Suitability of pigeon pea and rice starches and their blends for noodle making

The physicochemical and pasting properties of pigeon pea and rice starches were studied to assess their suitability for noodle making. Amylose content, solubility and freeze thaw stability of pigeon pea starch were significantly higher than those of rice starch (p < 0.05). The pasting properties of peak viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown and set back showed higher values for pigeon pea starch, whereas hot paste viscosity and pasting temperature were higher for rice starch. Rice starch noodles revealed less cooking time (4 min) and less percent solids loss, whereas pigeon pea starch noodles had higher cooking time (12 min), higher percentage of water absorbed during cooking, more hardness and cohesiveness. Rice starch noodles scored higher for their transparency and slipperiness over pigeon pea starch noodles. Blending of pigeon pea starch with rice starch had significant effects on the cooking and sensory quality of noodles. Among starch blends, 70:30 blend of the pigeon pea and rice starches respectively resulted in good quality of noodles especially in terms of their higher transparency, slipperiness, overall acceptability and cohesiveness values. Blending of pigeon pea starch with 30% rice starch could produce noodles with superior quality as compared to native pigeon pea and rice starch noodles.     

Starch-based noodles: Current technologies,properties, and challenges

Starch noodles are gaining interest due to the massive popularity of gluten-free foods. Modified starch is generally used for noodle production due to the functional limitations of native starches. Raw materials, methods, key processing steps, additives, cooking, and textural properties determine the quality of starch noodles. The introduction of traditional, novel, and natural chemical additives used in starch noodles and their potential effects also impacts noodle quality. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the native and modified starch as raw materials and key processing steps for the production of starch noodles. Further, this article aimed to comprehensively collate some of the vital information published on the thermal, pasting, cooking, and textural properties of starch noodles. Technological, nutritional, and sensory challenges during the development of starch noodles are well discussed. Due to the increasing demands of consumers for safe food items with a long shelf life, the development of starch noodles and other convenience food products has increased. Also, the incorporation of modified starches overcomes the shortcomings of native starches, such as lack of viscosity and thickening power, retrogradation characteristics, or hydrophobicity. Starch can improve the stability of the dough structure but reduces the strength and resistance to deformation of the dough. Some technological, sensory, and nutritional challenges also impact the production process.     

Characterization of Different Starches Oxidized by Hypochlorite

The effects of starch origin (potato, corn, and rice starches) and hypochlorite level (NaOCl, 0.8% and 2% w/w) on the structures and physicochemical properties of oxidized starches were investigated. Carboxyl and carbonyl group contents of oxidized starches increased with increasing NaOCl level, with potato starch having the highest and corn starch having the lowest carboxyl groups content at both NaOCl levels. Oxidation generally reduced the pasting temperature and viscosity of native starches as demonstrated by using a Rapid Visco Analyser. The peak viscosities of oxidized rice and corn starches were higher than those of their native counterparts at 0.8% NaOCl. The morphology of starches was not altered and X‐ray diffraction patterns of all the starches remained unchanged after oxidation. Oxidized starch batters exhibited greater adhesions than did native starch batters, with rice starch batter exhibiting the greatest adhesion. Carbohydrate profiles by high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography indicated that both amylopectin and amylose were degraded during oxidation. The level of oxidation was largely dependent on the degree of crystallinity of starch and the degree of polymerization of amylose, whereas the adhesion property of oxidized starch was mainly attributed to its granular size and shape.     

