Purification and some properties of a chitinase from Xanthomonas sp. strain AK

Chitinase B (ChiB) was purified from the culture supernatant of Xanthomonas sp. strain AK by Phenyl-Toyopearl 650M and DEAE-Toyopearl 650M column chromatographies. The purified enzyme preparation gave a single band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the molecular weight of ChiB was estimated to be 48,000. The enzyme was optimally active at pH 6.0 and 60 degrees C. N-Terminal amino acid sequence analysis suggested that ChiB is a member of glycosyl hydrolase family 18 and that it is genetically different from ChiA recently reported (Sakka et al., J. Ferment. Bioeng., 86, 527-533, 1998). Immunological analysis suggested that ChiB was the major chitinase species in the culture supernatant of Xanthomonas sp. strain AK and that production of the enzyme was induced by the presence of chitin.     

A thermostable chitinase with chitin-binding activity from Phaseolus limensis

ABSTRACT:  A 28.6-kDa chitinase with chitin-binding activity was isolated from the large lima bean ( Phaseolus limensis ) seeds. The procedure entailed extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on SP-Toyopearl. There was an almost 108-fold increase in specific activity of the purified chitinase compared with that of the crude extract. The enzyme exhibited a pI of 7.8 by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis. The optimum pH and the optimum temperature for activity toward N-acetyld-glucosamine were 5.4 and 40 to 50 °C, respectively. The enzyme was stable up to 55 °C. It exerted a potent inhibitory action toward fungal species, including Fusarium solani, Pythium aphanidermatum , and Sclerotium rolfsii.     

Identification and characterization of a chitinase of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a bacterium that is antagonistic towards fungal phytopathogens

A rhizosphere strain of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain MUJ that is strongly antagonistic towards fungal phytopathogens secretes to the culture medium a single form of active chitinolytic enzyme belonging to family 18 of glycosyl hydrolases. The chitinase was purified by a two-stage procedure embracing fractionation with ammonium sulfate and affinity chromatography. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme determined by SDS-PAGE was approximately 52 kDa. The enzyme demonstrated highest activity at 45°C and pH 6.8. The enzymatic protein showed considerable thermal stability during 2 h incubation at 45°C. The activity of the enzyme was strongly inhibited in the presence of Hg²⁺ and Cu²⁺. By applying mass spectrometry analysis, the peptides derived from the purified chitinase were assigned to amino acid sequences of the type ChiA chitinases synthesized by Stenotrophomonas bacteria. The purified enzyme inhibited the growth of fungal phytopathogens belonging to the genera Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria.     

Human N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I. Expression in Escherichia coli as a soluble enzyme, and application as an immobilized enzyme for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of N-linked oligosaccharides

N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnT-I), which catalyzes the transfer of an N-acetylglucosamine residue from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to the alpha1,3-linked mannose on Man5GlcNAc2 (M5), is a critical enzyme for the synthesis of high-mannose-type to complex-type glycan structures in N-linked glycan processing. We developed a large-scale preparation system for recombinant human GnT-I (hGnT-I) using the maltose binding protein (MBP) fusion system to facilitate the chemoenzymatic route for complex-type N-linked glycan synthesis. MBP-fused GnT-I was purified by affinity chromatography on an amylose resin column. The relative activity of MBP-fused GnT-I toward high-mannose-type N-linked oligosaccharides was 100% for Man5GlcNAc2, 52% for Man3GlcNAc2, 17% for Man6GlcNAc2. MBP-fused GnT-I exhibited optimal activity at pH 6.5-9.5 and was more active between pH 6.5-9.0. The optimum temperature for MBP-fused GnT-I activity was 40 degrees C, but the enzyme was active between 0-70 degrees C. Mn2+ and Co2+ were critical for the enzyme activity, while Zn2+ and Ca2+ inhibited the activity. Kinetic analysis of the purified enzyme showed an apparent K(m) value of 0.483 mM and a V(max) of 101 nmol/mg/min for M5. Immobilization of MBP-fused GnT-I on the amylose resin led to an 80% yield of the high mannose-type-of oligosaccharide.     

