Optimization-based methodology for training set selection to synthesize composite correlation filters for face recognition

Face recognition has been addressed with pattern recognition techniques such as composite correlation filters. These filters are synthesized from training sets which are representative of facial classes. For this reason, the filter performance depends greatly on the appropriate selection of the training set. This set can be selected either by a filter designer or by a conventional method. This paper presents an optimization-based methodology for the automatic selection of the training set. Given an optimization algorithm, the proposed methodology uses its main mechanics to iteratively examine a given set of available images in order to find the best subset for the training set. To this end, three objective functions are proposed as optimization criteria for training set selection. The proposed methodology was evaluated by undertaking face recognition under variable illumination and facial expressions. Four optimization algorithms and three composite correlation filters were used to test the proposed methodology. The Maximum Average Correlation Height filter designed by Grey Wolf Optimizer obtained the best performance under homogeneous illumination and facial expressions, while the Unconstrained Nonlinear Composite Filter designed by either Grey Wolf Optimizer or (1+1)-Evolution Strategy obtained the best performance under variable illumination. The proposed methodology selects training sets for the synthesis of composite filters with competitive results comparable to the results reported in the face recognition literature.     

复杂光照条件下的多姿状鲁棒性人脸识别方法

为改善复杂光照条件下的多姿状鲁棒性人脸识别的效果,提出了小波变换与LBP的多姿状鲁棒性人脸识别方法。通过二维离散小波变换对人脸图像进行二级小波分解提取到低频特征信息分量,并以重构初始图像的方式实现降噪滤波处理,滤除低频光照分量后完成复杂光照补偿;继续分解复杂光照补偿后的图像,采用LBP算子对子图像的鲁棒性部分纹理特征进行描述后,提取出人脸图像各子图像的直方图特征并连接,得到人脸LBP纹理特征,通过统计法运算该特征距离,并通过K近邻分类器实现人脸特征分类识别。以Yale-B与AR人脸库为测试对象,结果表明,所研究方法对复杂光照鲁棒性较强,识别人脸的准确率与效率较高,整体识别效果较好。     

基于稀疏表示的人脸识别鲁棒性研究

针对人脸识别算法对光照变化敏感的问题,提出一种基于光照鲁棒稀疏表示的人脸识别方法。该方法对图像作小波变换,得到光照归一化图像,通过对光照归一化后人脸图像作稀疏变换,稀疏表示分类得出测试识别结果。本文方法在Yale B人脸库上仿真实验,识别率较高,对光照、表情、遮挡具有一定的鲁棒性。     

Textural feature based face recognition for single training images

A novel face recognition algorithm using single training face image is proposed. The algorithm is based on textural features extracted using the 2D log Gabor wavelet. These features are encoded into a binary pattern to form a face template which is used for matching. Experimental results show that on the colour FERET database the accuracy of the proposed algorithm is higher than the local feature analysis (LFA) and correlation filter (CF) based face recognition algorithms even when the number of training images is reduced to one. In comparison with recent single training image based face recognition algorithms, the proposed 2D log Gabor wavelet based algorithm shows an improvement of more than 3% in accuracy.     

Face recognition under large illumination variations using homomorphic filtering in spatial domain

This paper proposes a homomorphic filtering in spatial domain for reducing of illumination effects in face recognition systems. Also, in this research a simple kernel of homomorphic filter is proposed. Application of this method causes considerable reduction in computational time in the preprocessing step. When a new face image with an arbitrary illumination is given, the homomorphic filter is applied and its reflectance component is extracted. Then the reflectance component is divided into several local regions and histograms of each local region are extracted using multi-resolution uniform local Gabor binary patterns (MULGBP). These histograms are combined for obtaining the overall histogram of the images. Finally, for face recognition, a simple histogram matching process is performed between new face image histogram and the gallery images histogram. The results show that the proposed method is robust for large illumination variation with a reasonable computational complexity.     