Studies on noodle quality of potato and rice starches and their blends in relation to their physicochemical, pasting and gel textural properties

The physicochemical, pasting, and gel textural properties of potato and rice starches and their blends were studied in relation to their noodle making performance. Amylose content, swelling power and solubility values of potato starch were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher than for rice starch. Pasting properties showed higher peak, final and setback viscosity for potato starch as compared to rice starch. Texture profile analysis revealed that potato starch gel had higher hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness as compared to rice starch gel. Potato starch noodles showed higher cooked weight and cooking loss and were scored higher by sensory panellists especially with respect to transparency and slipperiness. On the other hand, rice starch noodles were more firm with lower cooking loss. Addition of potato starch to rice starch significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected the noodle characteristics. Among the starch blends studied, blending of potato and rice starch in the ratio of 1:1 resulted in good quality noodles in terms of their lower cooking time, higher cooked weight, transparency and slipperiness. The results revealed the possibility of blending of potato starch with rice starch in equal proportions to produce noodles of acceptable quality.     

Effect of dry- and wet-milled rice flours on the quality attributes of gluten-free dough and noodles

The rheological and cooking properties of gluten-free noodles prepared with dry- and wet-milled rice flours were characterized. Dry-milled rice flour with a higher degree of starch damage exhibited greater water hydration properties than wet-milled rice flour at room temperature. However, the pasting results of rice flour suspensions demonstrated that wet-milled rice flour showed a higher value of peak viscosity due to its great swelling power upon starch gelatinization. The similar thermo-mechanical tendency was observed in a rice dough system by Mixolab. In the planar extensional test, the noodle dough sample prepared with dry-milled rice flour exhibited higher elongational viscosity which could be favorably correlated to more resistance of dry-milled rice noodle strands to extension. When rice noodles were cooked, increased cooking loss was observed in dry-milled rice noodles which was attributed to great water solubility derived from a higher degree of starch damage.     

Characteristics of Different Types of Starch in Starch Noodles and Their Effect on Eating Quality

Several commercial starch noodles made from legume, tuber, geshu (kudzu and sweet potato) and fernery starches were used to study the characteristics of starch in starch noodles and their effect on eating quality of starch noodles. Scanning electron microscopy observation found that the special inner structure of starch noodles was composed of some broken starch granules and some gel-like substances. Tuber and legume starches had the highest and lowest solubility, swelling power, swelling factor, setback, breakdown, peak viscosity, and final viscosity, respectively. Legume and tuber starches had the highest and lowest gelatinization temperature, respectively. Tuber and geshu starches had the highest amylose leaching rate, while legume starches owned the lowest value (p < 0.05). Tuber starches had the highest conclusion temperature of gelatinization (151.12~158.86°C). Fernery starches had the lowest value of retrogradation enthalpy (967.33 J/g dry starch). Legume starch noodles had the lowest broken rate (0.00~1.67%), swelling ratio (332.64~343.57%), and cooking loss (2.40~2.74%), and the highest hardness (87.47~93.29 g/mm2), shear deformation (0.49~0.52), and elasticity (0.58~0.62), However, tuber and fernery starch noodles did the opposite, tuber and legume starch noodles had the highest and lowest cohesiveness, respectively. All the above cooking and starch properties test results of starch noodles demonstrated that, compared with others, legume starch noodles are relatively well in eating quality. The correlation analysis showed that the cooking and physical quality of starch noodles could be perfected significantly by improving the swelling and pasting properties for starch of starch noodles, while thermal properties had no obvious influence on them.     

天然马铃薯、木薯和玉米淀粉添加对发酵挂面品质的影响

为解决市售发酵挂面存在爽滑性差、粘弹性差、蒸煮时间长的问题,本文以单因素实验的方法,研究了马铃薯淀粉、木薯淀粉和玉米淀粉对发酵挂面蒸煮特性、质构特性以及感官评价的影响.结果表明:添加天然薯类和谷物淀粉均可以改善发酵挂面的蒸煮及质构品质,提高感官评价得分,尤其能够缩短最佳蒸煮时间,同时结合质构和感官实验数据分析,添加10...     

