personal Communications - The paper discusses femtocell identification aspects in mobile networks such as long-term evolution (LTE) and LTE-advanced. Femtocells, or femto access points...     

分层小区技术在GSM网络中的应用

从分层小区技术（HCS）基本概念出发，对HCS技术在容量和覆盖方面的应用进行由浅入深的分析和研究，为移动运营商在GSM网络中引入HCS技术提供有益的参考。     

TD-SCDMA无线网络多层网规划研究

本文探讨了TD-SCDMA无线网络多层网的组网策略,仿真了微蜂窝在宏小区连续覆盖区域中的盲区、"热点"进行同频、异频分层组网时的网络性能,并提出具有实际指导意义的宏微基站组网技术,然后详细研究多层网的无线资源管理策略,最后考察实际组网的各种情况,分析了各种具体场景下TD-SCDMA系统之间的干扰情况,并给出了避免干扰所需的隔离值.     

Identification of Co-Channel Transmitters in a DVB-T Network

We consider identification of co-channel interferers in a DVB-T network. Identification is achieved by the demodulation and decoding of the Transmission Parameter Signaling (TPS) data stream. We propose three combining methods exploiting either the presence of pilot tones within the DVB-T signal or the knowledge of a channel estimate. Simulation results show that in the case of strong co-channel interference, the proposed methods outperform a reference method that is Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC). Some laboratory tests and field trials validate these methods in a realistic metrology context.     

Traffic and Mobility Management in Networks of Femtocells

A deployment of femtocells that is harmonic with its environment is a challenging issue. In this respect, interference management has traditionally been in the spotlight. However, architectural improvements for efficient femtocell deployments, despite being equally relevant, have received less attention. This paper presents a system architecture conceived for efficiently deploying femtocells in the form of Networks of Femtocells (NoFs). In this scenario, a group of femtocells in the same administrative domain cooperate towards a global performance improvement. Key to this improvement is the introduction of a new entity called Local Femto Gateway (LFGW) and the modifications in the femtocells in the local network. This allows offloading a high volume of control and data traffic from the core network of the mobile operator to the functional entities in the NoF. In particular, this paper focuses on building blocks related to traffic and mobility management. A two-level routing approach is discussed. The highest level is carried out by the mobile network layer. It is in charge of (1) determining the communication endpoints in the form of GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) tunnel endpoint IDs, and (2) forwarding packets between tunnels belonging to the same Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearer at the appropriate nodes. Solutions for efficient handoff, local breakout, and local location management are presented for this level of routing. On the other hand, the lowest-level routing is carried out by the transport network layer. This level is in charge of finding the path between the above endpoints by efficiently using the local transport network that interconnects the femtocells in the NoF. A distributed routing solution for a large-scale, all-wireless network of femtocells is also presented. Overall, these architectural improvements render NoFs a promising approach for efficient traffic management in large-scale femtocell deployments, hence making them a scalable solution.     

Nanoscale Analysis of a Hierarchical Hybrid Solar Cell in 3D

A quantitative method for the characterization of nanoscale 3D morphology is applied to the investigation of a hybrid solar cell based on a novel hierarchical nanostructured photoanode. A cross section of the solar cell device is prepared by focused ion beam milling in a micropillar geometry, which allows a detailed 3D reconstruction of the titania photoanode by electron tomography. It is found that the hierarchical titania nanostructure facilitates polymer infiltration, thus favoring intermixing of the two semiconducting phases, essential for charge separation. The 3D nanoparticle network is analyzed with tools from stochastic geometry to extract information related to the charge transport in the hierarchical solar cell. In particular, the experimental dataset allows direct visualization of the percolation pathways that contribute to the photocurrent.     

