Study of Superconductor Recovery Time Characteristics and High‐Speed Reclosing of Electromagnetic Repulsion Switch

Using a high‐temperature superconductor, we constructed and tested a model superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL). The superconductor and a vacuum interrupter serving as the commutation switch were connected in parallel using a bypass coil. When the fault current flows in this equipment, the superconductor is quenched and the current is then transferred to the parallel coil due to the voltage drop in the superconductor. This large current in the parallel coil actuates the magnetic repulsion mechanism of the vacuum interrupter and the current in the superconductor is interrupted. Using this equipment, the current flow time in the superconductor can easily be minimized. On the other hand, the fault current is also easily limited by the large reactance of the parallel coil. This system has many advantages. Thus, we introduced an electromagnetic repulsion switch. High‐speed reclosing after interrupting the fault current in the electrical power system is essential. Thus, the SFCL should recover to the superconducting state before high‐speed reclosing. But the superconductor generates heat at the time of quenching, and it takes time to recover to the superconducting state. Therefore, the recovery time is an issue. In this paper, we study the superconductor recovery time. We also propose an electromagnetic repulsion switch with a reclosing system. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 175(3): 12–19, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21072     

BI-2212超导圆筒热学特性测试及有限元分析

感应屏蔽型高温超导故障电流限制器的动态测试实验中，在故障期间，Bi-2212超导圆筒处于磁通流动状态并出现电阻，处于交变磁场中的超导圆筒的内部，有大量的感应电流产生，焦耳热引起超导圆筒温升，使限流器的阻抗不断上升，进行超导圆筒的热学性能测试和分析，对研究限流器故障阶段阻抗的变化及故障后限流器的恢复具有重要的意义。该文通过对有银皮包套的超导圆筒和没有银皮包套的超导圆筒在通过大电流(大于临界电流Ic)时温度变化的测试及有限元分析计算，得到了样品分别在液氮和77K氮气中温度的变化和分布。结果表明，银皮包套对超导圆筒的温升有很大影响，超导圆筒的中心温度高于边界温度，超导圆筒温度的恢复时间大约为3s，与限流器动态测试中的恢复时间相同。     

Application study of a high‐temperature superconducting fault current limiter for electric power system

Using high‐temperature superconductors, a superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) was fabricated and tested. The superconductor and a vacuum interrupter serving as a commutation switch were connected in parallel with a bypass coil. When a fault occurs and excessive current flows, the superconductor is first quenched and the current is transferred to the bypass coil because of the voltage drop of the superconductor. At the same time, since a magnetic field is generated by the current flowing in the bypass coil, the commutation switch is immediately driven by an electromagnetic repulsion plate connected to the driving rod of the vacuum interrupter (VI), and the superconductor is separated from this circuit. Using the test model, we were able to separate the superconductor from the circuit by the movement of the VI within a half current cycle and to transfer all current to the bypass coil. Since the operation of the commutation switch is included in the current limiting operation of this test model, it will be a useful circuit in the development of SFCL in the future. Moreover, since it can make the energy consumption of the superconductor small during the fault state due to the realization of a high‐speed switch with simple composition, the burden on the superconductor is reduced compared with the conventional resistive type of SFCL and it is considered that the flexibility of SFCL design is increased. Cooperation with a circuit breaker was also considered; trial calculations of the parameters and energy of operation were conducted and a discussion of the installation of the SFCL in an electric power system is presented. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 20–29, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20265     

Texture in Melt-Processed Bi-2212

The high temperature superconducting phaseBi_2.2Sr_2.055Ca_0.95Cu₂O_x (Bi-2212) decomposes peritectically when heated above itssolidus temperature and reforms during slow cooling from the partiallymolten state. In thick films of 60 µm the Bi-2212 grains grow directlyfrom the melt when cooled at a rate of 5 K/h in oxygen atmosphere. Theorientation of the nuclei in the melt is random. After nucleation the grainsgrow anisotropically, leading to a mica- or platelet-like morphology. Upongrowth the Bi-2212 platelets encounter several obstacles, i.e. the sampleboundaries, second phase grains and other platelets. Various reactions occurwhen their growth is hindered. They stop growing, change the direction ofgrowth or even grow through the obstacle. A mechanism is proposed whichallows small grains to turn themselves into a favorable orientation at theirinitial stage of growth. At the end of the partial melting process, thesemechanisms lead to a textured microstructure in thick films.     

