2-(溴甲基)烟腈的合成研究

以2-甲基烟腈为原料,NBS为溴代试剂,BPO为引发剂,在四氯化碳溶液中发生自由基溴代反应得到2-(溴甲基)烟腈,产物结构通过~1H NMR和ESI-MS表征。并考察确定了该溴代反应的适宜条件为:NBS用量为n_(NBS)∶n_(2-甲基烟腈)=1.2∶1,反应溶剂为四氯化碳,反应温度60℃,反应时间7h,在该条件下,产物收率达到61.4%。     

2-溴-4-氨基苯甲醚的合成

以4-硝基氟苯为原料,经芳环溴代、亲核取代、硝基还原,共3步反应制得2-溴-4-氨基苯甲醚。考察了反应物用量、反应温度和反应时间对溴酸钠溴代法收率的影响,考察了3种还原法对还原收率的影响。当n(4-硝基氟苯)∶n(硫酸钾)=50∶1,反应温度为68℃,反应时间为3h时,溴代反应收率为69.6%;以10%Pd-C/甲酸铵还原硝基时,反应收率为92.3%;3步反应的总收率为61.0%。各步产物结构均经MS、1 H NMR进行表征。     

舒巴坦氧化新工艺研究

研究了一种合成舒巴坦前体二溴代青霉烷砜酸的新工艺。该工艺以双氧水/三氟乙酸作为氧化体系，收率达到92%以上。随后用锌粉将二溴代青霉烷砜酸还原得到舒巴坦，总收率为74%(三步反应),质量满足药用标准。与传统的KMnO₄氧化法相比，该方法具有安全性高，后处理简单和环境友好的特点。     

NBS对芳香醚类化合物选择性溴代研究

2-(3,4-二甲氧基苯基)乙酸甲酯与N-溴代丁二酰亚胺(NBS)在摩尔比为1∶1,甲醇为溶剂,室温条件下反应,以94％的收率得到选择性好的芳环单溴代产物2-(2-溴-4,5-二甲氧基苯基)乙酸甲酯.其结构经1H NMR、MS谱确证.用温和的NBS作为溴代试剂避免了传统芳环溴代试剂强腐蚀性及强毒性的缺点,可发展为芳香醚类化合物溴代的一般方法.     

3-羟基- 4-甲氧基苯甲醛的合成与表征

以对羟基苯甲醛为原料,经溴代、甲基化和水解3步反应合成了异香兰素,改进并优化了合成路线。溴代采用三氯甲烷作为溶剂,在0℃的条件下反应6 h,n(对羟基苯甲醛)∶n(溴素)=1∶1.05;确定了水解反应的最佳条件:氯化亚铜作催化剂,于130℃反应4 h。反应总收率达62%以上。用IR,1HNMR确证了中间体和产物的结构。     

2-溴-3-甲基-1,4-二甲氧基萘的合成新方法研究

以2-甲基萘醌(2)为原料,经过催化氢化、甲醚化和溴代三步反应,合成了维生素K2的重要中间体2-溴-3-甲基-1,4-二甲氧基萘(1)。(2)催化加氢还原得到2-甲基-1,4-二羟基萘(3)。(3与硫酸二甲酯反应生成2-甲基-1,4-二甲氧基萘(4),甲醚化反应通过正交实验可使产物收率达到95.1%;(4)与溴反应,经单因素实验在较佳的反应工艺条件下得到目标产物(1),收率90.1%。三步反应总收率达到84.6%。     

对溴甲基苯甲酸合成工艺研究

以对甲基苯甲酸为原料,单质溴为溴代试剂,研究了对溴甲基苯甲酸的合成工艺路线。分别探索了单质溴和双氧水联用进行溴代的影响条件,如溶剂种类、反应温度、原料配比、引发剂种类等。提高了溴原子的利用效率,确定了最优反应条件,以较高的收率得到了对溴甲基苯甲酸。     

阿那曲唑的合成工艺改进研究

以3,5-二溴甲苯为原料,经插羰、甲基化、氯代、氰代、溴代、N-烷基化6步反应合成标题化合物,考察了不同催化剂、反应时间、反应温度等因素对反应结果的影响,选择了氢化钠作为合成目标产物的缚酸剂,避免了同分异构体的产生。确定最佳工艺条件为:以PdCl2(PPh3)2作催化剂,Et3N做碱,90℃,9.12×106Pa为反应条件,获得了较好结果,总收率55.2%。产物结构经1HNMR和MS确证,改进后的合成方法简便,适合工业化生产。     

2-氟-5-溴硝基苯的合成

采用冰醋酸作为溶剂,以邻氟硝基苯为原料,N-溴代丁二酰亚胺(NBS)为溴代试剂,合成了2-氟-5-溴硝基苯。所得目标产物通过GC-MS定性、GC定量检测。结果表明,最佳反应条件为:n(邻氟硝基苯)∶n(NBS)=1∶1.05,以冰醋酸作溶剂,反应温度10℃,反应时间2 h,在该条件下2-氟-5-溴硝基苯的收率为98.6%,原料转化率100%。该反应条件温和,易于控制,重复性好。     

Improvement of the synthetic method of auastrozole

以3,5-二溴甲苯为原料,经插羰、甲基化、氯代、氰代、溴代、N-烷基化6步反应合成标题化合物,考察了不同催化剂、反应时间、反应温度等因素对反应结果的影响,选择了氢化钠作为合成目标产物的缚酸剂,避免了同分异构体的产生.确定最佳工艺条件为:以PdCl2 (PPh3)2作催化剂,Et3N做碱,90℃,9.12×106 Pa为反应条件,获得了较好结果,总收率55.2％.产物结构经1HNMR和MS确证,改进后的合成方法简便,适合工业化生产.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。