A Web service QoS prediction approach based on time- and location-aware collaborative filtering

In QoS-based Web service recommendation, predicting quality of service (QoS) for users will greatly aid service selection and discovery. Collaborative filtering (CF) is an effective method for Web service selection and recommendation. CF algorithms can be divided into two main categories: memory-based and model-based algorithms. Memory-based CF algorithms are easy to implement and highly effective, but they suffer from a fundamental problem: inability to scale-up. Model-based CF algorithms, such as clustering CF algorithms, address the scalability problem by seeking users for recommendation within smaller and highly similar clusters, rather than within the entire database. However, they are often time-consuming to build and update. In this paper, we propose a time-aware and location-aware CF algorithms. To validate our algorithm, this paper conducts series of large-scale experiments based on a real-world Web service QoS data set. Experimental results show that our approach is capable of addressing the three important challenges of recommender systems–high quality of prediction, high scalability, and easy to build and update.     

From similarity perspective: a robust collaborative filtering approach for service recommendations

Collaborative filtering (CF) is a technique commonly used for personalized recommendation and Web service quality-of-service (QoS) prediction. However, CF is vulnerable to shilling attackers who inject fake user profiles into the system. In this paper, we first present the shilling attack problem on CF-based QoS recommender systems for Web services. Then, a robust CF recommendation approach is proposed from a user similarity perspective to enhance the resistance of the recommender systems to the shilling attack. In the approach, the generally used similarity measures are analyzed, and the DegSim (the degree of similarities with top k neighbors) with those measures is selected for grouping and weighting the users. Then, the weights are used to calculate the service similarities/differences and predictions.We analyzed and evaluated our algorithms using WS-DREAM and Movielens datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that shilling attacks influence the prediction of QoS values, and our proposed features and algorithms achieve a higher degree of robustness against shilling attacks than the typical CF algorithms.     

面向用户群体的Web服务推荐

针对Web服务推荐中服务用户调用Web服务的服务质量数据稀疏性导致的低推荐质量问题,提出了一种面向用户群体并基于协同过滤的Web服务推荐算法(WRUG)。首先,为每个服务用户根据用户相似性矩阵构建其个性化的相似用户群体;其次,以相似用户群体中心点代替群体从而计算用户群体相似性矩阵;最后,构造面向群体的Web服务推荐公式并为目标用户预测缺失的Web服务质量。通过对197万条真实Web服务质量调用记录的数据集进行对比实验,与传统基于协同过滤的推荐算法(TCF)和基于用户群体影响的协同过滤推荐算法(CFBUGI)相比,WRUG的平均绝对误差下降幅度分别为28.9%和4.57%;并且WRUG的覆盖率上升幅度分别为110%和22.5%。实验结果表明,在相同实验条件下WRUG不仅能提高Web服务推荐系统的预测准确性,而且能显著地提高其有效预测服务质量的百分比。     

基于SOM神经网络的服务质量预测

服务质量预测在服务计算领域中是一个热点研究问题.在历史QoS数据稀疏的情况下,设计一个满足用户个性化需求的服务质量预测方法成为一项挑战.为解决这一挑战问题,本文提出一种基于SOM神经网络的服务质量预测方法SOMQP.首先,基于历史QoS数据,应用SOM神经网络算法分别对用户和服务进行聚类,得到用户关系矩阵和服务关系矩阵;进而,综合考虑用户信誉和服务关联性,采用一种新的Top-k选择机制获得相似用户和相似服务;最后,采用基于用户的和基于项目的混合策略对缺失QoS值进行预测.在真实的数据集WS-Dream上进行大量实验,结果表明,与经典的CF算法和K-means算法相比,本文方法较大程度上提高了QoS预测精度.     

Integrating implicit feedbacks for time-aware web service recommendations

An increasing number of Web services have been published on the Internet over the past decade due to the rapid development and adoption of the SOA (Services Oriented Architecture) standard. However, in the current state of the Web, recommending suitable Web services to users becomes a challenge due to the huge divergence in published content. Existing Web services recommendation approaches based on collaborative filtering are mainly aiming to QoS (Quality of Service) prediction. Recommending services based on users’ ratings on services are seldomly reported due to the difficulty of collecting such explicit feedback. In this paper, we report a data set of implicit feedback on real-world Web services, which consist of more than 280,000 user-service interaction records, 65,000 service users and 15,000 Web services or mashups. Temporal information is becoming an increasingly important factor in service recommendation since time effects may influence users’ preferences on services to a large extent. Based on the collected data set, we propose a time-aware service recommendation approach. Temporal information is sufficiently considered in our approach, where three time effects are analyzed and modeled including user bias shifting, Web service bias shifting, and user preference shifting. Experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms seven existing collaborative filtering approaches on the prediction accuracy.     

