4种市售不同香型肉味香精挥发性风味成分的比较

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法对市售的鸡肉、牛肉、猪肉和羊肉香精的挥发性风味成分进行了分析,并对其中的主要成分及含量进行了比较,探讨了4种不同香型的肉味香精挥发性风味的差异.研究结果表明,在4种肉味香精中共鉴定出80种挥发性成分,主要为醇、醛、酮、酯、酸、吡嗪类化合物,并且不同香型的肉味香精中所含风味成分的种类和含量有较大的差异.研究结果对了解不同香型肉味香精的香气成分,合成不同的肉味风味料提供了参考.     

植物蛋白水解及在热反应肉味基料中应用进展

植物蛋白来源广泛、品种繁多、价格低廉,早期以水解植物蛋白为原料制备热反应肉味基料再辅以调香所得肉味香精产品肉风味不佳。随后以动物蛋白水解物和动物脂肪为主要原料制备肉味基料再辅以调香的产品,因肉风味像真性好,成为行业主流。近年来,随着人们健康与环保意识的提高,替代动物性原料制备植物性肉味香精（素肉香精）得到青睐,从而如何以水解植物蛋白为原料制造理想的肉味基料再次成为肉味香精行业亟需解决的课题。本文综述了国内外迄今报道的植物蛋白水解工艺、以水解植物蛋白为原料制备肉味基料工艺及检测的风味物质,将为新型植物性热反应肉味基料工艺的研发提供参考。     

Protein hydrolysis—the key to meat flavoring systems

Abstract

The flavors produced by stewing, broiling, or roasting make meat one of the most popular items in the human diet. No “key” compounds are responsible for meat flavors. However, protein degradation appears essential to the development of meat flavor precursors whose interactions are responsible for characteristic meat flavors. This review examines simulated meat flavor systems based on the protein degradation products produced by acid hydrolysis using strong mineral acids, yeast autolysis, and enzyme degradation of natural meat proteins by pure proteinases. In addition, the contributions to meat flavor made by heating protein hydrolysates in the presence of sugars and organic sulfur compounds are reviewed. This paper also describes the work in applied meat flavor research carried out in the former East Germany.     

热反应肉味香精风味检测方法研究进展

热反应肉味香精对改善食品风味与质量至关重要,是一种安全稳定且接受度高的食用香精,但其成分复杂,需要通过精确、无损、快速的检测方法进行提取与检测。本文概述了热反应肉味香精风味物质检测方法的基本原理及研究进展,包括风味物质前处理方法及分离鉴定技术,同时阐述了不同方法的优缺点与应用范围。热反应肉味香精风味物质的提取方法主要有顶空法、同时蒸馏萃取法、固相微萃取法、溶剂辅助风味蒸发法。对于风味物质的检测方法,气相色谱-质谱法的应用最为广泛,是热反应肉味香精检测方法发展的基础,通过结合电子鼻、离子迁移谱等技术,使热反应肉味香精检测的完整度与准确度进一步提高。此外,随着选择离子流动管质谱法和生物传感等技术的发展,实现了热反应肉味香精的痕量与定向监测。本综述为热反应肉味香精的风味检测提供了新的参考依据与技术支持,拓宽了其在食品调味领域中的应用场景。     

Myoprotein–phytophenol interaction: Implications for muscle food structure-forming properties

Phenolic compounds are commonly incorporated into muscle foods to inhibit lipid oxidation and modify product flavor. Those that are present in or extracted from plant sources (seeds, leaves, and stems) known as “phytophenols” are of particular importance in the current meat industry due to natural origins, diversity, and safety record. Apart from these primary roles as antioxidants and flavorings, phytophenols are now recognized to be chemically reactive with a variety of food constituents, including proteins. In processed muscle foods, where the structure-forming ability is critical to a product's texture-related quality attributes and palatability, the functional properties of proteins, especially gelation and emulsification, play an essential role. A vast amount of recent studies has been devoted to protein–phenol interactions to investigate the impact on meat product texture and flavor. Considerable efforts have been made to elucidate the specific roles of phytophenol interaction with “myoproteins” (i.e., muscle-derived proteins) probing the structure-forming process in cooked meat products. The present review provides an insight into the actions of phytophenols in modifying and interacting with muscle proteins with an emphasis on the reaction mechanisms, detection methods, protein functionality, and implications for structural characteristics and textural properties of muscle foods.     

