低合金高强度钢焊缝金属中针状铁素体的微观组织

利用光学显微镜,扫描电子显微镜及EBSD(electron backscattering diffraction)分析技术对800MPa级低碳微合金高强度钢的焊缝金属进行了分析.结果表明,焊缝金属组织主要为针状铁素体和贝氏体.针状铁素体以夹杂物为核心形核,该夹杂物主要是以Al2O3为核心形成的钛氧化物.针状铁素体以夹杂物为核心多维形核呈放射状生长,仅某些方向的针状铁素体晶核迅速长大,生长方向存在取向择优.EBSD分析同样表明针状铁素体晶粒存在取向择优.观察到由同一夹杂物生长,沿同一直线方向背向生长的针状铁素体取向相同,沿不同方向生长的针状铁素体取向不同,说明其沿原奥氏体惯习面生长,并非与夹杂物共格.     

回火温度对1100 MPa钢组织和性能的影响

采用低碳+Nb、Ti、B、Cr、Mo、Ni成分体系,利用SEM、TEM等研究不同回火温度下试验钢的组织和力学性能变化。结果表明:220 ℃回火,马氏体发生分解,马氏体板条束变粗,束内板条逐渐合并,残留奥氏体逐渐分解,位错密度大幅度下降,淬火带来的内应力得到释放,试验钢具有最佳的综合力学性能。300 ℃回火,碳化物在奥氏体晶界或回火马氏体板条间大量聚集、长大,降低了晶界、板条间的结合力,出现了回火脆性。     

低碳微合金钢微细板条状组织在单向拉伸中的反常转动

采用光学与电子显微术研究了一种低碳微合金钢中充分细化的板条贝氏体组织的室温变形行为，分析了拉伸变形样品中未变形区、均匀变形区与缩颈区的组织形态差别．实验表明：未变形区与均匀变形区中各束板条的空间取向(板条长轴的指向)基本是随机的；但在缩颈区，所有板条接近平行于拉伸轴向，说明某些板条在拉伸过程中发生了大角度的转动，这一现象不能单由晶体学得到解释．通过与另外两组不同组织形态样品的对照比较，发现板条转动程度与板条长度以及长宽比密切相关,据此提出板条界面阻碍位错运动导致可动滑移系的自然选择与板条连续转动的机制．     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

回火温度对高强度低碳贝氏体钢组织与性能的影响

利用金相、透射电子显微镜研究了不同回火温度对一种低碳Mn-Mo-Ni-Cu-Cr贝氏体钢的显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢回火后组织变化明显,M/A组元弱化,贝氏体板条出现粗化与合并;板条间界呈锯齿状,原有析出相长大且有细小析出相进一步析出,未被析出相钉扎的位错发生运动并消失;随着回火温度提高,材料的屈服强度增大,抗拉强度和韧性降低。     

17CrNiMo6钢中板条马氏体的形态与晶体学分析

利用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术和TEM分析方法研究了17CrNiMo6钢中一个形态上的packet内的板条马氏体的形态与晶体学特征.叙述了马氏体K-S关系的晶体学分析方法.结果表明:虽然真实马氏体取向与理想K-S关系有一定的分散,但是packet内6种变量符合K-S关系,6种K-S关系的变量之间有特定的结合.     

Austenite to bainite phase transformation in the heat-affected zone of a high strength low alloy steel

The austenite to bainite phase transformation was investigated in a low alloy structural steel after simulated welding heat treatment, by means of light microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Upper bainite packets result from the growth of groups of laths having close crystallographic orientations but highly misoriented habit planes. Self-accommodation of the transformation eigenstrain was evaluated for various bainite configurations using a micromechanical model. The observed pairs of variants seem to help limiting plastic strain in the austenite phase, thus enhancing growth of the bainite phase during cooling.     

铸造Fe-B-G合金组织和性能的基础研究

借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针显微分析仪和X衍射分析等手段,研究了含1.5%～2.0%B、0.4%～0.7%C的铸造Fe-B-C合金的凝固组织及合金元素的分布规律,并测试了铸造Fe-B-C合金的力学性能.结果显示铸造Fe-B-C合金的凝固组织主要由珠光体、马氏体、铁素体和高硬度的Fe2B组成,硼元素主要分布在硼化物中,基体中分布甚微.铸造Fe-B-C合金正火处理后可以获得马氏体加Fe2B组成的双相组织,硬度大于60HRC,冲击韧性大于8 J/cm2.     