基于贝叶斯张量分解的改进QoS预测

随着Web服务相关标准和技术的日趋成熟,基于服务质量（QoS）的Web服务推荐对用户体验起着决定性作用。如何准确预测Qos值是当今的研究热点。以往基于近邻或模型的协同过滤算法,采用的是“用户-服务”二维信息,预测的QoS值是静态的且精准性不高。将时间信息维度引入张量模型,建立“用户-服务-时间”的三维张量可使QoS预测值更加符合用户需求特点,用贝叶斯方法求解张量分解,引入概率意义下对于系统的解释和分析,提供一套先验概率引入先验知识的贝叶斯推断框架,提高了QoS预测的精确度。实验表明,使用该算法的预测结果较其他算法相比较有更小的平均绝对误差,很好地解决了数据稀疏度问题。     

基于位置聚类和张量分解的Web服务推荐算法

基于服务质量（QoS）的Web服务推荐能在众多功能相似的Web服务中发现最能满足用户非功能需求的Web服务,但QoS属性值预测算法仍存在预测准确度不高和数据稀疏性的问题。针对以上问题,提出了一种基于位置聚类和分层张量分解的QoS预测算法ClustTD,该算法基于用户和服务的位置属性将用户和服务聚类成多个局部组,分别对局部组和全局的用户、服务和时间上下文进行张量建模和分解,将局部和全局张量分解的QoS预测值进行加权组合,同时考虑了局部和全局因素,获得最终QoS预测值。实验结果表明,该算法具有较高的QoS预测准确率和Web服务推荐质量,并能在一定程度上解决数据稀疏性问题。     

面向服务遥感图像处理平台中时间感知的服务质量预测

面向服务架构(SOA)通过将遥感图像处理算法抽象成组件化的服务，进一步通过服务选择及组合，满足遥感图像处理的复杂业务需求。为了得到满足用户服务质量(QoS)要求的服务组件进行组合，前提就是获得所有服务的QoS。然而，对于用户未调用过的服务，其QoS是缺失的，因此围绕缺失QoS的预测出现了很多研究工作。针对目前QoS预测没有考虑时效性，进而影响了QoS预测准确度的问题,通过考虑时效性提出基于时间片的QoS模型，进一步基于协同过滤提出时间感知的QoS预测方法。在WS-DREAM真实数据集中的实验结果表明，时间感知的QoS预测方法能够获得较小的均方误差(MAE)和均方根误差(RMSE)。此外，对于可能影响时间感知QoS预测的多个参数，通过设置不同的参数组合进行了多次实验和分析，为参数的选择提供了一定的参考。     

基于可信推荐的服务质量评估模型

由于网络用户多样性和利益诉求的复杂性,部分用户发布的QoS数据不完全可信,以致影响了QoS评估的精度,为此提出基于可信推荐的QoS评估模型TR-SQE。该模型以用户推荐的与众不同程度作为其推荐信任度,隔离推荐信任度低于阈值的用户发布的QoS数据;TR-SQE将修正过的QOS信息作为推荐数据,接着根据用户与推荐者的偏好相似性来评估服务质量。分析和仿真结果表明,TR-SQE的平均绝对偏差MAE较其他方法小,评估结果与真实的服务质量基本相符,TR-SQE有助于用户的服务选择。     

一种融合聚类与用户兴趣偏好的协同过滤推荐算法

协同过滤推荐算法可以根据已知用户的偏好预测其可能感兴趣的项目,是现今最为成功、应用最广泛的推荐技术。然而,传统的协同过滤推荐算法受限于数据稀疏性问题,推荐结果较差。目前的协同过滤推荐算法大多只针对用户-项目评分矩阵进行数据分析,忽视了项目属性特征及用户对项目属性特征的偏好。针对上述问题,提出了一种融合聚类和用户兴趣偏好的协同过滤推荐算法。首先根据用户评分矩阵与项目类型信息,构建用户针对项目类型的用户兴趣偏好矩阵;然后利用K-Means算法对项目集进行聚类,并基于用户兴趣偏好矩阵查找待估值项所对应的近邻用户;在此基础上,通过结合项目相似度的加权Slope One算法在每一个项目类簇中对稀疏矩阵进行填充,以缓解数据稀疏性问题;进而基于用户兴趣偏好矩阵对用户进行聚类;最后,面向填充后的评分矩阵,在每一个用户类簇中使用基于用户的协同过滤算法对项目评分进行预测。实验结果表明,所提算法能够有效缓解原始评分矩阵的稀疏性问题,提升算法的推荐质量。     