基于非下采样Contourlet变换的光照不变量提取算法

人脸识别作为一种非接触式、友好的生物特征识别技术,在军事、公安、经济等领域具有广阔的应用前景。近年来,人脸识别技术取得了很大进展,涌现出许多优秀的人脸识别方法,许多人脸识别系统表现优异。但是,人脸识别仍是一个没有彻底解决的难题,光照变化是其中关键问题之一。2006年FRVT测试结果表明光照变化会严重影响自动人脸识别系统的识别性能。为了消除光照变化对人脸识别的影响,提出了一种基于非下采样Contourlet变换的光照不变量提取算法。首先,对图像进行光照归一化,预先减弱光照变化对人脸识别的影响;其次,进行对数变换和非下采样Contourlet变换,得到低频分量和高频方向子带分量;再次,低频分量进行直方图均衡化以进一步减弱光照的影响,高频分量进行自适应NormalShrink阈值去噪处理;最后利用处理后的低频和高频方向子带分量进行逆非下采样Contourlet变换,提取到光照不变量,作为后续的识别依据。为验证算法性能,本文在Yale B 和CMU PIE 人脸库上做了对比实验,结果表明:本文方法提取的光照不变量具有较强的鲁棒性,能够大大提高任意光照情形下的人脸识别率。      

用二元小波滤波器作图像相关识别

本文提出用二元小波滤波器作图像相关识别的技术。利用小波变换对图像处理的优越性,对小波滤波函数进行二元化处理,成为二元带通滤波器,并应用于旋转图像的识别,本文进行了理论阐述和计算机模拟实验,结果证实了设计的可行性,与经典的联合变换相关器相比输出功能大为提高。     

Local appearance based face recognition method using block based steerable pyramid transform

In this paper, an efficient local appearance feature extraction method based on Steerable Pyramid (S-P) wavelet transform is proposed for face recognition. Local information is extracted by computing the statistics of each sub-block obtained by dividing S-P sub-bands. The obtained local features of each sub-band are combined at the feature and decision level to enhance face recognition performance. The purpose of this paper is to explore the usefulness of S-P as feature extraction method for face recognition. The proposed approach is compared with some related feature extraction methods such as principal component analysis (PCA), as well as linear discriminant analysis LDA and boosted LDA. Different multi-resolution transforms, wavelet (DWT), gabor, curvelet and contourlet, are also compared against the block-based S-P method. Experimental results on ORL, Yale, Essex and FERET face databases convince us that the proposed method provides a better representation of the class information, and obtains much higher recognition accuracies in real-world situations including changes in pose, expression and illumination.     

A new switched current circuit fault diagnosis approach based on pseudorandom test and preprocess by using entropy and Haar wavelet transform

This paper presents a new switched current (SI) circuit fault diagnosis approach based on pseudorandom test and preprocess by using entropy and Haar wavelet transform. The proposed method has the capability to detect and identify faulty transistors in SI circuit by analyzing its time response. The use of pseudorandom sequences as a stimulate signal to SI circuit reduces the cost of testing and the overhead of the test generation circuit, and using entropy and Haar wavelet transform to preprocess the time response for feature extraction drastically improves the fault diagnosis efficiency. For both actual experiment and analysis of switched current filters in Z transform (ASIZ) simulation, a low-pass, a band-pass SI filter and a clock feed-through cancellation circuit have been used as test examples to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The result shows that the accuracy of fault recognition achieved is about 100% by analyzing low-frequency approximations entropy and high-frequency details entropy. Therefore, it indicates that the presented method is superior than other methods.     

Illumination robust face recognition using random projection and sparse representation

Under uneven illumination, the performances degrade significantly for some existing face recognition methods. It is a challenge for face recognition methods to work effectively under different illumination conditions. In this paper, an illumination robust face recognition method, based on random projection and sparse representation, is proposed. In the proposed method, face images are preliminary illumination normalized by gamma correction and difference of Gaussian filtering, and then several projection spaces are obtained by iterative random projection, followed by constructing an initial sample space using Fisher discrimination analysis. This scheme enriches the discrimination abilities of sample features and achieves the security and completeness for biometric template. Test samples are sparsely decomposed into each subspace, and based on statistical average residual, a modified sparse representation method is proposed to realize face recognition with higher stability and illumination robustness. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method provides competitive performance with acceptable computational efficiency. Specifically, for the five subsets of Yale B database, our approach achieves 99.74% average recognition rate, which performs higher accuracy than that of comparative methods.     

