气—固流化床反应器内流体力学模拟进展

1前言气－固流化床内多相流体力学模拟，是将流体流动、传递特性、化学反应理论与机理实验、反应回的开发和放大相结合，对模拟的基木方程组、教学模型、数值方法和计算程序等用计8机来进行综合分析的过程，旨在为此类反应器的开发与放大提供必要的理论依据。其优点在于：（1）用模拟方法在计算机上进行试验可以节省大量的人力和物力的投人，比实际控量上进行试验更加迅速、经济Z（2）基于质量、动量、能量三大守恒定律的多相民体力学机型，外推容易，可以增加放大信我，使小试结果放大为工业生产注置的周用大大约怄；（3）采用流体力学模…     

提升管与气-固环流床层耦合反应器的流体力学特性及流动模型

针对催化汽油辅助反应器改质降烯烃技术,在一套提升管与气-固环流床层耦合反应器大型冷模实验装置上,研究了上部环流床层的流体力学特性。结果表明,在环流床层与提升管耦合操作的情况下,床层内颗粒环流存在两种推动力,分别为静压差推动力和颗粒喷射推动力;环隙与导流筒之间的整体平均固含率差随导流筒表观气速增加而增加,随颗粒外循环强度增加而降低;颗粒环流速度随导流筒表观气速和颗粒外循环强度增加而增加。通过对环流床层进行动量衡算,建立了提升管与环流床层耦合流动的数学模型,模型平均相对误差在15.95％以内。     

中心气升式气固环流反应器中的颗粒速度分布

在一套连续进料的中心气升式气-固环流反应器装置上,考察了不同操作条件下各分区颗粒上行运动速度、下行运动速度及时均速度沿径向的分布规律,并与间歇操作时颗粒速度沿径向的分布规律进行了对比。研究发现,随着导流筒表观气速的增加,底部区域、导流筒中不同轴向截面处颗粒的上行运动速度和时均速度增加,下行运动速度减小,颗粒的环流速度增加。在相同的表观气速下,与间歇操作相比,连续操作时底部区域环隙下方颗粒的时均速度增加,主体向下流动;导流筒进料影响区颗粒的时均速度减小,返混增强;颗粒的环流速度增加。     

气固环流反应器的研究进展

气固环流反应器是将气液环流理论与稠密气固流态化理论进行合理移植、耦合而形成的一种新型气固流化床反应器。对近年来国内外学者在该领域的研究进行了回顾,参考了内循环流化床的一些研究结果,对操作条件、几何结构对气固环流反应器内两相流体力学行为的影响规律进行了总结和分析,并对进一步的研究进行了展望。     

液固环流反应器流动状况的数值模拟

利用计算流体力学方法对液固环流反应器内的液固流动行为进行了数值模拟. 由Euler法的双流体模型和颗粒动力学理论建立了数学模型，对液固环流反应器内液固两相流动状况进行模拟，模拟结果很好地解释了液固环流反应器内的流动行为，固体颗粒速度模拟计算值与实验值的吻合说明了模型的可信性.     

缩放型导流筒气升式内环流生物反应器流体力学与传质特性

从气相含率、液体循环速度和体积氧传质系数方面研究缩放型导流筒气升式内环流生物反应器内的流体力学与传质特性。实验结果表明,与传统圆柱形导流筒相比较,缩放型导流筒气相含率和体积氧传质系数分别提高８％和１０％以上。气相含率和体积氧传质系数随固含率的增加而提高,液体循环速度随固含率的增加而减小;同一内管反应器随介质粘度的增加,体积氧传质系数减小。此外还在Ｈｉｇｂｉｅ穿透理论和Ｋｏｌｏｍｏｇｏｒｏｆｆ各向同     

气固固循环流化反应器的流体力学行为

简单介绍了气固固三相反应设备的研究现状,描述了气固固循环流化反应器的操作特点,实验研究了气固固循环流化反应器的流体力学行为,如气固两相通过填料层的压降、细颗粒的固含率及细颗粒的质量流率等．     

强制液体外循环气升式内环流反应器的流体力学特性

在有机玻璃制成的主体反应器(φ0.286 m×3.0 m)内,采用空气-水的气液两相体系考察了不同表观气速下带有中心下料管和环管式气体分布器的环流反应器内局部气含率和内环气泡上升速度的流体力学特性。结果表明：气含率均随表观气速的增大而增大;从外环流入内环的气泡数量比较少;在相同条件下外环的气含率远远低于内环的气含率;新型气体分布器的采用和液体外循环的引入可以增大床层气含率并使其分布趋于均匀,从而增大了内环中气液两相的接触面积和湍动强度,使传递过程得到强化。在此基础上采用商业软件ANSYS CFX10.0对该反应器进行了数值模拟研究,模拟结果与实验数据基本吻合,说明了基于实验验证的Euler-Euler法可以用于该反应器开发和放大研究。     

