Technoeconomic analysis of electricity generation from wind energy in Kutahya,Turkey

Conventional energy usage has various environmental effects that cause global warming. Renewable energy sources are thus more favorable because they have nearly zero emission. Wind energy, among the various renewable sources, finds increasing usage, concurrent with developing technology. In addition, wind is an infinite energy source. In this study, the electricity-generation ability of Kutahya has been investigated. With this aim, wind data, from the measurement station located on Bunelek Hill, Kutahya, have been collected for a period of 36 months (July 2001–June 2004). From the collected data, the electricity generated has been calculated for different types of wind turbines. The calculations have been based on the electricity requirement of the main campus of the Dumlupinar University. Finally, the economic evaluation has been analyzed using life-cycle cost analysis. For the analysis of the economical aspects, the social and CO₂ costs have also been taken into account.     

Geothermal energy potential and utilization in Turkey

The regional distribution of the geothermal energy potential in Turkey, recent surveys, and utilization areas are described. The present and future roles of geothermal energy and their economic aspects are discussed. The implications of geothermal energy exploration and utilization are noted. Recommendations are made to expand geothermal-energy development.     

Nuclear power in open energy markets: A case study of Turkey

For many decades, like many developed countries, Turkey has controlled her electricity sector as a state-owned monopoly. However, faced with rapid electricity demand growth, Turkey started to consider nuclear option. The present paper aims at evaluating both the present status of nuclear power in general and its implications for Turkish energy market in particular. After examining existing nuclear power technology and providing a brief overview of nuclear power economics; it focuses on the repercussions of nuclear power for Turkish energy market. The paper concludes that, in the short run, it may be considered to keep nuclear power within Turkish energy mix because it is an important carbon-free source of power that can potentially make a significant contribution to both Turkey's future electricity supply and efforts to strengthen Turkey's security of supply. However, in the long term, nuclear power should be retained in Turkey only if it has a lower cost than competing technologies.     

Wind power potential in Turkey and Akhisar case study

Wind energy potential in various parts of Turkey is becoming economical due to reductions in the wind turbine costs, and in fossil fuel atmospheric pollution. The global change program imposes restrictions for use of alternative renewable and environmentally friendly energy sources. Wind energy is among such energy potentials and its practical and economical use gain significance day by day. The first wind energy turbine site investigation and wind power application possibility have been presented for the Akhisar area within the eastern provinces of Turkey. Different wind turbine technologies are assessed according to the local wind speed variations. Locally and technologically suitable wind turbines are selected. Finally their locations are decided by expert views and field measurements with the usage of well known WASP software. It is calculated that a minimum of 31436 MWh/year wind can be generated in this site. In the calculations 10% error possibility is allowed.     

Geothermal energy in Turkey: 2008 update

Geological studies indicate that the most important geothermal systems of western Turkey are located in the major grabens of the Menderes Metamorphic Massif, while those that are associated with local volcanism are more common in the central and eastern parts of the country. The present (2008) installed geothermal power generation capacity in Turkey is about 32.65 MWe, while that of direct use projects is around 795 MWt. Eleven major, high-to-medium enthalpy fields in western part of the country have 570 MWe of proven, 905 MWe of probable and 1389 MWe of possible geothermal reserves for power generation. In spite of the complex legal issues related to the development of Turkey's geothermal resources, their use is expected to increase in the future, particularly for electricity generation and for greenhouse heating.     

Geothermal energy utilization in Turkey

This paper investigates the status of geothermal development in Turkey as of the end of 1999. Turkey is one of the countries with significant potential in geothermal energy. Resource assessments have been made many times by the Mineral Research and Exploration Directorate (MTA) of Turkey. The main uses of geothermal energy are mostly moderate‐ and low‐temperature applications such as space heating and domestic hot water supply, greenhouse heating, swimming and balneology, industrial processes, heat pumps and electricity generation. The data accumulated since 1962 show that the estimated geothermal power and direct use potential are about 4500 MW_e and 31 500 MW_t, respectively. The direct use capacity in thermal applications is in total 640 MW_t representing only 2 per cent of its total potential. Since 1990, space heating and greenhouse developments have exhibited a significant progress. The total area of greenhouses heated by geothermal energy reached up to about 31 ha with a heating capacity of 69.61 MW_t. A geothermal power plant with a capacity of 20.4 MW_e and a CO₂ factory with a capacity of 40000 ton yr^?1 have been operated in the Denizli‐Kizildere field since 1984 and 1986, respectively. Ground source heat pumps have been used in residential buildings for heating and cooling for approximately 2 years. Present applications have shown that geothermal energy in Turkey is clean and much cheaper compared to the other energy sources like fossil fuels and therefore is a promising alternative. As the projects are recognized by the public, the progress will continue. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geothermal energy in Turkey: the sustainable future