大肠杆菌重组几丁质酶的表达、包涵体复性及酶学性质研究

通过研究重组几丁质酶在大肠杆菌表达系统中诱导表达的浓度、时间和温度,获得表达的最佳条件。表达产物除了可溶性目的蛋白以外,仍存在于包涵体中。采用透析复性和Ni-NTA亲和层析柱上复性两种方法对包涵体中的目的蛋白进行复性,并比较对目的蛋白产率和比酶活的影响。并考察了亲和层析柱上复性时的上样量、洗脱速率和温度对酶活的影响。结果发现,表达的几丁质酶可以采用透析和亲和层析柱上复性,亲和层析柱上复性的比酶活为1347.7 U/mg,明显高于透析复性,但产率明显低于透析复性。对1 m L的Ni-NTA亲和层析柱,较低浓度的蛋白复性液在0.4 m L·min-1洗脱速率下,降低上样量和温度,可以提高复性效率。复性后的几丁质酶对荧光底物具有较高活性,反应的最适温度为37℃,最适p H为3.8。      

克氏原螯虾壳膜几丁质酶的分离纯化

本研究以克氏原螯虾虾壳为材料,探讨克氏原螯虾壳膜中几丁质酶的分离纯化方法。通过硫酸铵分级沉淀、Sephadex G-100凝胶层析、苯基疏水层析和DEAE-32阴离子交换层析,获得比活力为44.93 U/mg、纯化倍数约16.28倍的电泳纯的几丁质酶制品。结合SDS-PAGE和飞行质谱测出该酶分子量为37.7 kDa,为单亚基蛋白。本实验的分离纯化方法可行,为后续酶学性质的研究提供了基础。     

Isolation of genes coding for chitin-degrading enzymes in the novel chitinolytic bacterium, Chitiniphilus shinanonensis, and characterization of a gene coding for a family 19 chitinase

Chitiniphilus shinanonensis type strain SAY3(T) is a strongly chitinolytic bacterium, originally isolated from the moat water in Ueda, Japan. To elucidate the chitinolytic activity of this strain, 15 genes (chiA-chiO) coding for putative chitin-degrading enzymes were isolated from a genomic library. Sequence analysis revealed the genes comprised 12 family 18 chitinases, a family 19 chitinase, a family 20 β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and a polypeptide with a chitin-binding domain but devoid of a catalytic domain. Two operons were detected among the sequences: chiCDEFG and chiLM. The gene coding for the polypeptide (chiN) showed sequence similarity to family 19 chitinases and was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. ChiN demonstrated a multi-domain structure, composed of the N-terminal, two chitin-binding domains connected by a Pro- and Thr-rich linker, and a family 19 catalytic domain located at the C-terminus. The recombinant protein rChiN catalyzed an endo-type cleavage of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine oligomers, and also degraded insoluble chitin and soluble chitosan (degree of deacetylation of 80%). rChiN exhibited an inhibitory effect on hyphal growth of the fungus Trichoderma reesei. The chitin-binding domains of ChiN likely play an important role in the degradation of insoluble chitin, and are responsible for a growth inhibitory effect on fungi.     

大豆种子几丁质酶的诱导及应用研究

大豆种子经甲壳低聚糖处理后发芽,其体内的几丁质酶活力比发芽前提高了46倍,比发芽的大豆提高了1.3倍.大豆种子经甲壳低聚糖处理后发芽的提取物作用于DD值为71.1%的壳聚糖15min,可使其乙酸盐溶液的VDP值达60%以上.初步纯化的大豆几丁质酶可降解壳聚糖释放还原糖且较适合降解DD值低的壳聚糖,其作用于DD值71.1%的壳聚糖37.5h可得到平均聚合度为4-5的水溶性甲壳低聚糖,得率为40%左右.     

海洋产几丁质酶厦门加西利亚单胞菌Chi34的筛选、鉴定及酶学性质分析

目的：海洋是自然界中含几丁质最多的生态系统,孵育了大量可降解利用几丁质的微生物,因此利用海洋微生物几丁质酶降解几丁质,是获得高附加值几丁寡糖的重要方法。本试验以连云港海域海泥为样品,以期筛选获得稳定的产几丁质酶菌株。方法：利用平板筛选法和摇瓶发酵复筛法筛选获得产几丁质酶菌株Chi34,利用形态学分析和16S r DNA序列分析对菌株进行鉴定,同时还研究了温度、pH、金属离子、EDTA及SDS等因素对Chi34几丁质酶的影响,最后通过TLC实验分析了Chi34几丁质酶降解几丁质胶体的产物。结果：菌株Chi34鉴定为厦门加西利亚单胞菌(Gallaecimonas xiamenensis),其几丁质酶酶活力为0.631 U/m L,最适反应温度为35℃,最适反应p H为6.0,Na₊、Ca₂₊、Mn₂₊、K₊对Chi34几丁质酶具有显著的激活作用,Cu₂₊、Fe₃₊、Ba₂₊、Zn₂₊、Cd₂₊、...     