Study of shunt type SFCL equipped with electromagnetic repulsion switch for large capacity

Using a high‐temperature superconductor, we constructed and tested a model Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL). The SFCL that we proposed has a vacuum interrupter with electromagnetic repulsion mechanism. We set out to construct a high‐voltage‐class SFCL. We produced an electromagnetic repulsion switch equipped with a 24‐kV vacuum interrupter (VI). However, the opening speed becomes slower, because the larger vacuum interrupter needs a heavier‐weight contact. For this reason, the current which flows in a superconductor may not be interruptible within a half cycle of current. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to change the design of the coil connected in parallel and to strengthen the electromagnetic repulsion force at the time of opening the vacuum interrupter. Thus, the design of the coil was changed, and in order to examine whether the problem is solvable, a current limiting test was conducted. We carried out a current limiting test using second‐generation (2G) HTS wire. The element used in this experiment has a stainless steel stabilizer on both sides of the wire. In the experiment we succeeded in interrupting the current of a superconductor within a half cycle. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 173(4): 20–27, 2010; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21039     

Proposal of flux‐lock‐type fault current limiter with high‐TC superconducting element

This paper proposes a new type of fault current limiter (FCL), which consists of a high‐T_C superconducting (HTS) element and two coils wound on the same core without any leakage magnetic flux. In this FCL, either the limiting impedance or the initial limiting current level can be controlled by adjusting the inductances and the winding direction of the coils. Therefore, this FCL could relax the material restrictions on high‐T_C superconducting FCL. A current‐limiting experiment by a model FCL was carried out, and the limiting performance was observed. The initial limiting current level of the model FCL was 1.7 times higher than the critical current of the HTS element, and the fault current is suppressed to 52% immediately after the short‐circuit in the test. Considering voltage–current characteristics of a high‐T_C superconductor in a computer simulation, the calculated results almost agreed with the experimental results. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 127(1): 31–38, 1999     

基于YBa2Cu3O7块材的高温超导限流器的限流特性研究

电阻型高温超导限流器(HTSFCL)利用超导体的超导态-正常态转变来限制短路电流,无需短路故障检测电路,具有体积小、重量轻的优点。为此在国内提出了基于YBa2Cu3O7高温超导材料的电阻型HTSFCL方案;开展了电阻型HTSFCL限流特性的实验研究,得到了不同电压下,HTSFCL的限流效果;分析了超导体失超电阻的传播特性。实验结果表明:电阻型HTSFCL可将预计200A(交流峰值)的短路电流限到120A,限流效果明显。这对进一步开展基于YBCO材料的电阻型HTSFCL研究具有重要的指导意义。     

Case study of HTS resistive superconducting fault current limiter in electrical distribution systems

As electric power systems grow and become more interconnected, the fault current levels increase. Superconducting fault current limiters (SFCL) can limit the prospective short-circuit currents to lower levels, so that the underrated switchgears can be operated safely. In order to introduce SFCL into the electric power system, we need a way to conveniently predict the limiting characteristics in a given situation. We have developed an Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) model of high temperature resistive type SFCL based on the electric field (E)–current density (J) characteristic of the superconductor. The SFCL in series with a circuit breaker could be practically used in electrical distribution systems. Case studies of EMTP simulations show that the SFCL cannot only limit the fault current to an acceptable value, but also reduce voltage decrease and the rise rate of the transient recovery voltage. In order to ensure the safe and proper usage of SFCL, some future considerations on the interaction between SFCL and power systems are presented as well.     

How the material of a resistive part of a high-temperature superconductor current lead influences cryocoolant heat load

A procedure for calculating the heat flux and temperature distributions in a high-temperature superconductor current lead with a section connected to a cryogenic cooling machine that removes the heat released in the current lead at different levels is presented. How the purity of the copper material used for the current-lead segment influences heat fluxes is examined.     

Basic characteristics of high-Tc superconductor as a current-limiting element

This paper shows the basic characteristics of a current-limiting element for the power system using y-type high-T_c superconductor. (1) A YBa₂Cu₃O_x-type superconductor was produced. Its size was 4.7 × 1.5 × 47 mm. (2) Current I and voltage V were measured under the low temperature of 50 to 100 K. (3) The flow resistance and the resistance of the element were defined and evaluated from the I - V characteristics obtained under the conditions of lower temperature than the critical value T_c, and larger current density than the critical value J_c. (4) The resistance value change due to temperature rise also was evaluated under the larger current than the critical current. (5) A schematic calculation was tried for practical use in some system condition.     