Turkey is an energy importing nation with more than half of our energy requirements met by imported fuels. Air pollution is becoming a significant environmental concern in the country. In this regard, geothermal energy and other renewable energy sources are becoming attractive solution for clean and sustainable energy future for Turkey. Turkey is the seventh richest country in the world in geothermal energy potential. The main uses of geothermal energy are space heating and domestic hot water supply, greenhouse heating, industrial processes, heat pumps and electricity generation. The district heating system applications started with large-scale, city-based geothermal district heating systems in Turkey, whereas the geothermal district heating centre and distribution networks have been designed according to the geothermal district heating system (GDHS) parameters. This constitutes an important advantage of GDHS investments in the country in terms of the technical and economical aspects. In Turkey, approximately 61,000 residences are currently heated by geothermal fluids. A total of 665 MW_t is utilized for space heating of residential, public and private property, and 565,000 m² of greenhouses. The proven geothermal heat capacity, according to data from existing geothermal wells and natural discharges, is 3132 MWt. Present applications have shown that geothermal energy is clean and much cheaper compared to the other fossil and renewable energy sources for Turkey.     

Research on the generation of electricity from the geothermal resources in Simav region, Turkey

One of the greatest problems in using renewable energy sources is the great variability of energy level, both in the short and long term. Geothermal energy, by nature, has high availability because the source is not dependent on weather conditions, so it is among the most stable renewable energy sources. Geothermal energy has the potential to play an important role in the future energy supply of Turkey. Although Turkey has the second-highest geothermal energy potential in Europe, electricity generation from geothermal energy is rather low.This study examines the use of geothermal energy in electricity generation and investigates the applicability of the existent geothermal energy resources to electricity generation in the Kütahya–Simav region, Turkey. The binary cycle is used in the designed power plant for electricity generation from geothermal fluid in which the percentage of liquid is high and which is at lower temperature. In this power plant, R134a is chosen as the secondary fluid, whose boiling point temperature is lower than that of water, and is used instead of geothermal fluid in a second cycle. The thermal efficiency of the designed power plant is measured to be 12.93%.     

地热发电:蕴藏丰富 前景广阔

作为可再生能源的一员,地热能资源丰富。我国藏滇地热带有高温地热资源分布,可用于地热蒸汽发电;中低温地下热水直接利用的能量居世界第一,其中的温度较高者,可以先发电,再将尾水作综合利用。我国已开始干热岩地热资源发电领域的研究。     

Exergoeconomic evaluation of electricity generation by the medium temperature geothermal resources,using a Kalina cycle: Simav case study

Recent technical developments have made it possible to generate electricity from geothermal resources with low and medium enthalpy. One of these technologies is the Kalina Cycle System (KCS-34). In this study, electricity generation from Simav geothermal field is investigated. The optimum operating conditions for the KCS-34 plant design are determined on the basis of the exergetic and life-cycle-cost concepts. With the best design, power generation of 41.2 MW and electricity production of 346.1 GWh/a can be obtained with an energetic efficiency of 14.9% and exergetic efficiency of 36.2%. It is shown that, with the currently prevailing interest and inflation rates, the plant designs considered are economically feasible for values of the present worth factor (PWF) higher than 6.     

GIS based geothermal potential assessment: A case study from Western Anatolia,Turkey

Potential geothermal areas are identified through investigation of spatial relations between geothermal occurrences and their surrounding geological phenomena in western Anatolia, Turkey. The identification is based on only publicly available data. It is expected that the study will guide further preliminary investigations performed for large areas having limited information. Magnetic anomaly, Bouger gravity anomaly, earthquake epicenter and lineament datasets are used for the analysis. The first is used without any modification whereas the rest are utilized to extract three evidence maps; distance to major grabens, Gutenberg–Richter b-value and distance to lineaments, respectively. Predictor maps are produced from these evidence maps as well as from the unprocessed magnetic anomaly map by applying two different binarization procedures. From each binarization procedure a favorability map is produced separately using Index Overlay (IO) and Weights of Evidence (WofE) methods. The findings reveal that weighting predictor maps according to spatial association between evidence maps and training points lead to more accurate prediction in both WofE and IO methods. The potential areas in the final maps are Ayd?n, Denizli, Manisa, Bal?kesir and Kutahya of which first two have been explored and exploited, and thus found to be favorable, while the rest are nearly unexplored.     

