Strain rate sensitivity of a high strain rate superplastic TiNp/2014 Al composite

The effects of deformation temperature and strain in hot rolling deformation on strain rate sensitivity of the TiN_p/2014 Al composite were studied by tensile tests conducted out at 773, 798, 818 and 838 K with the strain rates from 1.7 ×10^?3 to 1.7 × 10⁰ s^?1. It is shown that the curves of m value of the TiN_p/2014Al composite deformed at different temperatures can be divided into two stages with the variation of strain rate, and the critical strain rates are 10^?1 s^?1. The optimum deformation temperature of the TiN_p/2014 Al composite is near incipient melting temperature of 816 K and the optimum strain rate is a little higher than the critical strain rate. The effect of deformation temperature on strain rate sensitivity is relative to liquid phase helper accommodation. The effect of strain in hot rolling deformation on strain rate sensitivity attributes to change of microstructure and deformation mechanism.     

Assessment of austenite static recrystallization and grain size evolution during multipass hot rolling of a niobium-microalloyed steel

Double-deformation isothermal tests and multipass continuous-cooling hot torsion tests were used to study the evolution of austenite microstructures during isothermal and non-isothermal hot deformation of an Nb microalloyed steel. These tests, coupled with microstructural characterization, have verified that the no-recrystallization temperature (T _nr ) corresponds roughly to the temperature where recrystallization starts to be incomplete during rolling. An accurate method to estimate the recrystallized fraction during hot rolling based on stress-strain data, and which does not require metallographic studies, is proposed. The results of this method have been successfully compared to metallographic measurements, the values of non-isothermal fractional softening and the accumulated stress measured in the plots of mean flow stress (MFS) versus the inverse of temperature. A remarkable austenite grain refinement occurs in the first hot rolling passes after reheating. The correlation of isothermal and continuous cooling tests is better understood if the effect of grain size on recrystallization and precipitation is taken into account.     

Investigations on processing powder metallurgical high-Nb TiAl alloy sheets

In this work, high Nb-containing TiAl alloy sheets were hot rolled starting from powder metallurgical billets. The prealloyed powder prepared by the plasma rotation electrode process (PREP) was characterized. Results show that there are two typical morphologies of powders: martensitic (M) and dendritic (D) powders, which are formed due to different local cooling conditions. The two PREPed powders lead to the formation of different microstructures in HIPing. The coarse D powder will introduce defects, such as residual primary particle boundaries and interfacial porosity in the as-HIPed microstructures. The deformation behavior of PM high-Nb TiAl alloys largely depends on γ phase. Besides the dynamic recrystallization and the superplastic deformation, due to the large amount of the γ phase in PM high-Nb TiAl alloy and the high rolling rate, the mechanical twinning in γ phase plays a critical role in the hot rolling process. The mechanical properties of high-Nb TiAl alloys can be significantly improved by the hot rolling, through the refinement of microstructures and the elimination of primary particle boundaries. However, a large deformation may introduce defects and coarsened microstructures, and thus 60% deformation may be suitable for the purpose of improving mechanical properties.     

钛铝复合板热加工图及热轧实验

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机进行高温等温压缩实验,研究了爆炸焊接钛铝复合板在变形温度为300~500 ℃、应变速率为0.1~10 s^-1条件下的热变形行为,利用动态材料模型构建了钛铝复合板热加工图,并基于热加工图进行了钛铝复合板热轧工艺验证实验。结果表明：钛铝复合板属于正应变速率敏感材料;在热加工图中变形温度为420~460 ℃、应变速率为1.6~6.3 s^-1时,功率耗散效率达到0.64~0.72,该区域对应的工艺参数适合进行钛铝复合板热轧;热轧后实验板材界面结合良好,具有良好的力学性能和钣金成形性能。钛铝复合板在热轧过程中的变形机制为：变形抗力低、流动快的铝层在自身发生塑性变形的同时牵引着钛层一起发生塑性变形,其中铝层是热变形,钛层为冷变形。     