Gabor feature based classification using the enhanced fisher lineardiscriminant model for face recognition

This paper introduces a novel Gabor-Fisher (1936) classifier (GFC) for face recognition. The GFC method, which is robust to changes in illumination and facial expression, applies the enhanced Fisher linear discriminant model (EFM) to an augmented Gabor feature vector derived from the Gabor wavelet representation of face images. The novelty of this paper comes from (1) the derivation of an augmented Gabor feature vector, whose dimensionality is further reduced using the EFM by considering both data compression and recognition (generalization) performance; (2) the development of a Gabor-Fisher classifier for multi-class problems; and (3) extensive performance evaluation studies. In particular, we performed comparative studies of different similarity measures applied to various classifiers. We also performed comparative experimental studies of various face recognition schemes, including our novel GFC method, the Gabor wavelet method, the eigenfaces method, the Fisherfaces method, the EFM method, the combination of Gabor and the eigenfaces method, and the combination of Gabor and the Fisherfaces method. The feasibility of the new GFC method has been successfully tested on face recognition using 600 FERET frontal face images corresponding to 200 subjects, which were acquired under variable illumination and facial expressions. The novel GFC method achieves 100% accuracy on face recognition using only 62 features.     

多母小波多消失矩最优小波包滤波器的研究

采用层叠算法,计算小波包基函数的离散逼近序列。改进特征图像相关识别方法,选用识别能力评价指标,利用图像和小波包基函数相关的直接变换优点改进最优基选择,提出多母小波多消失矩最优基。生成最优基的特征图像,采用体全息相关识别系统实现虹膜的光学识别,实验取得较好的效果。设计、制作多母小波多消失矩最优基光学小波包灰阶滤波器以进一步提升识别率。检测表明,滤波器符合设计要求。实验表明,该滤波器可有效提高识别率。     

Face Recognition Under Varying Illumination Using Gradientfaces

In this correspondence, we propose a novel method to extract illumination insensitive features for face recognition under varying lighting called the gradient faces. Theoretical analysis shows gradient faces is an illumination insensitive measure, and robust to different illumination, including uncontrolled, natural lighting. In addition, gradient faces is derived from the image gradient domain such that it can discover underlying inherent structure of face images since the gradient domain explicitly considers the relationships between neighboring pixel points. Therefore, gradient faces has more discriminating power than the illumination insensitive measure extracted from the pixel domain. Recognition rates of 99.83% achieved on PIE database of 68 subjects, 98.96% achieved on Yale B of ten subjects, and 95.61% achieved on Outdoor database of 132 subjects under uncontrolled natural lighting conditions show that gradient faces is an effective method for face recognition under varying illumination. Furthermore, the experimental results on Yale database validate that gradient faces is also insensitive to image noise and object artifacts (such as facial expressions).     

Face Recognition Using Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Features

We propose a novel facial representation based on the dual-tree complex wavelet transform for face recognition. It is effective and efficient to represent the geometrical structures in facial image with low redundancy. Moreover, we experimentally verify that the proposed method is more powerful to extract facial features robust against the variations of shift and illumination than the discrete wavelet transform and Gabor wavelet transform.     

基于判别改进局部切空间排列特征融合的人脸识别方法

改进型局部切空间排列(ILTSA)是最近提出的一种流形学习方法。基于对ILTSA的线性逼近和判别拓展,该文提出一种新的称为判别改进局部切空间排列(DILTSA)的特征提取方法,并给出了理论证明和算法分析。基于最大邻域间隔准则和ILTSA, DILTSA能够同时保持类内与类间局部判别几何结构。此外,提出一种增强型Gabor-like复数小波变换以缓解照明和表情变化对人脸识别的影响。通过融合Gabor-like复数小波变换和原始图像特征,能够进一步提高人脸识别的准确率。在Yale 和PIE人脸数据库上的实验结果证明了所提方法的有效性。     