Web service reliability prediction based on machine learning

Web service reliability is an important mission that keeps web services running normally. Within web service, the web services invoked by users not only depend on the service itself, but also on web load condition (such as latency). Due to the features of web dynamics, traditional reliability methods have become inappropriate; at the same time, the web condition parameter sparsity problem will cause inaccurate reliability prediction. To address these new challenges, in this paper, we propose a new web service reliability prediction method based on machine learning considering user, web service and web condition. First we solve the web condition parameter sparsity problem, then we use the k-means clustering method to aggregate past invocation data, incorporate user, service, and web condition parameters to build a reliability feedback matrix, at last we predict web service reliability by considering specific web condition environments. The experiment shows that our machine learning method is able to solve the data sparsity problem and improve accurate web service reliability prediction, and we discuss how data sparsity and the number of feedback clusters to affect web service reliability prediction.     

一种动态混合QoS语义的Web服务个性化推荐模型

服务推荐是服务计算中的主要问题之一,当前大多针对功能属性进行推荐,而在Web服务的QoS属性方面考虑较少,并且不支持动态变化的QoS属性。基于动态混合QoS的语义Web服务个性化推荐模型,把语义Web技术引入Web服务中,在QoS监控器下,有效监测Web服务的QoS属性变化并动态更新Web服务的QoS属性。根据建立的用户兴趣模型,向用户推荐具有个性化的Web服务。此外,在个性化推荐系统中使用最广泛的协同过滤推荐技术基础上,对数据进行了一系列的预处理填充,而且充分考虑了不同时间的项目评分对推荐的影响。结合用户兴趣度和用户评分的相似性计算方法,并通过不同的权值来表示它们的重要程度,综合计算目标用户的最近邻居集合,最终对用户u产生推荐。该系统在一定程度上提高了服务推荐的效率和准确度并满足用户查询需求。     

Context-aware QoS prediction for web service recommendation and selection

QoS prediction is one of the key problems in Web service recommendation and selection. The context information is a dominant factor affecting QoS, but is ignored by most of existing works. In this paper, we employ the context information, from both the user side and service side, to achieve superior QoS prediction accuracy. We propose two novel prediction models, which are capable of using the context information of users and services respectively. In the user side, we use the geographical information as the user context, and identify similar neighbors for each user based on the similarity of their context. We study the mapping relationship between the similarity value and the geographical distance. In the service side, we use the affiliation information as the service context, including the company affiliation and country affiliation. In the two models, the prediction value is learned by the QoS records of a user (or a service) and the neighbors. Also, we propose an ensemble model to combine the results of the two models. We conduct comprehensive experiments in two real-world datasets, and the experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our models.     

Diversified recommendation method combining topic model and random walk

As one of the most widely used algorithms in recommendation field, collaborative filtering (CF) predicts the unknown rating of items based on similar neighbors. Although many CF-based recommendation methods have been proposed, there still be room for improvement. Firstly, the data sparsity problem still remains a big challenge for CF algorithms to find similar neighbors. Secondly, there are many redundant similar items in the recommendation list generated by traditional CF algorithms, which cannot meet the user wide interest. Therefore, we propose a diversified recommendation method combining topic model and random walk. A weighted random walk model is presented to find all direct and indirect similar neighbors on the sparse data, improving the accuracy of rating prediction. By taking both users’ behavior data and items’ lags into account, we give a diversity measurement method based on the topic distribution of items discovered by Linked-LDA model. Furthermore, a diversified ranking algorithm is developed to balance the accuracy and diversity of recommendation results. We compare our method with six other recommendation methods on a real-world dataset. Experimental results show that our method outperforms the other methods and achieves the best personalized recommendation effect.     

基于影响集的协作过滤推荐算法

传统的基于用户的协作过滤推荐系统由于使用了基于内存的最近邻查询算法,因此表现出可扩展性差、缺乏稳定性的缺点.针对可扩展性的问题,提出的基于项目的协作过滤算法,仍然不能解决数据稀疏带来的推荐质量下降的问题(稳定性差).从影响集的概念中得到启发,提出一种新的基于项目的协作过滤推荐算法CFBIS(collaborative filtering based on influence sets),利用当前对象的影响集来提高该资源的评价密度,并为这种新的推荐机制定义了计算预测评分的方法.实验结果表明,该算法相对于传统的只基于最近邻产生推荐的项目协作过滤算法而言,可有效缓解由数据集稀疏带来的问题,显著提高推荐系统的推荐质量.     