35% SiC_p/2024A1复合材料的热变形行为(英文)

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机,对35%SiCp/2024A1复合材料在温度350~500°C、应变速率0.01~10s-1的条件下进行热压缩试验,研究该复合材料的热变形行为与热加工特征,建立热变形本构方程和加工图。结果表明,35%SiCp/2024A1复合材料的流变应力随着温度的升高而降低,随着应变速率的增大而升高,说明该复合材料是正应变速率敏感材料,其热压缩变形时的流变应力可采用Zener-Hollomon参数的双曲正弦形式来描述;在本实验条件下平均热变形激活能为225.4 kJ/mol。为了证实其潜在的可加工性,对加工图中的稳定区和失稳区进行标识,并通过微观组织得到验证。综合考虑热加工图和显微组织,得到变形温度500°C、应变速率0.1~1 s-1是复合材料适宜的热变形条件。     

Characterization of hot deformation behavior of as-forged TiAl alloy

The deformation behavior of as-forged Ti–43Al–9V–Y alloy was investigated by hot compression tests in the temperature range of 1100–1225 °C and strain rate range of 0.01–0.5 s⁻¹. The results show that the alloy exhibits negative temperature sensitivity and positive strain rate sensitivity. The stress exponent (n = 3.02) and the apparent activation energy (Q = 342.27 kJ/mol) of the present alloy are lower than that of previous reported TiAl alloys, which suggests that the as-forged Ti–43Al–9V–Y alloy exhibits better deformability at low temperatures and high strain rates. A processing map for hot working was developed on the basis of a dynamic material model. The deformation mechanisms were analyzed by the processing map. The optimum processing condition at the strain of 0.6 is 1180–1210 °C/0.01–0.05 s⁻¹. A crack-free Ti–43Al–9V–Y sheet was prepared by hot rolling at these optimized parameters. EBSD results show that dynamic recrystallization is more likely to occur for γ phase.     

Texture evolution of the γ- and the α/α2-phase during hot rolling of γ-TiAl based alloys

Multiple hot rolling experiments were performed in the upper area of the α+γ phase field of the γ-TiAl based alloy Ti46Al9Nb (in atomic percent). The texture evolution for both the γ- and the α/α₂-phase has been investigated by X-ray diffraction. In the γ-phase textures comparable to those known from fcc-metals evolve. The texture components and fibers were separated and described with respect to the lower symmetry of the L1₀-structure. Computer simulations of the deformation texture evolution allow to attribute specific texture components to the predominant activity of ordinary dislocations, super dislocations and twinning, respectively. The accompanying recrystallization appears to be orientation dependent. In the α/α₂-phase transversal and basal type textures similar to those found after hot rolling of two-phase titanium based alloys have been identified. Based on the literature about titanium-based alloys specific orientations were correlated with characteristic slip activity. The underlying mechanisms of texture evolution and orientation dependent recrystallization are discussed for both phases.     

Dynamic Recrystallization Kinetics and Microstructural Evolution for LZ50 Steel During Hot Deformation

The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) behavior of LZ50 steel was investigated using hot compression tests at a deformation temperature of 870-1170 °C and a strain rate of 0.05-3 s^?1. The effects of deformation temperature, strain, strain rate, and initial austenite grain size on the microstructural evolution during DRX were studied in detail. The austenite grain size of DRX was refined with increasing strain rate and decreasing temperature, whereas the initial grain size had no influence on DRX grain size. A model based on the Avrami equation was proposed to estimate the kinetics of the DRX under different deformation conditions. A DRX map, which was derived from the DRX kinetics, the recrystallized microstructure, and the flow stress analysis, can be used to identify optimal deformation conditions. The initiation of DRX was lower than Z _c (critical Zener-Hollomon parameter) and higher than ε_c (critical strain). The relationship between the DRX microstructure and the Z parameter was analyzed. Fine DRX grain sizes can be achieved with a moderate Z value, which can be used to identify suitable deformation parameters.     

