焊丝成分对6082-T6铝合金焊接接头组织和性能的影响

采用ER5356和ER5087焊丝对12 mm厚6082-T6铝合金进行熔化极惰性气体保护焊(MIG)后,通过显微硬度测试、拉伸力学性能测试、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和透射电镜(TEM)等研究焊丝成分对焊接接头力学性能与显微组织的影响。结果表明:采用ER5087焊丝焊接的6082-T6铝合金焊接接头焊缝区晶粒更细小;抗拉强度、屈服强度、断后伸长率以及焊接系数均高于ER5356焊丝焊接的6082-T6铝合金焊接接头的;两种焊丝焊接的6082-T6铝合金焊接接头的硬度最低区域与拉伸断裂位置均在距离焊缝中心10~15 mm处的热影响区,该区域β″强化相聚集长大、粗化,导致析出相强化作用减弱,成为焊接接头性能最薄弱区域。     

送丝位置对铝/镀锌板CMT搭接接头组织与性能的影响

采用CMT搭接方法研究不同送丝位置对6082铝合金/镀锌板搭接接头质量的影响. 使用金相显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)分析焊接接头的形貌,微观组织及元素分布;通过拉伸试验检测接头的力学性能. 结果表明,1和2位置时,焊缝成形不饱满,锌层蒸发严重,界面处形成FeAl₂,FeAl及FeAl₃的金属间化合物,承载力达到6 kN;当3,4和5位置时送丝位置指向铝板,焊缝成形饱满,界面处形成Fe_6.6Al₃Zn_0.2和Fe₂Al₃Si_0.3,厚度约为2 μm,承载力达到7.5 kN,综上所述,CMT焊接铝合金/镀锌板时送丝位置应偏向铝板,可得到综合性能更好的焊接接头.     

Rupture locations of friction stir welded joints of AA2017-T351 and AA6061-T6 aluminum alloys

The tensile rupture locations of friction stir welded joints of AA2017-T351 and AA6061-T6 aluminum alloys were examined. The experiments show that the rupture locations of the joints are different for the two aluminum alloys, which are influenced by the welding parameters. When the joints are free of welding defects, the AA2017-T351 joints are ruptured in the weld nugget adjacent to the thermo-mechanically affected zone on the advancing side and the rupture surfaces appear as oval contours of the weld nugget, while the AA6061-T6 joints are ruptured in the heat affected zone on the retreating side and the rupture surfaces are inclined at a certain degree to the bottom surfaces of the joints. When welding defects are present in the joints, the AA2017-T351 joints are ruptured in the weld center, while the AA6061-T6 joints are ruptured on the retreating side near the weld center. The rupture locations of the joints are dependent on the internal structures of the joints and can be explained through them.     

几种铝钢异种金属熔钎焊工艺的对比与分析

采用脉冲旁路耦合电弧MIG焊、CMT及激光焊方法实现铝/镀锌钢板搭接焊,对焊缝界面微观组织、形貌及元素成分进行了观察分析,并测试了其力学性能.结果表明,三种焊接方法均可以实现铝/镀锌钢板异种金属的优质连接,获得成形良好的焊缝,搭接接头的抗拉剪强度均可以达到铝合金母材的80%以上,拉伸试样断裂在焊缝铝合金母材热影响区.当母材热输入及工艺合适时,三种方法下搭接接头界面处均形成一主要成分为Fe₂Al₅和FeAl₃,平均厚度约为8 μm的金属间化合物,而且控制金属间化合物的生成是获得铝/钢焊接优质接头的关键.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cold Metal Transfer Welding Similar and Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys

Integrating structures made from aluminum alloys in automotive industry requires a large amount of joining. As a consequence, the properties of the joints have a significant influence on the overall performance of the whole structure.Robot cold metal transfer welding is a relatively new joining technique and has been used in this work to join 6082-T4 and5182-O aluminum alloy sheets by using ER5356 and ER4043 filler metals. Microstructure characterization was performed by optical microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and the mechanical properties were measured by tensile and hardness tests. A correlation is made between welding variables, mechanical properties and the microstructure of welded joints. Results indicate that robot cold metal transfer welding provides good joint efficiency with high welding speed, good tensile strength, and ductility. Owing to the low heat input of robot cold metal transfer welding process, the heat affected zone microstructure was quite similar to base metals, and weld metal microstructure was the controlling factor of joint efficiency. The best performing were the 5182/5182 joints welded with ER5356 and these had mechanical property coefficients of 100%, 98%, and 85% for yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation, respectively.     