带导磁体的轨道式电磁发射电枢的电磁仿真

为了增强轨道式电磁发射电枢的获得的电磁力,将导磁体安装到电枢上以增强电枢获得的磁感应强度。利用相关电磁仿真软件的稳恒磁场求解器分析电枢及导磁体上磁感应强度分布,验证了导磁体的增强效果。利用其涡流场求解器,在发射系统加载50kHz交流电,分析发射初始时电枢上电流密度的分布情况。结果发现导磁体的存在对电流密度分布没有明显的影响。     

Suspension of soft magnetic materials using high Tc superconductors

This paper describes a novel suspension technique using high T_c superconductors and magnetic materials. It was found for a field-cooled superconductor and an adjacent magnetic material that the usual inverse relationship between the attractive magnetic force and gap distance reverts to a direct relationship for small gap length. Thus, stable, noncontact suspension is possible within a certain gap range. This phenomenon was found for even a soft magnetic material possessing minimal coercive force. Since remarkable reversals were observed for magnetic materials with diameters much smaller than that of the pinned area, it is considered that some of the pinned flux is subject to a gathering effect in the magnetic material. Stable, contactless suspension of a 180 g carbon steel weight under a high T_c superconductor was achieved using this technique.     

循环泵屏蔽电机定子端部温升过高数值计算

为研究环流使屏蔽电机端部出现温升过高的异常现象,以一台5 000 k W的循环泵屏蔽电机为例,基于电磁场和温度场的基本理论,建立电机三维电磁场和温度场的数学模型,采用有限元方法,对电机端部磁密、温升大小及分布进行计算和分析,明确环流是产生电机端部磁密过高及温升异常的的直接原因。通过研究定子齿压板及锥形环有环流分布及切断环流分布两种方案下磁场及温度场的分布规律,改进了齿压板的连接结构,使局部最高温度由230℃降低至175℃,从而解决了温升过高的问题。本研究可以对大容量电机在生产实践中安全稳定地运行,减少和杜绝安全隐患提供参考价值。     

混合直流输电系统直流故障处理策略比较分析

基于电网换相换流器(line commutated converter,LCC)以及模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,M M C))的混合型高压直流输电技术是实现远距离大容量输电的有效技术手段。为了快速清除直流短路故障,主要有2种实现方法:一是逆变侧换流器采用具有直流故障自清除能力的子模块,如全桥型子模块及箝位双子模块;二是在逆变侧直流出口加装大功率二极管以切断故障后的电流流通通路。该文通过研究不同直流故障处理策略的物理机理及控制流程,对其可行性及适用性进行深入研究。通过在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建典型模型,考察直流故障下的系统响应特性,对不同处理策略下的系统暂态特性进行综合比较。最后,对基于全桥型子模块的不闭锁穿越式直流故障处理策略进行了仿真验证,仿真结果表明此种策略不适用于真双极直流系统,无法实现直流短路故障的有效清除。     

Jiles–Atherton Hysteresis Approach in Analyzing the Effect of Field Suppression in Saturated Iron-core Superconducting Fault Current Limiters

Saturated iron-core superconducting fault current limiters (SISFCL) are becoming more popular in the recent years due to their ability of reliable, effective and instantaneous fault limiting. With a superior performance than conventional current limiting methods, the SISFCL is finding its application in modern transmission lines and distribution system. In the SISFCL, the iron core is forced into saturation using a superconducting coil carrying DC current. During a fault in the system, the high fluxes set up in the AC coils interact with the DC flux, thereby reducing the flux density abruptly. This sudden change in the flux density induces a high voltage across the DC coil, which may damage the DC current source as well as the superconducting material. As a protective measure, a field suppressor unit is used that disconnects the DC supply following a fault. In this paper, a mathematical model of the SISFCL is developed considering hysteresis and the effects of the field suppressor unit have been analyzed. The paper also aims to highlight the effects on the performance of SISFCL with varying hysteresis loops of the core material.     