NSCT域自适应人脸图像光照不变特征提取

为了减少光照变化对人脸识别算法的影响,提出了一种基于非下采样Contourlet变换(NSCT,nonsubsampled contourlet transform)的光照不变特征提取方法。人脸图像经过对数变换(LT)后,利用NSCT进行分解,得到图像的低频子带和高频方向子带;根据高频子带中NSCT系数的概率分布,给出各子带的自适应阈值,并采用折衷阈值函数进行滤波;对滤波后的子带进行NSCT逆变换,得到人脸图像的光照不变特征。在Extended Yale B和CMU PIE人脸数据库上的实验结果表明,本文方法能有效减少光照影响,显著提高了识别率。     

多母小波自适应小波滤波器

利用自适应小波变换（AWT）能融合不同母小波的优点,采用盖伯母小波和墨西哥帽母小波构成自适应小波.以光学人脸识别中降噪问题为应用背景,使用神经网络法对小波参数和组合系数进行优化,将生成的多母小波自适应小波滤波器用作人脸特征提取器.对噪声图像做特征提取,进行相关识别,采用3个指标定量分析识别结果.同盖伯小波和墨西哥帽小波识别结果的比较表明,多母小波自适应小波具有不同母小波的优点,并有良好的降噪性能.     

Non-ideal class non-point light source quotient image for face relighting

Quotient Image (QI) algorithm has been widely used in face recognition and re-rendering under varying illumination conditions. One of the inaccuracies of QI algorithm is the assumption of “Ideal Class”, that all faces have the same surface normal (3D shape). However, in practice this assumption is often not true. To reduce the inaccuracy, the Non-Ideal Class Non-Point Light source QI (NIC-NPL-QI), which ignores the “Ideal Class” assumption, is developed in this paper for face relighting. Unlike that in the basic QI algorithm a fixed reference object for all test objects is used, in the NIC-NPL-QI algorithm a special reference object for each test object is constructed, so that the test and reference objects have similar illumination images, achieving the equal effect of “Ideal Class” assumption. In the proposed method, the wavelet algorithm is introduced to estimate an illumination image. Furthermore, the proposed NIC-NPL-QI algorithm can handle the harmonic light and shadows. Experiments on Extended Yale B and CMU-PIE databases show that NIC-NLP-QI algorithm obtains better quality in synthesizing face images as compared with state-of-the-art algorithms.     

Supervised bilateral two-dimensional locality preserving projection algorithm based on Gabor wavelet

Bilateral two-dimensional locality preserving projection (B2DLPP) is an effective method for unsupervised linear dimensionality reduction, which directly extracts face features from image matrices based on locality criterion. Motivated by B2DLPP, this paper proposes a supervised bilateral two-dimensional locality preserving projection (SB2DLPP). Different from B2DLPP, the proposed method takes into account the class information when constructing the similarity matrix. It increases inter-class distance in the projection space so that better right and left-projection matrices are obtained. Furthermore, a Gabor-based supervised bilateral two-dimensional locality preserving projection method is proposed for face recognition. Gabor wavelet representations are adopted for face images to make the proposed method robust to illumination variations and facial expression changes. Then, SB2DLPP is applied to reduce feature dimension. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated and compared with other traditional face recognition schemes on the FERET, Yale and JAFFE databases. The experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed approach.     

Speech frame recognition based on less shift sensitive wavelet filter banks

The wavelet transform possesses multi-resolution property and high localization performance; hence, it can be optimized for speech recognition. In our previous work, we show that redundant wavelet filter bank parameters work better in speech recognition task, because they are much less shift sensitive than those of critically sampled discrete wavelet transform (DWT). In this paper, three types of wavelet representations are introduced, including features based on dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DT-CWT), perceptual dual-tree complex wavelet transform, and four-channel double-density discrete wavelet transform (FCDDDWT). Then, appropriate filter values for DT-CWT and FCDDDWT are proposed. The performances of the proposed wavelet representations are compared in a phoneme recognition task using special form of the time-delay neural networks. Performance evaluations confirm that dual-tree complex wavelet filter banks outperform conventional DWT in speech recognition systems. The proposed perceptual dual-tree complex wavelet filter bank results in up to approximately 9.82 % recognition rate increase, compared to the critically sampled two-channel wavelet filter bank.