搅拌针形状对6082-T6铝合金静轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与性能的影响

采用4种形状的搅拌针对3 mm厚的6082-T6铝合金板进行静轴肩搅拌摩擦焊焊接(SSFSW),研究了不同形状搅拌针焊接接头的宏观形貌、微观形貌及力学性能,以及搅拌针的产热。结果表明,三角形搅拌针与四边形搅拌针产热较低,动静体积比较大,接头处塑性金属流动性强,焊接过程中焊缝顶部与底部温差较小,可以形成无缺陷的SSFSW接头;XRD分析表明,焊核区无新的物相产生,三角形搅拌针焊接接头焊核区微晶尺寸最小;各接头的硬度均呈“U”形分布,最低点位于后退侧热机影响区与焊核区交界处,三角形搅拌针接头的硬度整体略高;三角形搅拌针焊接接头的抗拉强度与断后伸长率最高,分别为202.9 MPa和3.8%;拉伸断口形貌分析表明,所有接头均为韧性断裂。     

厚板铝合金FSW和MIG焊接接头疲劳性能

对厚度10 mm的6082-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和MIG焊接接头的疲劳强度进行了试验研究,并与6082-T6母材疲劳性能进行了对比分析.结果表明,6082-T6母材的疲劳S-N曲线最高、MIG焊接接头S-N曲线度最低,而FSW接头的疲劳S-N曲线近似位于两者之间;在高应力区FSW疲劳强度低于MIG焊接接头、而在低应力区高于MIG焊接接头.大部分FSW试样疲劳裂纹启始于焊缝根部的"弱连接"缺陷,采用机械加工去掉1.4 mm厚度焊缝根部材料后,FSW疲劳强度明显提高并接近母材数据.厚板6082-T6铝合金FSW焊缝根部质量控制是影响疲劳性能的关键因素.     

Friction welding of Al–Mg–Si alloy to Ni–Cr–Mo low alloy steel

Abstract

It is difficult to weld the dissimilar material combination of aluminium alloys and low alloy steels using fusion welding processes, on account of the formation of a brittle interlayer composed of intermetallic compound phases and the significant difference in physical and mechanical properties. In the present work an attempt has been made to join these materials via the friction welding method, i.e. one of the solid phase joining processes. In particular, the present paper describes the optimisation of friction welding parameters so that the intermetallic layer is narrow and joints of acceptable quality can be produced for a dissimilar joint between Al-Mg-Si alloy (AA6061) and Ni-Cr-Mo low alloy steel, using a design of experiment method. The effect of post-weld heat treatment on the tensile strength of the joints was then clarified. It was concluded that the friction time strongly affected the joint tensile strength, the latter decreasing rapidly with increasing friction time. The highest strength was achieved using the shortest friction time. The highest joint strength was greater than that of the AA6061 substrate in the as welded condition. This is due to the narrow width of the brittle intermetallic layer generated, which progressed from the peripheral (outer surface) region to the centreline region of the joint with increasing friction time. The joints in the as welded condition could be bent without cracking in a bend test. The joint tensile strength in the as welded condition was increased by heat treatment at 423 K (150° C), and then it decreased when the heat treatment temperature exceeded 423 K. All joints fractured in the AA6061 substrate adjacent to the interface except for the joints heated at 773 K (500° C). The joints fractured at the interface because of the occurrence of a brittle intermetallic compound phase.     

Microstructure characterization and quasi-static failure behavior of resistance spot welds of AA6111-T4 aluminum alloy

The microstructure, microhardness and quasi-static failure behavior of resistance spot welds of AA6111-T4 aluminum alloy were experimentally investigated. Optical metallography and high-resolution hardness traverses were utilized to characterize the weld nugget, heat affected zone and base metal. The AA6111 spot welds displayed a softer nugget and hardened heat affected zone, compared with the base metal. The through-thickness hardness of the base metal sheet was not constant and had to be carefully considered to determine the effect of welding on material properties. Quasi-static lap-shear tensile tests were used to determine the failure load and failure mode. All tensile specimens failed through the interfacial fracture. This failure mode is consistent with the observed reduced hardness in the weld nugget.     