Enhancement of Geometry and Throughput in LTE Femtocells Cognitive Radio Networks

The mutual electromagnetic interference among macro users and femto users is a challenge, when femtocells are deployed in LTE and LTE advanced systems. When the used femtocells have a closed access, the macro users, who are indoors or near to the femtocells, are prone to a severe interference from the femto access points especially, in the case of the universal frequency reuse deployment. A power control is an effective way to improve the macro users’ geometry at the expense of a drop in the femto users’ geometry and capacity. The concept of a cognitive radio is proposed, as a novel approach, to mitigate the interference and improve the macro and femto users’ geometry. The system is designed, mathematically analyzed, and simulated considering that the femto users are secondary users for the macro users. The macro users and the femto users’ throughputs of the proposed system are estimated. Comparisons among the universal frequency reuse, the power control, and the suggested approach are held. The simulation results validate the efficiency of the proposed system. The average of femto users’ throughput in the proposed system is better than the corresponding one employing the universal frequency reuse or the power control, even if only 20 % of the subcarriers are available to be accessed by the femto users. Moreover, the macro users’ throughput in the proposed system is better than the corresponding one applying the universal frequency reuse or the power control, even if only 40 % of the subcarriers are available to be accessed by the macro users.     

Co-Channel Interference of Spread Spectrum Systems in a Multiple User Environment

This paper considers the mutual interference problem of several users employing the same spread spectrum technique in selected multiple user environments. The spread spectrum techniques consist of pseudo noise (PN), time division multiple access/PN, synchronous and asynchronous frequency hopping (FH). The environment consists of a desired transmitter-receiver pair located in an area where there areMinterfering users distributed in accordance with a specified probability density function. Both coherent phase-shift-keyed-and noncoherent frequency-shift-keyed modulations are considered. The general relationship between the probability of bit error of PN and FH systems is derived which is independent of the signal modulation and distribution of users. The degradation of the communication system performance (average probability of bit error) of the desired link as a function of the total number of interfering users within the considered area is investigated. The analysis shows that the mutual interference problem is less severe with users employing synchronous FH than with the other spread spectrum techniques. The comparison between asynchronous FH and PN is highly dependent on the relative location of interferers to the desired link and the time duty factor of the hopping.     

分层结构直方图及其应用

针对传统直方图特征存在的特征分辨能力不强的问题,提出了一种图像分层结构直方图.该特征首先将图像按照亮度幅值的大小进行分层,然后根据预先设计的结构图元对所有的分层图进行基于结构图元的直方图统计,最后将所得的直方图进行集成得到最终的分层结构直方图.以图像匹配与视觉跟踪为例,对分层结构直方图的应用进行了大量的仿真实验,结果表明该特征较参考特征具有更强的特征分辨性能和局部描述能力.利用分层结构直方图进行图像匹配得到的相似性度量图单峰特性更加明显,能够显著降低视觉跟踪算法的跟踪误差.     

Realization of Mobile Femtocells: Operational and Protocol Requirements

Femtocells are commissioned in wide range of commercial systems, such as CDMA, GSM, LTE, Wi-Fi, and WiMAX, and offer economically viable solutions to improve network scalability and indoor coverage. The ability to offer multitude of context-aware and value added services, and per-user customization have caught world-wide research interest on femtocells. In this article, we have investigated the feasibility to use femtocells as short-range mobile base stations, and discussed the demanding architectural requirements and challenges. The protocol stack on legacy femtocells must be modified to realize mobility. Mobility introduces new challenges in security and user privacy. Firstly, we analyze several candidate mobility protocols that are deployable on Mobile Femtocells (MFs). Among them, Host Identity Protocol (HIP) was chosen due to enhanced support in flexible mobility, security and end-user privacy. Secondly, we propose the indispensable modifications that enable device mobility, and the suitable transport architecture options based on direct IP links and relay chains. Finally, with the simulation results, the proposal is verified, and the architectural options are evaluated. That, in turn, proves the proposed mobility protocol has low latency in location locking with respect to another competing protocol and low resource utilization as it is depicted from mean round trip time.     

UMTS Multi-Service Uplink Capacity and Interference Statistics of Femtocells

In this work, the multiservice uplink capacity of single and multiple femtocells is given. The COST231 multiwall and multifloor indoor propagation model has been used to calculate the indoor propagation loss. Results show that the uplink capacity of a deployed femtocell will reduce by 2 % if two extra femtocells are deployed in the same building higher and lower of it. Results also show that the uplink capacity is slightly affected if there are several femtocells deployed in the buildings around the one at which the femtocell under study is already exists. It is demonstrated that uplink capacity is interference limited if the femtocell is deployed to serve the users in three floors. Results show that the uplink capacity will be interference and noise limited if the femtocell is deployed to serve the users in five floors. Finally, it is found that the effect of the interference due to the uniformly distributed users within the macrocell around the femtocell is insignificant.     