A novel thermomechanical approach to produce a fine ferrite and low-temperature bainitic composite microstructure

A novel thermomechanical processing was developed in the present study to produce a unique microstructure consisting of fine ferrite grains (i.e. ～4 μm on average) and low-temperature bainite in a relatively low-carbon steel with a modest hardenability. The thermomechanical route consisted of warm deformation of supercooled austenite followed by reheating in the ferrite region and then cooling to the bainitic transformation regime (i.e. 400–200 °C). The low-temperature bainite consisted of high dislocation density bainitic laths and very fine retained austenite films. This microstructure offered a high work hardening rate leading to a unique combination of ultimate tensile strength and elongation. This was due to the presence of ductile fine ferrite grains and hard low-temperature bainitic ferrite laths with retained austenite films. The microstructural characteristics of bainite were studied using optical microscopy in conjunction with scanning and transmission electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction and atom probe tomography techniques.     

Fe-C-Cr-V高铬堆焊合金的M7C3型碳化物及耐磨性

采用药芯焊丝埋弧堆焊方法制备含有0.9%~3.0%C,15%~20%Cr,2.0%~3.0%V的高铬合金.借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射等手段,研究其显微组织及碳化物分布形貌.结果表明,其显微组织由马氏体+铁素体+奥氏体+初生M7C3+(Fe,Cr)3C+TiC等相组成.通过优化药芯焊丝组份及调整堆焊速度,获得了沿堆焊表面垂直方向定向分布的初生M7C3型碳化物,电子能谱分析显示该碳化物为(Fe,Cr,V)7C3.此外,考察了碳含量对高铬堆焊合金硬度及耐磨粒磨损性能的影响.表明其耐磨性优良,其中15~25μm M7C3型初生碳化物颗粒有效阻碍磨粒的显微切削运动,显著改善了耐磨性.     

Heterogeneous Microstructure-Induced Mechanical Responses in Various Sub-Zones of EH420 Shipbuilding Steel Welded Joint Under High Heat Input Electro-Gas Welding

Heterogeneous microstructure-induced mechanical responses in EH420 shipbuilding steel welded joint by electro-gas welding processed have been systematically studied by scanning electron microscopy,electron backscatter diffraction and mechanical testing.Comparing with the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ),the weld metal presents higher toughness (129.3 J vs.37.3 J) as it contains a large number of acicular ferrites with high-angle grain boundaries (frequency 79.2％) and special grain boundary Σ3 (frequency 55.3％).Moreover,coarse austenite grains in CGHAZ and slender martensite-austenite constituents between bainite laths may likely facilitate crack propagation.Polygonal ferrites and tempered pearlites formed at the junction of the fine-grained heat-affected zone and the intercritical heat-affected zone induced a softened zone with an average hardness of 185 HV0.5,which is the main reason for the occurrence of tensile fracture.     

脉冲激光沉积WSx/a-C复合薄膜的结构与摩擦学性能

采用脉冲激光烧蚀石墨/WS₂组合靶,在硅基片上沉积不同碳质量分数的WSx/a-C复合膜。用能谱仪、扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪对薄膜的成分、形貌和微观组织进行了表征。采用纳米压痕仪、涂层附着力划痕仪和球-盘式摩擦磨损试验机对薄膜的硬度、结合力和大气中(相对湿度50~55%)的摩擦学性能进行了测试。结果表明,薄膜的S/W比稳定在2.0左右且形成了(002)择优取向的WS₂相。随着薄膜中碳质量分数的增加,薄膜的硬度在36.1%C时出现最高值,结合力随之增大且在52.4%C时达到最高值,摩擦因数先降低后增加,在41.2%C时有最小值0.144。薄膜磨损率在(0.91~1.61)×10_-15 m₃N_-1m_-1范围内变化,36.1%C的WSx/a-C复合膜具有最佳耐磨性能。     