Processing properties of Korean rice varieties in relation to rice noodle quality

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical and pasting properties of rice developed in Korea in relation to noodle quality. Two indica lines (Hanareumbyeo and Chenmaai) and 7 japonica lines (Jinsumi, Goamibyeo, Manmibyeo, Milyang261, Seolgaeng, Suweon517, and YR24088 Acp9) were wet milled followed by lyophilized and passed through a 115 mesh sieve. The amylose contents were varied from 10.1 to 32.1%. Among them, Milyang261 showed unique paste viscosity although its amylose content was very high as 32.1% with poor cooking properties. Except Milyang261 and Suweon517, the high amylose content lines of Chenmaai, Goamibyeo, and YR24088 Acp9 showed desirable cooking properties in cooking loss, tensile strength, and texture profile. No item was selected as a key factor for rice noodles. However, amylose content, paste viscosity, and damaged starch could be positive components for improvement of rice noodle quality. The high amylose line of Chenmaai, YR24088 Acp9, and Goamibyeo showed the most appropriate properties for making extruded rice noodles with good cooking and textural properties. The paste properties, damaged starch, and high amylose content of the flour can be used as indicators of the rice noodle quality.     

Physicochemical Characteristics of Pigeonpea and Mung Bean Starches and Their Noodle Quality

This study compared the properties of pigeonpea and mung bean starches and noodles made from each. No large differences in size and shape of respective starch granules were observed. The degree of syneresis of pigeonpea starch was nearly three times that of mung bean starch. Swelling power of pigeonpea starch was considerably lower at 60°C and 70°C but it did not differ markedly at 80° and 90°C. The Brabender . viscosity patterns of 6% starch pastes of pigeonpea and mung bean indicated no pasting peak during heating to 95°C; neither showed breakdown of the hot paste. Sensory tests indicated that pigeonpea starch of dhal (decorticated dry split cotyledons) was as good for noodle preparation as mung bean dhal starch.     

Physicochemical Properties of Field Pea, Pinto and Navy Bean Starches

Legume starches were compared for physicochemical properties that may explain differences in functional properties. Field pea starch had higher amylose, greater swelling power and solubility, and lower pasting temperatures than pinto and navy bean starches. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that field pea starch had larger, more irregularly shaped granules and more broken large granules than pinto or navy starches. The most starch damage was observed for field pea. Pinto and navy bean starches had greater resistance to swelling at 60°C than field pea indicating a more strongly bonded micellar network. Higher cold paste viscosity was observed for navy bean and field pea.     

Effects of different crop starches on the cooking quality of Chinese dried noodles

To investigate the effects of seven starches made from different crop sources on noodle quality, Chinese dried noodles made from various reconstituted flours were prepared and analysed. Potato starch had better solubility and swelling power than the other starches, leading to higher water absorption, cooking loss and breakage ratio of the potato starch noodles. The correlation results unravelled that the cooking breakage ratio of noodles presented positive correlations with solubility, swelling power, peak viscosity (PV), trough viscosity (TV) and final viscosity (FV) values of starches. Besides, the adhesiveness of noodles showed a positive correlation with conclusion temperature (T_c) and setback viscosity (SV) values of starches. Moreover, the peak temperature (T_p) value of starches was negatively correlated with cooking loss; the granule size of starches had a positive correlation with noodles water absorption; and the peak time (PkT) value of starches represented positive relationships with noodles chewiness, shearing force and breaking strength.     

Characterization of Pea Starches in the Presence of Alkali and Borax

Refined field pea (Pisum sativum L.) starches were prepared from air‐classified pea starch by washing or from whole pea by wet milling, and analyzed for their physicochemical and pasting characteristics in the presence of alkali and borax. Commercial corn and high amylose corn starches were included in the study for comparative purposes. The two pea starches exhibited similar physicochemical characteristics. Amylose content markedly influenced pasting and other characteristics of the corn starches. Pea starch and high amylose corn starch exhibited little viscosity development during pasting in deionized water. The presence of alkali or borax significantly altered the peak viscosities and cold paste stabilities of all four starches in a concentration dependent manner. Alkali and borax increased peak and cold paste viscosity and reduced syneresis in all cases.     