Social network-based service recommendation with trust enhancement

Given the increasing applications of service computing and cloud computing, a large number of Web services are deployed on the Internet, triggering the research of Web service recommendation. Despite of service QoS, the use of user feedback is becoming the current trend in service recommendation. Likewise in traditional recommender systems, sparsity, cold-start and trustworthiness are major issues challenging service recommendation in adopting similarity-based approaches. Meanwhile, with the prevalence of social networks, nowadays people become active in interacting with various computers and users, resulting in a huge volume of data available, such as service information, user-service ratings, interaction logs, and user relationships. Therefore, how to incorporate the trust relationship in social networks with user feedback for service recommendation motivates this work. In this paper, we propose a social network-based service recommendation method with trust enhancement known as RelevantTrustWalker. First, a matrix factorization method is utilized to assess the degree of trust between users in social network. Next, an extended random walk algorithm is proposed to obtain recommendation results. To evaluate the accuracy of the algorithm, experiments on a real-world dataset are conducted and experimental results indicate that the quality of the recommendation and the speed of the method are improved compared with existing algorithms.     

基于项目评分预测的协同过滤推荐算法

推荐系统是电子商务系统中最重要的技术之一.随着电子商务系统用户数目和商品数目的日益增加,在整个商品空间上用户评分数据极端稀疏,传统的相似性度量方法均存在各自的弊端,导致推荐系统的推荐质量急剧下降.针对用户评分数据极端稀疏情况下传统相似性度量方法的不足,提出了一种基于项目评分预测的协同过滤推荐算法,根据项目之间的相似性初步预测用户对未评分项目的评分,在此基础上,采用一种新颖的相似性度量方法计算目标用户的最近邻居.实验结果表明,该算法可以有效地解决用户评分数据极端稀疏情况下传统相似性度量方法存在的问题,显著地提高推荐系统的推荐质量.     

基于用户聚类和移动上下文的矩阵分解推荐算法研究

随着移动互联网技术的快速发展,越来越多的用户通过移动设备获取移动信息和服务,导致信息过载问题日益凸出。针对目前上下文感知推荐算法中存在的数据稀疏性差、上下文信息融入不够、用户相似性度量被忽略等问题,提出一种基于用户聚类和移动上下文的矩阵分解推荐算法。该算法通过利用k-means对用户聚类找到偏好相似的用户簇,求出每簇中并对 用户所处上下文之间的相似度并对其进行排序,由此找出与目标用户偏好和上下文均相似的用户集合,借助该集合改进传统矩阵分解模型损失函数,并以此为基准进行评分预测和推荐。仿真实验结果表明,所提算法可有效提高预测评分的准确度。     

QoS prediction for web services based on user-trust propagation model

There is an important online role for Web service providers and users; however, the rapidly growing number of service providers and users, it can create some similar functions among web services. This is an exciting area for research, and researchers seek to to propose solutions for the best service to users. Collaborative filtering (CF) algorithms are widely used in recommendation systems, although these are less effective for cold-start users. Recently, some recommender systems have been developed based on social network models, and the results show that social network models have better performance in terms of CF, especially for cold-start users. However, most social network-based recommendations do not consider the user’s mood. This is a hidden source of information, and is very useful in improving prediction efficiency. In this paper, we introduce a new model called User-Trust Propagation (UTP). The model uses a combination of trust and the mood of users to predict the QoS value and matrix factorisation (MF), which is used to train the model. The experimental results show that the proposed model gives better accuracy than other models, especially for the cold-start problem.     

融合社交网络信息的协同过滤推荐算法*

在推荐系统中,协同过滤推荐算法往往面临数据集的高度稀疏性和推荐精度有限的问题.为了解决上述问题,在基于物品的协同过滤推荐框架下,分别在物品相似度的计算和用户对物品的评分预测阶段,利用社交网络中朋友关系信息选择性地填充评分矩阵中的缺失值,最大化利用评分矩阵中的已有信息,提出融合社交网络信息的协同过滤推荐算法.最后,在Epinions数据集上的实验表明,文中算法在一定程度上缓解数据稀疏性问题,同时在评分误差和分类准确率两个指标上优于其它协同过滤算法.