利用鸡骨酶解蛋白开发鸡肉香精产品的设计

肉类香精泛指具有肉类风味的一类食品添加剂,可广泛应用于肉类加工食品和方便食品,肉类香精通常被分为天然肉类香精与合成肉类香精两大类。以肉类蛋白酶解物、还原糖和半胱氨酸等物质为原料,辅以脂质等多种肉香风味的前体物质,通过热反应得到的合成肉味香精。本设计以鸡骨泥为原料,采用复合酶水解制备动物水解蛋白(HAP),再以HAP为基料,通过美拉德反应制备鸡肉香精,探究鸡肉香精的生产工艺。     

海鲜类香精的调配

根据市场对海鲜类咸味香精的要求,选取合适的已开发原料,运用不同的加工技术,包括美拉德反应技术和调香师的调香技术研发出适合市场需要的各类海鲜香精.并简单涉及到酶解物,萃取物和反应物.通过天然反应香精和头香香气的完美搭配来体现海鲜的头香和口味一致性.本文仅探讨几个具有一般代表性的海鲜香精:蟹味,海苔和金枪鱼香精,同时简单叙述了海鲜酶解物以及海鲜反应物的生产工艺流程及要点.     

Correlation of Sensory, Instrumental and Chemical Attributes of Beef as Influenced by Meat Structure and Oxygen Exclusion

Correlation of elements contributing to meat flavor quality (MFQ) were examined. Muscle structure influences generation of micro temperature environments that lead to formation of flavor-zones. Generation of such zones was also attributed to a structurally-dependent barrier to oxygen. MFQ was examined in the presence and absence of oxygen. Vacuum storage completely retarded flavor deterioration as marked by chemical markers such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and lipid volatiles. Vacuum storage incompletely affected changes in sensory attributes; it partially retarded development of painty, cardboard, bitter and sour flavors and limited loss of desirable flavors such as cooked beef/brothy and browned/caramel. Bivariate plots of factor solutions resulting from multivariate principal components analysis proved a suitable method to graphically present statistical correlations between experimental treatments and sensory, chemical, and instrumental attributes.     

液体牛肉香精配方结构研究

香精的配方结构对调香具有重要指导意义.本文采用HS-SDC提取、GC/MS分析法对市售11个液体牛肉香精样品的挥发性成分进行了分析,根据对检出的香料香味类型的分析,归纳总结出液体牛肉香精配方结构的框架.结果表明,液体牛肉香精配方中,非肉味香料必不可少.好的牛肉香精应该是肉味香料和多种香味的非肉味香料的完美组合.在此基础上,研究开发出了一个液体牛肉香精.     

我们的使命:"创造完美口味"——访威尔德集团副总裁FranciscoCliment先生

<正>威尔德集团是全球领先的食品饮料天然配料制造商和世界最大的香精配料企业之一,并向食品饮料工业提供最现代化的生产加工技术设备。其中公司生产的纯天然儿童饮料佳必爽果汁饮料,     

牛肉香精制备技术

本文通过对肉味香精的概述,介绍了牛肉香精的制备方法和挥发性成分。以及牛肉香精制备过程中的核心技术进行阐述,引出了中国牛肉制品加工的一个发展方向,并对牛肉香精的研究进展进行了展望。     

油炸肉制品风味的研究进展

油炸风味的产生是油炸肉制品流行的一个重要原因。与其他传统的热加工方式相比,油炸处理的传热传质机制较为复杂,并且挥发性化合物种类丰富（如醛、醇、酮、碳氢化合物、呋喃、吡嗪等）,形成特有的油炸风味,对消费者有较强的吸引力。该研究通过综合文献研究,对脂肪氧化、美拉德反应以及两种反应产物之间的相互作用产生的油炸风味进行了论述,着重讨论了脂肪氧化和美拉德反应的形成途径和在油炸过程中挥发性化合物的形成,以及影响因素。除此之外,关注到油炸过程中形成的有害成分以及不良风味物质,例如杂环胺、多环芳烃等的形成及其控制措施。总体而言,充分了解油炸挥发物的化学来源,优化油炸风味以及开发不同的油炸方式来提高消费者对油炸肉制品的接受度以及提高食品质量和安全性具有重要意义。     

中国第三代肉味香精生产技术

中国第一代肉味香精生产技术始于1983年前后,采用酵母抽提物、水解植物蛋白和还原糖为主要原料,通过热反应法制备,所得产品香味浓郁、头香饱满,成本较低,但缺少肉类的特征风味。中国第二代肉味香精生产技术始于上世纪90年代中期,采用肉、骨为主要原料,通过一次酶解和热反应法制备,所得产品肉香浓郁,但不同种动物肉的特征风味差异不明显。中国第三代肉味香精生产技术遵循"味料同源"的中国特色肉味香精制造新理念,融合了脂肪调控氧化、肉类蛋白多级靶向酶解和低度热反应等3项核心技术,产品肉香味柔和、自然,肉类特征风味突出,原汁原味感强。     