Si（111）衬底上生长GaN晶环的研究

利用热壁化学气相沉积在Si(111)衬底上获得GaN晶环，采用扫描电镜(SEM)、选择区电子衍射(SAED)、X射线衍射(XRD)，光致发光(PL)谱和傅里叶红外吸收谱(FTIR)对晶环的组成、结构、形貌和光学特性进行分析。初步结果证明：在Si(111)衬底上获得择优生长的六方纤锌矿结构的GaN晶环。SEM显示在均匀的薄膜上出现直径约为10μm的5品环，由XRD和SAED的分析证实晶环呈六方纤矿多晶结构，FTIR显示GaN薄膜的主要成分为GaN，同时含有少量的C污染，PL测试表明晶环呈现不同于GaN薄膜的发光特性。     

Application of image processing techniques for analysis of nano- and micro-spaces in carbon materials

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is one of the most useful methods to clarify the structure in carbon materials. We developed quantitative analysis methods for the texture and structure of carbon materials containing the micro- and nano-spaces by using electron microscopy combined with image processing technique. The relations between phase transfer functions and TEM images of amorphous carbon films which consist of random arrangement of carbon layers were investigated using image processing. The similar patterns as the laser diffraction are obtained by the two-dimensional (2D) fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the digitized TEM images. The details of frequency distribution can be analyzed by integration around the central point of the power spectrum images. We applied this new technique to the study of microtexture and structure of graphite intercalation compounds (GICs). As a result of application of the frequency analysis using 2D FFT to the CuCl₂-GIC, a characteristic power spectrum pattern called streak, which was similar to the electron diffraction pattern, was obtained. The images corresponding to the specific frequencies were reconstructed by 2D inverse FFT (IFFT). The stage structure of CuCl₂-GICs was discussed by using this technique.     

Fe-Cr-B-C堆焊合金的显微组织及耐磨性

采用药芯焊丝埋弧堆焊方法制备含有C0.5%～0.7%,Cr9%～12%,B0%～2.25%(质量分数)的堆焊合金。借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射和微区EDS分析等手段研究其显微组织及分布形貌。结果表明,其显微组织由铁素体+奥氏体+马氏体+硼化物((Fe,Cr)2B,(Fe,Cr)23(C,B)6,(Fe,Cr)B和(Fe,Cr)3(B,C))等组成,硼化物呈条状、菊花状、块状甚至蜂窝状等形态,不同硼化物数量及其分布形态随硼含量而改变,其中最为典型是(Fe,Cr)23(C,B)6呈菊花状并聚集分布。另外,考察了硼含量对Fe-10Cr-xB-0.6C堆焊合金硬度及耐磨性的影响,耐磨粒磨损试验结果表明,高硼堆焊合金的磨损性优良,当聚集分布的硼化物数量过多,磨粒压入基体及其显微切削运动受到硼化物的有效阻碍,但部分硼化物脱落留下的空洞使其压入切削变易,这使得硼化物与基体的界面结合强度成为影响其耐磨性的一个重要甚至主导因素。     

Correlation between the crystallography and morphology of proeutectoid Widmanstätten cementite precipitates

Electron backscatter diffraction was used in conjunction with deep etching to examine the relationship between the crystallography and three-dimensional morphology of cementite precipitates in an Fe–1.34 wt% C–13.1 wt% Mn steel. Orientation relationships (ORs) between more than 200 proeutectoid Widmanstätten cementite precipitates and the surrounding austenite were determined to be on or very near either the well-known Pitsch OR or the Farooque–Edmonds OR. Scanning electron microscopy of the same specimens after deep etching was used to determine the three-dimensional morphology of each of the precipitates for which an OR was determined. These precipitates could be identified as either monolithic plates or conglomerates of laths. Results show that monolithic plates consistently exhibit the Pitsch OR and conglomerates of laths have the Farooque–Edmonds OR, indicating that the precipitate morphologies are dictated by their orientation relationships.     