Effects of rolling deformation on microstructure and mechanical properties of network structured TiBw/Ti composites

TiB whiskers reinforced pure Ti (TiB_w/Ti) composites with a novel network microstructure were successfully fabricated by reaction hot pressing (RHP). TiB whiskers are in situ synthesized around the large pure Ti matrix particles, and subsequently formed into TiB_w network structure. The novel TiB_w/Ti composites with a network microstructure exhibit a superior combination of mechanical properties. In order to further improve the mechanical properties and guide the subsequent plastic forming, the rolling deformation behavior of the novel composites was investigated. The results show that the strength of the novel TiB_w/Ti composites can be effectively enhanced by rolling deformation due to the matrix deformation strengthening effect, and increased with increasing the rolling reduction. The strength of 8.5%TiB_w/Ti (volume fraction) composite is significantly increased from 842 MPa to 1030 MPa by rolling deformation. It is certain that the TiB whiskers are gradually broken with increasing the rolling reduction, which is harmful to the mechanical properties of the composites.     

Variations in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the oxide layer on high speed steel hot rolling work rolls

This paper is part of a larger study to understand the wear of hot rolling rolls. A significant cost of the hot rolling process is associated with the consumption of rolls, which is why a comprehensive understanding of the wear of the roll material is important. Given that the surface of the rolls is covered by an oxide layer, it is important to know the tribological and mechanical properties of the oxides. Research in this area concentrates mainly on the morphologies and microstructures of the oxide layers. Previously published works give very little, if any, information of the mechanical properties of the layers on high speed steel. This paper presents a methodology to study the mechanical properties of the oxide layer formed on the surface of a high speed steel roll using combined nanoindentation tests and finite element simulations. Mechanical properties such as the elastic modulus (E), hardness (H), yield strength (σ_y), and Poisson's ratio (ν), have been determined, and the work has revealed a variation of microstructure, porosity (f), and mechanical properties of the oxide layer across its thickness. The outer sub-layer has a higher E and H than the inner sub-layer. This variation of mechanical properties in the oxide layer was consistent with variations in the porosity and grain sizes in the two sub-layers.     

热加工对电子束焊接TC11/Ti2AlNb双合金接头组织和性能的影响（英文）

研究热加工对电子束焊接TC11/Ti2Al Nb双合金接头显微组织的影响,对焊接件热暴露前后的室温拉伸性能进行测试。结果表明:电子束焊接TC11/Ti2Al Nb双合金熔合区主要由β相组成;经过变形和热处理后,熔合区主要由β、α2和α相组成,同时原始铸态的晶界在变形过程中破碎。在拉伸试验中,熔合区是薄弱区域;在不同的变形条件下,试样(热暴露前后)在此区域发生断裂。热处理后试样的最大室温拉伸强度达到1190 MPa;锻后水冷试样具有较好的塑性,其伸长率达到4.4%。相比较而言,经过(500°C,100 h)的热暴露后,试样的室温拉伸强度略有上升,但塑性变化较小。拉伸断口SEM观察显示,在不同变形条件下穿晶断裂为主要的断裂机制。     

Notch effect on the tensile properties of cold-rolled Ni3Al foils

Notch effect on the tensile properties of the Ni₃Al foils has been investigated as a function of notch geometry and foil’s thickness. Tensile tests along the rolling direction (RD) and the transverse direction (TD) showed that notch weakening occurred with introduce of a notch. Plastic deformation was observed locally at notch root and the effective stress concentration factor (k_e) was much lower than the theoretical stress concentration factor (K_t). Contrary to the anisotropy in fracture stress along the RD and the TD, k_e fell on the same curve. Crack initiation mechanism was different between two tensile directions, that is, cracks initiated along the shear band in the RD tension, while cracks initiated homogenously on the slip planes in the TD tension.     