Bio-mediated generation of food flavors – Towards sustainable flavor production inspired by nature

BackgroundThe consumers’ trend toward naturalness and “clean-label” products advocates the development of “bio-mediated” tools including new processes for the generation of flavors. Today, many fundamental studies demonstrate the feasibility of producing individual flavor compounds or more complex flavoring preparations by fermentation or by enzymatic reactions. However, to turn research into industrial applications, the processes have to be simplified and optimized by combining chemistry, biology and process engineering know-how.Scope and approachThis review summarises recent basic research and development on cell and enzyme based formation of volatile flavors with focus on smart combinations of biocatalytic and thermal steps to enrich the natural flavor profile of foods. Ideally, targeted bioconversion of specific raw materials and ingredients will release flavor precursors required to generate the desired flavor profile by appropriate thermal processing.Key findings and conclusionsThe combination of fermentation or enzymatic treatment of raw materials with heat-induced food processes (e.g. drying, extrusion, roasting) represent an elegant approach in industrial food processing to generate flavors under mild conditions. This requires a good control of fermentation or enzymatic reaction steps to produce suitable substrates at the optimal concentrations adapted to the thermal processes. Using traditional cooking and minimal processing conditions (nature-inspired strategies) has become an attractive approach to generate authentic flavor profiles resonating with consumers’ demand for more naturalness.     

Effects of Wheat Gluten, Soy Isolate and Flavorings on Properties of Restructured Beef Steaks

Restructured beef steaks were made in triplicate to contain the following ingredients; meat only, meat + vital wheat gluten (VWG) and meat + isolated soy protein (ISP). In addition, each treatment was made with and without flavorings (0.44% sodium chloride, 0.25% sodium tripolyphosphate and 0.31% hydrolyzed vegetable protein). Off-flavor scores were not different (P > 0.05) between meat and meat + VWG steaks made without flavorings; however, steaks made with meat + ISP alone had the highest (P < 0.05) off-flavor score. AU products made with flavorings were more cohesive, juicier, and required more effort to fragment than those made without flavorings. Instron rheological values increased (not significant among all comparisons) when flavorings were used. Steaks made with VWG or ISP were not different from each other in overall desirability scores but neither of these treatments (with or without flavorings) were as desirable as controls.     

增强食品风味的酵母抽提物

<正> 今日,风味、质量和营养价值不断得到改进的预制食品和加工食品,已愈来愈受到消费者的欢迎,其需求量不断上升。对于新推出市场的食品来说,虽然其包装、方便性和销售方式等因素仍会影响消费者的初次购买决定,但其风味始终是     

Volatiles from interactions of Maillard reactions and lipids.

This article provides current information on the production of volatile compounds from interactions of Maillard reactions and lipids. It includes a brief introduction outlining the Maillard reactions, the Strecker degradation of amino acids, and the oxidation of lipids. It highlights those compounds derived from these reactions that could interact to form volatile flavor components during the processing or cooking of food. The article discusses results obtained from model systems involving interactions between (1) Maillard reaction products and carbonyl compounds, (2) amino acids and carbonyl compounds, (3) amino acids and derivatives of fatty acids, and (4) Maillard reaction products, triglycerides and phospholipids. The qualitative and quantitative effects that triglycerides and phospholipids have on the formation of volatile Maillard products are also discussed. Particular attention is given to those long-chain alkyl heterocyclic compounds formed during these reactions, proposed methods for their formation, and their aromas. The role that such compounds play in food flavors is discussed with reference to those volatile compounds identified in certain cooked foods, such as meat (beef, lamb, and pork), chicken, potatoes (baked, French-fried, and crisps), and beverages (coffee, tea, and cocoa).     

反应型可可香料的氨基酸和还原糖的Plackett-Burman设计筛选

本研究采用Plackett-Burman试验设计,选取缬氨酸、甘氨酸、苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸、葡萄糖、果糖11个可能的可可风味相关因子进行筛选。统计分析结果表明:苯丙氨酸、丝氨酸、亮氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸、甘氨酸对美拉德反应的可可风味产物中的几种重要的致香成分具有最显著的影响。未发现葡萄糖和果糖对可可风味有任何差异贡献。选择这5种氨基酸和两种还原糖制备反应型可可香料,产物进行感官分析,并用GC-MS分析其中的致香成分和含量,鉴定出52种成分。