同步电机定子绕组匝间短路前后的温度及力学响应仿真分析

为了得到同步发电机定子绕组匝间短路前后的温度及力学响应特征,实现设备的早期维护,文章以一台凸极同步发电机为例搭建“场-路”耦合模型,分析了同步发电机定子匝间短路的电流、电压、损耗及绕组电磁力的分布规律,并将结果导入Workbench仿真平台,利用“电磁-热”、“电磁-结构”耦合方法求取了同步发电机故障前后的温度及力学响应(总体变形、等效应变与等效应力)变化特征。分析得到故障后电机定子绕组的温升已对附近槽绕组温度产生了影响,受力及易形变部位集中在定子端部绕组以及端部绕组与直线段连接的部分。文章为同步发电机的预防性绝缘制造以及定子绕组匝间短路故障检测和诊断技术提供了依据。     

基于Ansys的磁通变换器的电磁吸力仿真

通过有限元分析软件Ansys对磁通变换器的电磁场进行仿真分析，计算出动铁心所受到的电磁合力和磁链的分布情况。结合对磁通变换器成品的测力试验，对测力结果进行分析，与理论计算结果进行比较，验证理论和仿真分析的正确性，从而为实际生产中的磁通变换器优化设计提供理论依据。     

双馈风力发电机多种短路故障电磁场仿真研究

为准确分析双馈风力发电机多种故障发生时的电磁特性,为故障预测、结构优化和保护提供方法和数据,针对双馈发电机,给出一种用于多工况运行时多种短路故障发生的分析方法。先利用有限元方法建立发电机全区域模型,计算电磁场,然后用得到的数据编程进行傅里叶级数分解得出磁密分布频谱。利用该方法对1.5 MW发电机建模,对超同步、亚同步及同步正常运行状态及典型的定子部分绕组匝间及单相短路故障的电磁场计算,并进行了分析对比。仿真结果表明,该方法能够根据磁密云图的波形以及频谱图中高次谐波分量等特征量对多种短路故障进行判别,与正常运行状态进行区分。     

风速突变工况下永磁风力发电机静态偏心磁场分析

为了研究风速突然变化对永磁风力发电机主轴的电磁力作用,特别是在已发生一定的主轴偏心的情况下风速突变对主轴的影响,利用数学表达式和仿真对气隙磁场进行了计算和分析。根据发电机气隙偏心故障时气隙磁场变化的特点,计算气隙磁导和磁场密度,并利用ANSOFT MAXWELL软件建立永磁风力发电机的二维模型,分析电流变化引起的电磁力及其对主轴的作用。仿真结果表明:风速突变引起的电流变化影响永磁风力发电机气隙磁密。转子偏心使发电机转子产生沿偏心方向的磁拉力,风速突变时转子收到的不平衡磁拉力比正常风速运行更大。     

Synthesis of superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ single crystals using alumina crucibles with different purities

A self‐flux method is the simplest technique for synthesizing Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+δ (Bi‐2212) superconducting single crystals. However, the crystals are inevitably contaminated because of the Bi‐2212 stoichiometric melt reacting with the crucible material. In this paper, we investigate the nonsuperconducting subproduct that forms during heating in the self‐flux method for synthesizing Bi‐2212. This subproduct was identified as BiSr₂CaAl₃O₉ by X‐ray diffraction. Bi‐2212 crystal growth was performed using A1₂O₃ crucibles with three different purities (nominally 97, 99.7, and 99.9%). For both the 97 and 99.7% purity crucibles, the subproduct was observed in all five samples out of five, whereas for the 99.9% purity crucible, it was observed in only two samples out of five. Furthermore, the 99.9% purity crucible gave a much lower subproduct volume than the 97% purity crucible. The average superconducting critical temperature (T_c,zero) varied depending on the crucible purity; it was 89.6, 90.8, and 91.8 K for the 97, 99.7, and 99.9% purity crucibles, respectively. Finally, we fabricated Bi‐2212 stacked devices with intrinsic Josephson junctions (Bi‐2212 stack) using as‐grown crystals from the 97 and 99.9% purity crucibles. The Bi‐2212 stacks exhibited a highly hysteretic current–voltage characteristic even at liquid N₂ temperature and they had identical quality parameters for Josephson junctions (i.e., I_r/I_c and voltage jump V_j). We conclude that the subproduct formation has little effect on the electrical characteristics of a Josephson junction device at 77 K. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.