AA6082 to DX56-Steel Laser Brazing: Process Parameter–Intermetallic Formation Correlation

In the present study, laser-brazed AA6082 to DX56-galvanized steel joints were investigated to understand the influence of process parameters on joint strength in terms of intermetallic layer formation. 1.5-mm-thick sheet of aluminum alloy (AA6082-T6) and galvanized steel (DX56) sheet of 0.7 mm thickness were laser-brazed with 1.5-mm-diameter Al-12% Si solid filler wire. During laser brazing, laser power (4.6 kW) and wire feed rate (3.4 m/min) were kept constant with a varying laser scan speed of 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, and 1 m/min. Microstructure of brazed joint reveals epitaxial growth at the aluminum side and intermetallic layer formation at steel interface. Intermetallic layer formation was confirmed by EDS analysis and XRD study. Hardness profile showed hardness drop in filler region, and failure during tensile testing was initiated through the filler region near the steel interface. As per both experimental study and numerical analysis, it was observed that intermetallic layer thickness decreases with increasing brazing speed. Zn vaporization from galvanized steel interface also affected the joint strength. It was found that high laser scan speed or faster cooling rate can be chosen for suppressing intermetallic layer formation or at least decreasing the layer thickness which results in improved mechanical properties.     

焊后热处理对AA7075铝合金DP-MIG焊接接头组织及力学性能的影响

采用双脉冲熔化极精性气体保护焊（DP-MIG）工艺方法焊接AA7075-T651铝合金,焊接试板采用固溶处理（480℃×50 min）后水淬,再进行（80℃×24 h）+（120℃×24 h）两级人工时效热处理,通过金相观察、扫描电镜观察、X射线衍射分析、拉伸试验以及硬度测试,研究焊后热处理（PWHT）工艺对焊接接头显微组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明,焊缝区经热处理后,晶粒由枝晶向等轴晶转变,晶界处非平衡第二相溶解,晶界变细,焊缝显微组织特性改善明显;焊接接头经热处理后,抗拉强度由342.5 MPa提高到490 MPa,接头强度系数为0.872,焊缝软化区硬度得到较大改善,焊接接头力学性能有显著提升.     

搅拌头偏移对Ti/Al异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头成形及拉伸强度的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)完成了3 mm厚TC4钛合金和2A14-T14铝合金的连接,研究了搅拌头偏移对接头的成形及拉伸性能的影响。结果表明在搅拌头向铝合金侧的偏移对接头的最大抗拉强度有显著的影响。接头最大抗拉强度随搅拌头的偏移量的增加逐渐升高。在偏移量为2.0 mm、搅拌头转速从400 r/min增加到700 r/min时,接头的最大抗拉强度逐渐降低。在偏移量为2.5 mm、接头的最大抗拉强度随转速的增加逐渐升高。当在搅拌头转速为700 r/min, 焊接速度为60 mm/min时,所得接头强度最高,约347 MPa,为铝合金母材的83 %。接头的断裂位置和拉伸强度均取决于微观组织和金属间化合物。对于强度最高的接头,由于TiAl相的生成,接头于铝合金侧热影响区发生断裂。     

Effect of Post Weld Heat Treatment on Strength and Microstructure of Friction Stir Welded Lap Joints of AA2014-T6 Aluminum Alloy

Metal Science and Heat Treatment - Lap joints of AA2014 aluminum alloy produced by friction stir welding and subjected to post weld heat treatment have been studied. The shear strength and hardness...     

铝/镀锌钢异种金属旁路分流MIG电弧熔钎焊界面区组织与接头性能

以2 mm厚6061铝合金与镀锌钢板为试验材料,进行旁路分流MIG电弧熔钎焊工艺试验.采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和拉伸试验机对接头组织及力学性能进行研究,分析了不同焊接速度时界面层组织和接头性能的变化规律.结果表明,随焊接速度增加焊接热输入减少,界面温度下降,元素扩散速度降低,导致接头界面结合层变薄.另外接头强度随焊接速度与界面层厚度增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势,最高强度达135.32 MPa.当焊接速度较低时,界面温度高,易形成脆性金属间化合物,导致其接头性能下降;高速焊接时,铝/钢界面反应不充分,甚至存在未钎合和气孔等缺陷,影响了接头性能.     