析出相对AZ91镁合金热轧板组织及边裂行为的影响

采用光学显微镜(OM)、配有能谱(EDS)的场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、室温拉伸试验等研究了析出相对AZ91镁合金在不同变形量和道次轧制后的微观组织、变形机制及边裂行为的影响。结果表明:对铸态AZ91镁合金而言,小压下量、多道次轧制可减少边部裂纹的产生,提高轧制成形能力;在轧制变形过程中,析出相由片层状向球状颗粒转变,且粒度更小,球状颗粒状第二相在轧制变形过程中可以通过促进孪晶细化和动态再结晶,从而有利于抑制裂纹的萌生;热轧后室温拉伸断口呈现较强的沿晶断裂特征,微裂纹主要分布在Mg/Mg_(17)Al_(12)相界面结合处及较粗大的第二相附近。在拉伸变形过程中,球状析出相颗粒可能成为微裂纹萌生的源头之一,微裂纹进一步扩展并形成宏观裂纹。     

Recrystallization in hot vs cold deformed commercial aluminum: a microstructure path comparison

Static, isothermal recrystallization at a temperature of 400 °C was studied by means of quantitative microscopy in a well-characterized, commercial purity aluminum-alloy AA1050 that had undergone plane strain deformation at 400 °C at a strain rate of 2.5 s⁻¹ to an equivalent strain of 2. The microstructural properties, V_v, the volume fraction recrystallized, S_v, the interfacial area density separating recrystallizing grains from deformed volumes and <λ>, the mean recrystallized grain free length, were all measured stereologically as a function of time and the reaction kinetics, microstructural path, grain boundary migration rates and nucleation characteristics of the recrystallization were quantified experimentally. The results are compared to a recently published study of recrystallization in the identical pre-deformation starting material but after room temperature deformation by rolling to a comparable strain. Recrystallization kinetics differences between the two materials include: the hot deformed material had a higher, by at least 120 °C, recrystallization temperature; had many fewer recrystallization nuclei leading to a factor of about three larger as-recrystallized grain size; lacked a Cahn-Hagel growth rate transient like the cold deformed exhibited; and required a slightly different impingement model for the microstructural path analysis. In both cases particle stimulated nucleation (PSN) was thought to be operative but it seemed to be much more potent after cold deformation.     

Structural transformations in hull material clad by nitrogen stainless steel using various methods

Specimens of a 10N3KhDMBF shipbuilding hull steel were clad by a 04Kh20N6G11M2AFB nitrogen austenitic steel using various treatment conditions, which included hot rolling, austenitic facing, and explosive welding followed by hot rolling and heat treatment. Between the base and cladding materials, an intermediate layer with variable concentrations of chromium, manganese, and nickel was found, in which a martensitic structure was formed. In all the cases, the strength of bonding of the cladding layer to the hull steel (determined in tests for shear to fracture) was fairly high (σ_sh = 437–520 MPa). The only exception was the specimen produced by unidirectional facing without subsequent hot rolling (σ_sh = 308 MPa), in which nonfusions between the faced beads of stainless steel were detected.     

Application of mathematical modeling in two-stage rolling of hot rolled wire rods

The no-recrystallization temperature (T_nr) is an important parameter in the design of two-stage rolling schedule to obtain finer grain size. T_nr was obtained both by continuous cooling compression testing and tension-compression testing. However, due to the limitations of experimental installation, both compressing testing and tension-compression testing have a scaling down of practical pass strain and strain rate in rolling mill. The mathematical model that calculates mean flow stress (MFS) can eliminate these limitations and the pass strain and strain applied in mathematical model are approximately equal to the mean value of that in wire-rod rolling mill. Therefore, mathematical calculation is a new method to determine T_nr and the predicted T_nr is similar to experimental results. Due to the high strain rate and short interpass time at the finishing strain of wire rods mills, mathematical modeling is also an effective method to simulate microstructure-evolution in wire rods rolling. An expert system was established to study the microstructure evolution in two-stage rolling through the obtained dynamic recrystallization (DRX) model combined with metadynamic recrystallization (MRX) and static recrystallization (SRX) model in literature. In the present work, it is simplified that the complete metadynamic recrystallization (MRX) is achieved when strain for deformation exceeds critical strain ɛ_c. It was found that strain accumulation played an important role in finishing rolling. The recrystallization behavior during finishing rolling stage was repeated by static and dynamic model. The predicted austenite grain size and mean flow stress at each pass are expected to provide guidance for appropriate rolling schedule design.     