Development of oxidised and heat-moisture treated potato starch film

This study investigated the effects of sodium hypochlorite oxidation and a heat-moisture treatment of potato starch on the physicochemical, pasting and textural properties of potato starches in addition to the water vapour permeability (WVP) and mechanical properties of potato starch films produced from these starches. The carbonyl contents, carboxyl contents, swelling power, solubility, pasting properties and gel texture of the native, oxidised and heat-moisture treated (HMT) starches were evaluated. The films made of native, oxidised and HMT starches were characterised by thickness, water solubility, colour, opacity, mechanical properties and WVP. The oxidised and HMT starches had lower viscosity and swelling power compared to the native starch. The films produced from oxidised potato starch had decreased solubility, elongation and WVP values in addition to increased tensile strength compared to the native starch films. The HMT starch increased the tensile strength and WVP of the starch films compared to the native starch.     

Use of heat-moisture treated maize starch to modify the properties of wheat flour and the quality of noodles

Waxy, normal and high-amylose maize starches were subjected to heat-moisture treatment (HMT) and then added to wheat flour (WF) in different ratios (1%, 5% and 10%). The properties of blends and their cooked noodles were studied to investigate the effects of HMT starches. The incorporation of HMT starch in WF led to an increase in swelling power, peak viscosity and breakdown and to a decrease in setback, thus inhibiting retrogradation, hence enhancing resultant noodle softness. Compared to the same addition ratio of native starch to WF, HMT starch led to higher tensile strength and extensibility in resultant noodles. WF with added HMT starch had higher resistant starch than with native starch. This study showed that addition of HMT maize starch has potential to bring nutritional benefits. However, it is necessary to select the proper blending ratio and amylose content of starch to add, in consideration of its effect on noodle quality.     

三种马铃薯复合变性淀粉对马铃薯面条的物性及品质的影响

将马铃薯全粉与面粉按不同比例配成混合粉以制作面条,并用马铃薯复合变性淀粉提升面条的品质;通过对不同比例混合粉糊化特性,面条断条率、烹调损耗、物性、烹调特性和感官评定的研究,得出制作面条的最优马铃薯全粉:面粉质量比和预糊化交联淀粉、氧化交联淀粉、酯化交联淀粉的添加量。结果表明,最优的质量比为20:80 (w/w);添加马铃薯复合变性淀粉对马铃薯面条的弹性、黏着性等都有显著影响(p<0.05);在烹调实验中,随着预糊化交联淀粉、氧化交联淀粉、酯化交联淀粉的增加,吸水率升高,当三者的添加量分别为5%、4%、5%时,浊度最低;感官评定实验中,当添加5%预糊化交联淀粉、4%氧化交联淀粉、6%酯化交联淀粉时,马铃薯面条的各指标评分之和最高,且分别为:31.2、33.1、34.6。从质构,烹调特性,感官特性等方面综合对比三种马铃薯复合变性淀粉对马铃薯面条的影响,得出6%酯化交联淀粉最适宜。     

Hydrothermal treatments of rice starch for improvement of rice noodle quality

Two types of hydrothermal treated rice starches were prepared by annealing and heat-moisture treatment (HMT). Annealing of starch slurry was conducted at 55 °C for 24 h and HMT was applied in starch with 20 g/100 g moisture at 110 °C for 1.5 h, based on the optimization of the treatment conditions. The apparent changes on gelatinization, swelling, RVA paste viscosities and gel hardness of starch were observed. The study on 50% substitution of rice flour with untreated (UR), annealed (AR) or heat-moisture treated (HR) rice starches proved that the cooking and texture quality of rice noodle was substantially affected by the treatments. The composite noodles of flour and hydrothermal treated rice starches exhibited quality parameters which were closer to those of commercial noodles. The results revealed the possibility of utilizing these starches with low quality rice flour so as to produce noodles of acceptable quality. The study also inferred that characterization of RVA paste viscosities and gel texture of flour could become a practical method for predicting the quality of the derived noodle.     