Analysis of Handover Performance in LTE Femtocells Network

Handover management is one of the main factors representing the effectiveness of every wireless network technology. Due to the special characteristics of a femtocell, unnecessary handover occurs more frequently. This issue has attracted interest in developing a new handover algorithm in femtocell network. The standard handover algorithm relies on Reference Signal Received Power or Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) level. However, this technique causes an unnecessary handover and reduces the user throughput. Mobility prediction is one of a popular technique to be implemented in handover algorithm. This paper analyzes the handover performance in femtocell network by using two types of handover algorithm which are standard A2-A4-RSRQ handover algorithm and proposed prediction handover algorithm. The analysis is performed in terms of the number of handover, the number of unnecessary handover, and the user throughput. The root cause of user throughput degradation is also analyzed. The results show that the prediction handover algorithm provides better performance than the A2-A4-RSRQ handover algorithm in terms of the number of handover and user throughput.     

山西交通广播全省同频同步覆盖的设计与实现

山西省地形复杂,是典型的山地型高原,南北长682km,东西宽385km,总人口3314万人.山西广播电视台根据实际情况将交通广播作为应急广播,信号源采用卫星方式,以大功率区域覆盖为基础,中小功率高速公路沿线覆盖为补充的思路,按照调频广播三同一保的技术标准,分阶段、按步骤、综合安排、组织实施了交通广播88MHz调频广播同步覆盖工程.在山西北部实际覆盖过程得到总局广播电视规划院支持,通过干扰评估与改频方案的指导,顺利解决了山西交通广播与相邻省份同频广播的干扰问题.     

Analysis of FM Systems with Co-Channel Interference Using a Click Model

Rice's click model for ideal FM detection is applied to systems with co-channel interference. Output noise terms consist of a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) term due to noise alone, a term due to the desired signal beating with the interferer, and a term due to the clicks. Click rates are determined with and without modulation and it is shown that in the computation of noise due to clicks the interferer can be treated as a simple sinusoid [i.e., an unmodulated carrier] Plots are given for detected SNR versus carrier-to-noise (CNR) with signal-to-interferer ratio (SIR) and modulation index as parameters. The effect of signal suppression is analyzed and for the range of parameters used in this paper it is found to be negligible.     

PHS系统在同频干扰下的网络容量分析

出于网络优化的目的,在对PHS网络进行频率规划的前提下,分析了同频干扰对于PHS系统容量的影响,得出了PHS网络在干扰容限的限制下最小小区半径随传播条件的波动范围。通过自己搭建的PHS系统仿真平台进行了仿真验证,证明了理论分析与仿真结果的一致性,并且估算了在此结果上的PHS网络Erlang容量,提出了一些建议。     

Co-Channel and Adjacent Channel Interference in Wireless Cellular Communications

In this paper, the impact of co-channel and adjacent channel interference in mobile cellular radio systems on the cellular system capacity are studied. Simple empirical expressions for average signal to co-channel, signal to adjacent channel and signal to total interference ratios are obtained. The simple empirical results developed in this paper are easier to use in a cellular system design. The maximum number of bits/sec that can be transmitted over a cell area for a given bit error rate and total bandwidth, is proposed as a new definition of capacity of digital cellular systems. The capacity of a cellular system is shown to depend on the excess bandwidth and the number of active users.     

Improved Analysis of Co-Channel Interference in Cellular Communications Systems

1 Introduction The performance analysis of co-channel interferenceincellular systems has been actively researched in the lastfewyears , due to the rapid deployment and success ofsuch systems , and because of the scarce bandwidthwhich calls for very careful design tools in order to uti-lizeit most efficiently.Signal transmission over a mobilechannel often suffers fromshadowing effect ,causing byobstacles in the radio propagation, such as the build-ings .In a cellular mobile system,the problemis…