The processing of high-molecular-weight xylanase (XynE, 110 kDa) from Aeromonas caviae ME-1 to 60-kDa xylanase (XynE60) in Escherichia coli and purification and characterization of XynE60

A xylanase gene (xynE) encoding XynE (110 kDa) was cloned from a lambda phage genomic library of Aeromonas caviae ME-1 which is a multiple-xylanase-producing bacterium. Upon nucleotide sequence analysis, we found that xynE comprises 2823 by and encodes a protein of 941 amino acid residues (104,153 Da), which was similar to endo-beta-1,4-xylanases which are categorized to glycosyl hydrolase family 10. An Escherichia coli transformant that harbored pXED30 carrying xynE produced 110-, 84-, 72-, and 66-kDa xylanases in the cell-free extract, and 72- and 66-kDa xylanases in the culture supernatant. We purified the 66-kDa xylanase to electrophoretic homogeneity from a culture supernatant by a series of column chromatographies. The calculated molecular mass of the purified xylanase determined by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was 60,154.50 Da, and the xylanase was designated XynE60. Analysis of the N-terminal 10 amino acid residues and the determined molecular mass of XynE60 revealed that XynE60 is a product processed at the Gly26-Gly27, and Thr565-Ala566 sites of XynE by proteolytic cleavage. XynE60 showed optimal activity at 55 degrees C and pH 8.0, and was stable below 45 degrees C and at pH 7.0-8.5. The K(m) and V(max) of XynE60 were calculated to be 8.1 mg/ml and 6897 nkat/mg, respectively.     

纤维素酶中双功能酶水解壳聚糖作用方式的研究

采用HPLC、HPLC-MS及TLC等方法,研究了从纤维素酶中分离得到的既具有纤维素酶活又具有壳聚糖酶活———双功能酶的水解壳聚糖的专一性。通过对氨基低聚糖(GlcN)n、乙酰氨基低聚糖(GlcNAc)n标样及壳聚糖的双功能酶水解进程及水解产物分析,表明该双功能酶能水解(GlcN)n,而不能水解(GlcNAc)n,即它能水解GlcN-GlcN之间的-β1,4糖苷键,但不能水解GlcNAc-GlcNAc之间的糖苷键。不同脱乙酰度壳聚糖经酶水解,其产物大部分为单糖,壳聚糖脱乙酰度(DD)对水解反应产物的形成和反应速率影响较小,表明该酶也可作用于GlcN-GlcNAc之间的-β1,4糖苷键。运用Time-Course分析法对双功能酶水解壳四糖(GlcN)4的进程进行分析,表明其作用方式为外切,推测此双功能酶为一外切氨基葡萄糖苷酶。     

Characterization of Clostridium paraputrificum chitinase A from a recombinant Escherichia coli

Clostridium paraputrificum chitinase A (ChiA) was purified from a recombinant Escherichia coli. ChiA was active toward chitin from crab shells, colloidal chitin, glycol chitin, and 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-N,N'-diacetylchitobioside [4-MU-(GlcNAc)2]. ChiA showed maximum activity at pH 6.0 and its optimum temperature was 45 degrees C. ChiA was stable between pH 6.0 and 9.0 and at temperatures up to 40 degrees C. The K(m) and V(max) values of ChiA for 4-MU-(GlcNAc)2 were estimated to be 6.9 microM and 43 micromol/min/mg, respectively. Thin-layer chromatography indicated that ChiA hydrolyzes chitooligosaccharides to mainly chitobiose. ChiA was found to adsorb not only chitinous polymers but also cellulosic polymers.     

内切壳聚糖酶在食品级壳寡糖酶法生产中的应用

研究1株曲霉JXSD-01发酵液中内切壳聚糖酶(eCSN)的纯化与功能,以寻求一种清洁的生产不含单糖的壳寡糖的方法。经分析,不含外切酶活性的eCSN蛋白酶比活力＞50U/mg,分子质量为25kD,酶的最适温度为63℃,最适pH6.5。经N末端测序,内切壳聚糖酶的N端序列为YNLPNNLKQ。eCSN用于天然大分子壳聚糖的生物降解,可获得分子质量在1000～3500D的寡糖聚合物,其中无单糖污染,达到国际食品级壳寡糖质量标准。     