Homogeneous deformation of Ti41.5Cu37.5Ni7.5Zr2.5Hf5Sn5Si1 bulk metallic glass in the supercooled liquid region

The homogeneous deformation behavior of Ti_41.5Cu_37.5Ni_7.5Zr_2.5Hf₅Sn₅Si₁ BMG has been investigated by compression tests. The results show that its high-temperature deformation behavior is strongly dependent on strain rate and temperature, and there exists a transition from non-Newtonian flow to Newtonian flow with decrease in strain rate, which can be explained based on the transition state theory. In addition, this alloy can reach a large compressive strain than 0.8 at high strain rate; however the much higher flow stress and lower value of S parameter compared with typical BMGs indicates its worse formability in the SLR. A beneficial domain (temperature and strain rate) for optimum hot workability of this alloy has been roughly located by constructing the power dissipation efficiency map, where the power dissipation efficiency is larger than 0.8.     

压下量对WE43镁合金变形机理和孪生行为的影响（英文）

研究最后一道次压下量对铸态WE43镁合金在480℃直接热轧过程中位错滑移和孪生行为的影响。结果表明,在480℃轧制时柱面滑移始终是主要的滑移模式。另外,不同压下量下激活的孪生类型不同。较小的压下量(2%)下激活的主要是{■}拉伸孪生,而在较大的压下量(12%和20%)下激活的主要是{■}压缩孪生和■二次孪生。Schmid因子计算表明,{■}孪晶变体选择遵循Schmid定律,而{■}孪晶变体选择不遵循Schmid定律。即使单道次压下量达到20%也几乎没有发现动态再结晶晶粒,这可能是因为没有达到动态再结晶所需要的变形量。     

应用本构模型和神经网络模型预测铝/镁基纳米复合材料的高温流变行为(英文)

为了预测Al/Mg基纳米复合材料的高温流变行为,在不同的应变速率(0.01-1.0s-)和温度(523,623和1723K)的条件下进行热压缩试验,利用所得到的应力-应变数据,开发了本构模型,比如一般流动方程。阿累尼乌斯双曲模型、Johnson-Cook(JC)和改性的Zerilli-Armstrong(ZA)模型及人工神经网络(ANN)模型。通过使用统计参数,例如均方根误差(RMSE)、回归系数(R2)、平均相对误差(MRE)和分散指数(Is),比较了人工神经网络和不同的本构模型。结果表明,人工神经网络模型对AA5083-2%TiC复合材料的热变形流动应力的评估准确性更高。     

Constitutive modeling of hot deformation behavior of X20Cr13 martensitic stainless steel with strain effect

Hot deformation behavior of X20Cr13 martensitic stainless steel was investigated by conducting hot compression tests on Gleeble–1500D thermo-mechanical simulator at the temperature ranging from 1173 to 1423 K and the strain rate ranging from 0.001 to 10 s^?1. The material constants of α and n, activation energy Q and A were calculated as a function of strain by a fifth-order polynomial fit. Constitutive models incorporating deformation temperature, strain rate and strain were developed to model the hot deformation behavior of X20Cr13 martensitic stainless steel based on the Arrhenius equation. The predictable efficiency of the developed constitutive models of X20Cr13 martensitic stainless steel was analyzed by correlation coefficient and average absolute relative error which are 0.996 and 3.22%, respectively.