Microstructure and tribological properties of laser clad Ti2Ni3Si/NiTi intermetallic coatings

Wear resistant Ti₂Ni₃Si/NiTi full intermetallic composite coatings with a microstructure consisting of ternary metal silicide Ti₂Ni₃Si primary dendrites and interdendritic Ti₂Ni₃Si/NiTi eutectic were fabricated on a substrate of 0.2%C low carbon steel by the laser cladding process using Ti-Ni-Si alloy powders as the precursor materials. Microstructure of the coatings was characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS). Wear resistance of the laser clad Ti₂Ni₃Si/NiTi intermetallic coatings was evaluated under dry sliding wear test conditions at room temperature. Results indicate that the Ti₂Ni₃Si/NiTi intermetallic coatings have excellent abrasive and adhesive wear resistance under dry sliding wear test conditions because of the unique combination of high yield strength and toughness of the intermetallic compound NiTi and the high hardness, strong covalent dominant atomic bonds and possible strong hardness anomaly of the ternary metal silicide Ti₂Ni₃Si with MgZn₂ type Laves crystal structure.     

Fe-C-Mn-Si钢中奥氏体共格孪晶界对贝氏体铁素体变体选择的影响

将C含量(质量分数)分别为0.05%和0.4%的Fe-C-Mn-Si钢进行等温处理得到贝氏体组织,采用EBSD技术对奥氏体共格孪晶界上形成的贝氏体铁素体变体进行分析.结果表明,2种钢中的贝氏体铁素体与母相奥氏体均成近似K-S取向关系.奥氏体孪晶界两侧形成取向相同的变体对.此变体对形成后,孪晶界基本不再显现.晶体学分析表明,共格孪晶界两侧可能出现的变体对最多不超过3组,且这3组变体对的惯习面均与孪晶界平行,因此,贝氏体铁素体变体都将沿孪晶界生长.含C量为0.05%的Fe-C-Mn-Si钢中奥氏体孪晶界上只观察到一组贝氏体铁素体变体对的形成,这是因为C含量较低,贝氏体铁素体生长速度较快,消除了其它变体对的形核机会,先形核的变体对一旦形核就迅速覆盖整个孪晶面.而在含C量为0.4%的Fe C Mn-Si钢中,由于C含量较高,贝氏体铁素体生长速度较慢,3组变体对均有机会形核,因此,在孪晶界上可以观察到这3组变体对同时出现.     

Effects of Ausforming Procedure and Following Annealing Treatment on Microstructural Characteristics in Cobalt

The effects of ausforming procedure and subsequent annealing treatments on microstructures of cobalt(Co)samples are investigated by electron channeling contrast and electron backscatter diffraction techniques. Results show that the ausformed Co samples consist of coarsen blocky laths(single ε phase) with the irregular morphology and the ultra-fine acicular laths(dual phase: γ and ε) with the slender and rectangular morphologies. As compared to the slight reduction sample, the much denser acicular laths are observed in the heavily ausformed sample. In addition, recrystallization behavior and annealing-induced γ→ε transformation have occurred in ausformed Co samples during the annealing treatment.     

Fe-C-Mn-Si钢中奥氏体共格孪晶界对贝氏体铁素体变体选择的影响

将C含量(质量分数)分别为0.05%和0.4%的Fe-C-Mn-Si钢进行等温处理得到贝氏体组织,采用EBSD技术对奥氏体共格孪晶界上形成的贝氏体铁素体变体进行分析.结果表明,2种钢中的贝氏体铁素体与母相奥氏体均成近似K-S取向关系.奥氏体孪晶界两侧形成取向相同的变体对.此变体对形成后,孪晶界基本不再显现.晶体学分析表明,共格孪晶界两侧可能出现的变体对最多不超过3组,且这3组变体对的惯习面均与孪晶界平行,因此,贝氏体铁素体变体都将沿孪晶界生长.含C量为0.05%的Fe-C-Mn-Si钢中奥氏体孪晶界上只观察到一组贝氏体铁素体变体对的形成,这是因为C含量较低,贝氏体铁素体生长速度较快,消除了其它变体对的形核机会,先形核的变体对一旦形核就迅速覆盖整个孪晶面.而在含C量为0.4%的Fe-C-Mn-Si钢中,由于C含量较高,贝氏体铁素体生长速度较慢,3组变体对均有机会形核,因此,在孪晶界上可以观察到这3组变体对同时出现.