假单胞菌H3壳聚糖酶的纯化及部分酶学性质

对 Pseudmona sp.H3产生的壳聚糖酶粗酶液采用(NH_4)_2SO_4盐析、Sephadex G-25脱盐、Sepharose Q-XL阴离子交换层析和Superdex G-75分子筛层析进行纯化,经SDS-PAGE鉴定为单蛋白带,分子质量约为33.8ku,酶反应最适温度为40℃,最适pH为5.0,降解壳聚精(D.A.90.14％)Km值为3.59g/L,V_(max)值为 3.80mmol/(L·min);Ba~(2+)、K~+、Co~(2+)对该酶有激活作用,而Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Al~(3+)、Cu~(2+)则对酶有抑制作用;此外,该酶除了能降解壳聚糖以外,还具有CMCase活性。     

Molecular cloning and structural analysis of the gene encoding Bacillus cereus exochitinase Chi36

The chi36 gene encoding exochitinase Chi36 was cloned from a Bacillus cereus 6E1 subgenomic library. The chi36 open reading frame is 1080 bp long encoding a Chi36 precursor protein of 360 amino acids, consisting of a 27 amino acid N-terminal signal peptide and a 333 amino acid sequence found in the mature Chi36 protein of 36.346 kDa. Chi36 shows significant amino acid sequence similarity to many bacterial chitinases, but has highest similarity to B. circulans WL-12 chitinase D. Chi36 belongs to subfamily B of bacterial chitinases in family 18 of glycosyl hydrolases. Chi36 shows a simple and compact structural organization composed of an N-terminal signal peptide and a C-terminal (beta/alpha)8-barrel catalytic domain (CaD). The Chi36 signal peptide is recognized by Escherichia coli, allowing Chi36 secretion. Chi36 is the first one-domain (CaD) bacterial chitinase cloned from B. cereus.     

淀粉酶链霉菌几丁质酶克隆表达及催化功能分析

目的:提高几丁质酶降解几丁质生产几丁寡糖产量。方法:利用基因工程方法对淀粉酶链霉菌几丁质酶进行克隆、原核表达、酶学性质探究,并通过同源建模、催化域氨基酸比对、定点突变等方法探究几丁质酶活性位点。结果:克隆和原核表达后,产酶周期由7 d缩短至24 h,酶活可达132 U/L,较原始菌酶活性(100 U/L)提高了32%。决定几丁质酶活性的氨基酸为催化域的128,130位的天冬氨酸和132位的谷氨酸。结论:对几丁质酶基因克隆表达后,其产酶周期缩短、酶活性提高。     

N-乙酰化壳聚糖膜的制备及其结构与性能表征

利用L-S(液-固)相转换法制备壳聚糖膜,并对其进行N-乙酰化,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和X射线衍射(XRD),研究了N-乙酰化壳聚糖膜的微观形貌、微观结构以及晶体结构特征,并测试了其厚度、溶胀性能等物理指标.结果表明:壳聚糖膜经N-乙酰化后,部分壳聚糖大分子被接枝上乙酰胺基团,膜的结晶度提高,但大分子中吸水性基团减少,膜溶胀度降低.     

Processing of XynE (110-kDa) of Aeromonas caviae ME-1 to 72-kDa xylanase in Escherichia coli transformant

An extracellular 72-kDa xylanase from an Escherichia coli transformant that harbored pXED30 carrying xynE of Aeromonas caviae ME-1 was purified by extraction following SDS-PAGE to electrophoretic homogeneity. The analysis of N-terminal 10 amino acid residues (Gly-Ala-Arg-Ala-Gln-Ala-Ala-Ala-Asp-Val) revealed a 72-kDa product derived by the cleavage of Gly26-Gly27 at the N-terminal region of 110 kDa XynE. The 72-kDa xylanase from A. caviae ME-1 was found to have the same sequence as that of the N-terminal 10 amino acid residues. When OmpT-deficient E. coli mutants were used as hosts, the 72-kDa xylanase was detected in cell-free extracts, but not in the culture supernatant, suggesting that OmpT is not involved in the cleavage at the C-terminal region, but is involved in the secretion of 72-kDa xylanase to the culture medium.     

Cloning and sequencing of the deacetylase gene from Vibrio alginolyticus H-8

A gene encoding deacetylase DA1 that is specific for N, N'-diacetylchitobiose was cloned using the shot-gun method with pUC118 and sequenced. The open reading frame encoded a protein of 427 amino acids including the signal peptide. The molecular mass of the mature enzyme estimated from the amino acid sequence data was 44.7 kDa, which is approximately similar to that, estimated by SDS-PAGE (48.0 kDa), of the purified enzyme reported previously. The N-terminal amino acid sequence deduced from the cloned deacetylase gene showed partial sequence homology with the Nod B protein from Rhizobium sp. (37% identity) and chitin deacetylase from Mucor rouxii (28%). It contained a domain, which showed homology with a chitin-binding domain of chitinase A from Bacillus circulans (39%).