气升式内环流反应器流场及传质特性数值模拟

采用双流体模型和气液二相流体动力学理论建立了气升式环流反应器流体流动的数学模型,在此模型的基础上利用溶质渗透理论和各向同性湍流理论建立了局部液相体积传质系数数学模型。采用计算流体软件F luent对气升式环流反应器内气液二相流动状况进行模拟,模拟结果较好地解释了气升式环流反应器内的流动行为及传质特性。模拟计算值与文献实验值的吻合说明了模型的可行性。     

气升式环流反应器数值模拟研究进展

气升式环流反应器是一种结构简单,传质、传热效率高的多相反应器,反应器性能受物性参数和结构参数的影响,由于两相和三相流的复杂性,使得其在工业化设计放大和应用过程中存在困难。论述了气升式环流反应器内相间作用力类别和计算模型,对应用于气升式环流反应器模拟计算的简化模型、两相流模型和k-ε湍流模型进行总结,在分析现阶段气液两相流理论的基础上,明确反应器内不同流动形态下相间作用力、气泡的分散机理、气泡对湍流的影响、流动模拟模型的选取标准,能有效提高气升式环流反应器模拟的准确性及模型的普适性,为反应器的设计放大及传质模拟计算提供更加可靠的理论依据。     

气升式内环流反应器的气含率研究

建立了气升式内环流反应器的冷模实验装置,以空气-水两相系统为研究对象,采用压差法测定了反应器降流区的气含率和升流区气含率,采用体积膨胀法测定了反应器总体平均气含率.通过改变导流筒直径、高度及底部封头形状,考察了结构参数对气含率的影响;通过改变通气量和上清液高度考察了操作参数对气含率的影响.建立了气含率的数学模型,并将试验数据拟合,得到不同结构反应器的模型参数.     

Liquid circulation hydrodynamics in an external loop airlift reactor

The radial profiles of axial liquid velocity and gas hold‐ups are investigated in the riser of a pilot plant scale external loop airlift reactor (ELAR) using a modified Pavlov tube and differential pressure technique. The experimental investigation reveals that there exist two different kinds of liquid circulation structures in an ELAR, which has rarely been reported in the literature, namely internal liquid circulation, which exists only in the riser and external liquid circulation, which circulates through the downcomer. A power–law relationship is used to correlate the gas hold‐up and superficial gas velocity, which gives good agreement with experimental data. Experiments for axial liquid velocity profiles are analysed in analogy to a model described for a conventional bubble column. The results predicted by the model are in excellent agreement with the experimental data obtained under various operating conditions. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

环隙气升式气固环流反应器内流体力学特性的理论分析

环流反应器的研究与应用一直局限于气液与气液固体系,将环流反应器移植到气固体系是一个具有独创性的探索。针对工业化中气固环流反应器的缺陷,提出了一种新型的环隙气升式气固环流反应器。并对床层空隙率、颗粒流动速度进行了实验研究与理论分析。建立了环隙区床层空隙率模型,发现环隙区床层空隙率随着环隙区表观气速的增加而增加;环隙区靠近导流筒外壁一侧颗粒流动速度明显大于靠近反应器内壁一侧,导流筒区颗粒流动速度沿径向的分布受气体分布器结构影响较大;环隙区颗粒流动速度基本不随轴向位置的变化而变化,导流筒区颗粒的流动属于密相输送,颗粒环流所受到的阻力主要集中在底部区域,其次为气固分离区,底部区域阻力大小由床层流化质量和导流筒下端距反应器底部的间隙所决定;建立了颗粒环流速度模型,发现环流速度随环隙区表观气速的增加而增加。     