氧化淀粉对面条品质的影响研究

应用氧化淀粉对面条品质进行改良研究,详细研究了不同添加量和不同氧化度的氧化淀粉对面团的流变学性能、面条的拉伸性能、弯曲断条率、蒸煮断务率、吸水率、溶出率及面条的感官品质等的影响,探讨了氧化淀粉对面条品质影响的机理。     

小麦面粉对油炸型方便面感官品质的影响

以同一厂家不同产品不同批次的方便面生产专用面粉和相应的成品为研究对象,测定面粉的总淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量、降落值以及面粉的糊化特性、方便面的TPA 实验指标和感官品质等指标,并对其相关性进行分析,探讨面粉各指标对方便面感官品质的影响。结果表明：降落值和直链淀粉与起始糊化温度呈极显著正相关,与峰值黏度和方便面的各个感官指标呈极显著负相关;总淀粉含量与各个感官指标成极显著正相关。因此面粉中直链淀粉含量和降落值较低、总淀粉含量较高的时候,方便面成品感官品质较好。     

Effect of Potato Starch Properties on Instant Noodle Quality in Wheat Flour and Potato Starch Blends

The properties of potato starch and their effect on the quality of Chinese‐style alkaline instant noodles made from wheat flour and potato starch blends were investigated. Starches were extracted from nine potato cultivars, and the phosphorus content of these starches was analyzed together with the median granule size and pasting and gelatinization properties. Instant noodles were manufactured using mixtures of wheat flour and these potato starches. A Rheoner instrument was used to evaluate three textural parameters, namely, the breaking force (BF), breaking energy (BE), and ratio of the breaking force to the breaking deformation (BF/BD), of instant noodles cooked by immersing into boiling water for 3 and 7 min. The phosphorus content, peak viscosity, and breakdown were significantly and positively correlated with the BF of the noodles cooked for 3 min and did not significantly correlate with that of those cooked for 7 min. Other quality parameters of potato starch did not affect the BF significantly. Other textural parameters of instant noodle quality, such as the BE and BF/BD, did not significantly correlate with any of the quality parameters of potato starch. The findings obtained with the use of wheat flour and potato starch blends suggest that phosphate, which is thought to enhance starch viscosity of potato starch, is important for making instant noodles with favorable texture in hardness.     

Effect of deproteinization on degree of oxidation of ozonated starch

Effects of deproteinization on the degree of oxidation of ozonated starch (corn, sago, and tapioca) were investigated. Starch in dry powder form was exposed to ozone for 10 min at different ozone generation times (OGTs: 1, 3, 5, 10 min), and then native starches (NS) and deproteinized starches (DPS) were analyzed for protein content. Deproteinization caused a significant reduction in protein content for corn (∼21%) and sago (∼16%) starches relative to NS. Carbonyl and carboxyl contents increased significantly in all ozonated deproteinized starches (ODPS) with increasing OGT. Carbonyl and carboxyl contents of ODPS ranged from 0.03 to 0.13% and 0.14 to 0.28%, respectively. The carboxyl content for all ODPS was significantly higher than that of ozonated native starches (ONS). A Rapid Visco Analyser was used to analyze pasting properties of all starches. Deproteinization increased the pasting viscosities of corn and sago starches compared to their native forms. Generally, pasting viscosity of all ODPS decreased drastically as OGT increased. At the highest oxidation level (10 min OGT), all ODPS exhibited the lowest pasting viscosities compared to their ozonated native form, except for peak viscosity, breakdown viscosity, and setback viscosity for ozonated deproteinized corn starch. In conclusion, deproteinization as a pretreatment prior to starch ozonation successfully increased the degree of oxidation in the three types of starch studied. However, the extent of starch oxidation varied among the different starches, possibly due to differences in rates of degradation on amorphous and crystalline lamellae and in rates of oxidation of carbonyl and carboxyl groups.