Establishing empirical relationships to predict grain size and tensile strength of friction stir welded AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints

AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy(Al-Mg-Si alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring a high specific strength and good corrosion resistance.Compared with the fusion welding processes that are routinely used for joining structural aluminium alloys,friction stir welding(FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material welded does not melt and recast.Joint strength is influenced by the grain size and tensile strength of the weld nugget region.Hence,an attempt was made to develop empirical relationships to predict grain size and tensile strength of friction stir welded AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints.The empirical relationships are developed by response surface methodology(RSM) incorporating FSW tool and process parameters.A linear regression relationship was also established between grain size and tensile strength of the weld nugget of FSW joints.     

焊接热输入对铝/镀锌钢CMT熔-钎焊接头组织与性能的影响

采用ER4043焊丝对5052铝/Q235镀锌钢进行CMT熔-钎焊,研究焊接热输入对接头组织及性能的影响.结果表明,焊缝熔宽、热影响区粗化程度、界面层硬度及厚度均随热输入的增加而增大,过热组织粗化导致拉伸试样在铝母材热影响区断裂.熔焊区组织主要为垂直于基底向焊缝中心生长的α-Al树枝晶及Al-Si共晶组织,钎焊区界面层厚度在2.55~6.86μm之间,铝侧界面主要为FeAl₃金属间化合物,呈凹凸不平锯齿状;钢侧界面平滑,主要为Fe₂Al₅(热输入较低时)或FeAl₂,FeAl(热输入较高时).     

补焊对6082铝合金焊接接头组织和性能的影响

通过拉伸、弯曲、硬度及等试验及金相组织分析,对未补焊和补焊1次的6082铝合金MIG焊焊接接头组织和性能进行了研究.结果表明:未补焊和补焊1次试样的断裂位置均位于热影响区,补焊1次时抗拉强度明显下降,但仍满足试验标准的要求;二者都有良好的弯曲性能;补焊对焊缝和母材的硬度影响不大,补焊1次时软化现象更显著;未补焊和补焊1次时焊缝和熔合区的显微组织无显著变化.焊缝组织呈等轴枝晶分布,熔合区组织为晶粒粗大的柱状晶,基体的晶粒沿轧制方向延长呈纤维状,α(A1)固溶体基体上均匀分布大量的强化相Mg2Si.     

SUS321不锈钢和6061铝合金激光搭接焊接头的组织和力学性能

焊接参数对钢铝异种接头质量影响明显。主要研究不同的激光功率和焊接速度对SUS321不锈钢和6061铝合金焊缝成形的影响,分析异种接头的微观形貌特征及组成,并对接头的断口形貌和力学性能进行了试验研究。结果表明,不同焊接速度和激光功率对于焊缝成形有着重要影响:当激光功率为2 200~2 400 W,焊接速度为30~35 mm/s时可以获得质量较高的焊缝;在焊接过程中,接头界面形成了FeAl、Fe_2Al_3和Fe_3Al等金属间化合物,它们的存在影响了接头的力学性能;接头在拉伸试验中发生韧性断裂,且裂纹最先在金属间化合物中萌生,并沿着钢铝反应界面进行扩展,直至整个接头发生断裂。     

Q235钢板与6082铝合金搅拌摩擦焊工艺

通过对Q235钢板和6082铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊接,并用正交试验对搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数进行优化. 结果表明,焊接过程中,将钢板放在返回侧,铝板放在前进侧[1],离搅拌针较近的钢侧金属发生软化,并且在轴肩横向切应力作用下形成短"钉子",最终在搅拌针的旋转作用下填充到搅拌针后方形成的空腔内,当下压量为0.2 mm时,比较容易得到优质的焊缝;搅拌针旋转速度为260 r/min,焊接速度为16 mm/min,针头偏向铝侧0.2 mm时,所得焊缝的抗拉强度为141.204 MPa,断裂发生在铝侧焊核区与热力影响区的交界处;钢侧热机影响区的硬度比母材高,而铝侧热机影响区比母材低.     

On the linear friction welding process of aluminum alloys: Experimental insights through process monitoring

Linear friction welding is a solid-state joining process for non-axisymmetric components in which joining of materials is obtained through the relative motion of two components under pressure. In the process the heat source is given by the frictional forces work decaying into heat determining a local softening of the material and eventually bonding conditions. A dedicated fixture was equipped with sensors for the in-process acquisition of variables regarding kinematics, dynamics and temperature levels. The results of an experimental campaign aimed to weld AA6082-T6 aluminum alloy parts are presented and a process window is identified for the used alloy.