Scale influence on the hydrodynamics of an internal loop airlift reactor

The overall circulation velocity, the overall riser and downcomer gas hold-ups and the effect of reactor scale on a two-phase circulation regimes were studied in this work in three airlift reactors of different scale. The measurements were carried out in airlift reactor with internal loops (IALRs) with a working volume of 10.5, 32 and 200 l at the range of temperatures 18–21 °C, under atmospheric pressure. Air and water were used as gas and liquid media. The three reactors were of similar geometry, the ratio between riser and downcomer cross-sectional areas, the aspect ratio of the column and the shape of the column bottom were taken as similarity criteria. In order to determine the linear circulation velocities, the magnetic tracer method was used. The riser and the downcomer were studied separately. Based on gas hold-up in both the riser and the downcomer, two regimes (homogeneous bubble (HMG) and heterogeneous churn-turbulent (HTG)) of the two-phase flow were observed. These were defined by Daniels [Chem. Eng. 70 (1995)] and described using the correlation proposed by Chisti [Airlift Bioreactors, Elsevier, London, 1989]. The average of the liquid circulation velocities increased with increasing reactor scale for the same superficial gas velocity. The overall circulation velocity was modelled on the basis of the momentum balance proposed in paper [Chem. Eng. Sci. 52 (1997) 25]. The parameters of both the correlation and the model tend to be constant for larger reactor scales. The value of the driving force (_R−_D) was found to be important only for lower values of gas flow rate, because at higher values, the circulation velocity seemed to be governed only by friction in the reactor vessel.     

气固环流燃烧器内颗粒流动行为

针对石油焦及气化余焦的燃烧特点和流态化特性,提出了一种采用气固密相环流烧焦与快速床管式烧焦技术相组合的新型燃烧器结构。在不同操作条件(导流筒区表观气速0.772～1.674m.s-1,环隙区表观气速0.223～0.519m.s-1,装置系统的颗粒外循环强度40.8～229.4kg.m-2.s-1)及两类颗粒体系下,采用光纤测量仪对组合燃烧器环流段内颗粒流动特性进行了系统的实验研究。结果表明,两类颗粒体系的固含率和颗粒轴向速度在导流筒区、底部区和颗粒分流区床层内沿径向的分布规律为中心区小、边壁区大的环-核型分布,体现了气固流化床典型聚式流态化的非均一性特征;在环隙区,受环流段结构的影响,两类颗粒体系的固含率和颗粒轴向速度参数沿床层径向的分布相对较均匀;混合颗粒体系的固含率、颗粒轴向速度较单一石英砂颗粒体系的要小,细颗粒的加入在一定程度上能改善气固混合的均匀程度;两类颗粒体系在底部区和颗粒分流区的径向流动具有剪切破碎气泡的作用,有利于环流段内气固的充分混合接触。     

CFD simulation of hydrodynamics and mass transfer in an internal airlift loop reactor using a steady two-fluid model

Steady state simulation of the hydrodynamics and mass transfer in bubbly flow in an axisymmetric internal airlift loop reactor (IALR) with the special treatment of interphase decoupling and outlet boundary conditions is performed, which is based on a Favre averaging two-fluid model for multiphase flow. Different models of mass transfer coefficient are compared and validated with the literature data. A model for describing the mass transfer for a wide range of superficial gas velocity is chosen and the predicted mass transfer coefficient agrees well with the experimental data in the literature. The numerical procedure can be used as a tool for the design and scale-up of IALRs.     

Solid effects on hydrodynamics and heat transfer in an external loop airlift reactor

The effect of a solid presence on global hydrodynamic parameters and heat transfer in an external loop airlift reactor has been experimentally investigated. Results obtained in both two- and three-phase flow are presented in this study. Two different external loop airlift reactor sizes have been used and local hydrodynamic characteristics including local gas hold-up and bubble velocity have been obtained in two-phase flow. Optical and ultrasound probes have been used to obtain this information, respectively. It was found that an increase of solid hold-up leads to a decrease of liquid velocity and heat transfer coefficient. Measured in a two- and three-phase reactor using a horizontal-heating probe, a correlation of the average gas hold-up and heat transfer coefficient is proposed. Correlation parameters are identified in homogeneous and heterogeneous flow regimes, which have been derived from the gas slip velocity concept. The experimental liquid velocity and gas hold-up in the riser have been represented in a satisfactory way by a hydrodynamic model, either in the absence or in the presence of solid particles.     

超声波气升式内循环反应器流体力学性能研究

研究了超声波对气升式内循环反应器流体力学性能的促进作用,重点考察比较了有无超声波时气升式反应器性能及超声功率对反应器气含率、液体循环速度、混合时间等的影响。实验证明,超声波的加入对气含率未见影响,有使液体循环速度逐渐减小的趋势,而对混合时间的影响较复杂。在小气速下,小功率超声波促进流体的径向混合,随着超声功率的增加,超声振动阻碍流体的径向混合,因而存在一个最佳的超声功率,并且超声波对混合时间的影响随着表观气速的增加而逐渐减小。提出了该反应器流体力学关联式。