Biomass resources assessment for power generation: A case study from Haryana state,India

India generates over 370 million tonnes of biomass every year. In addition to the direct harvesting from plants, biomass is also produced as a by product in many agro based industries such as rice husk from rice mill, saw dust from saw mill, bagasse from sugar mills etc. It has been estimated that about 17 GW of power can be generated through cogeneration, combustion and gasification routes from the available biomass. However, for this potential to be realized, data on production, present usage patterns, prices and seasonal fluctuation on biomass is essentially required. The present article is based on the resource assessment of non-plantation surplus biomass with a view to using it for energy production and its utilization in the state of Haryana, India.Being an agricultural state, Haryana has a huge potential of biomass availability in the form of crop residue and saw dust. In the agricultural sector, a total 24.697 Mt y^?1 of residue is generated, of which 71% is consumed in various domestic and commercial activities within the state. While in agro based industrial sector, a total of 646 kt y^?1 of sawdust is generated, of which only 6.65% is consumed in the state. Of the total generated biomass in the state, 45.51% is calculated as basic surplus, 37.48% as productive surplus and 34.10% as net surplus. The power generation potential from all these three categories of surplus biomass is 1.499 GW, 1.227 GW and 1.120 GW respectively.     

Geothermal energy: Non-electric potential in the USA

In this paper, the authors examine the energy market potential of non-electric uses of hydrothermal geothermal in the USA during the period 1985–1995. A generalized pricing model is developed for estimating a future delivered price of geothermal energy for a wide range of uses. These prices are then compared with forecast prices of alternative fuels. Market potential is then calculated as the sum of the energy demands of consumers for whom geothermal is at least price competitive. A modest contribution, one which is sensitive to government support, is expected from geothermal during the forecast period.     

Wind energy potential evaluation for power generation in selected districts of Jharkhand

This study evaluated the availability of wind energy for electricity production at different locations, i.e., Ranchi, Jamshedpur, Devghar, Lohardaga, and Chaibasa, in Jharkhand, India. Due to the rapidly rising demand for power in Jharkhand, there is a requirement of an alternative renewable source of energy to lower the dependence on its limited fossil fuel resources. The studied locations were found to be unsuitable for wind to electricity generation on a large scale at 10 m height above the ground. However, small-scale wind turbines can be used to extract energy from low-speed wind, preferably at a height above 10 m from the ground.     

Biomass energy potential in Turkey

Biomass energy includes fuelwood, agricultural residues, animal wastes, charcoal and other fuels derived from biological sources. It currently accounts for about 14% of world energy consumption. Biomass is the main source of energy for many developed and developing countries. In Turkey energy wood is available in the form of forest chips, fuelwood, wood waste, wood pellets, and it is also produced to a very limited extent from willow crops in short rotation forestry. The major part of wood harvested in the forest area (approximately 10 million ha) ends up as energy wood directly or indirectly after having been used for other purposes first. An overview of biomass potential and utilization in Turkey is presented. In 1999, the biomass share of the total energy consumption of the country is 10 percent. The level of fuelwood use together with that of other agricultural and animal wastes is compared with the commercial energy use within the country's global energy balance. The possibilities of increasing fuelwood production through afforestation programmes and substitution for commercial fuels are discussed. Biogas utilization in the rural regions is also reviewed, emphasizing its possible contribution.     

Field development and power generation in Kizildere, Turkey

Turkey is classified among the countries which have a high geothermal energy potential (Alpan, 1974). Geological and geophysical exploration is continuing in promising areas. However primary emphasis has been given to Western Anatolia during the last decade. As a result of these efforts Kizildere field was developed and a power plant put into operation on February 14, 1984. This paper summarizes the power plant and production problems encountered in wells during 1984 and future field development plans.     

Distributed power generation: A case study of small scale PV power plant in Greece

In recent years, energy systems have been undergoing a development trend characterised by privatisation of the most important energy sectors (electricity and natural gas) that has turned former monopolies into free-market competitors. Furthermore, community awareness of environmental impact caused by large conventional power plants is growing, together with a greater interest in distributed-generation (DG) technologies based upon renewable energy sources (RES) and cogeneration. In this context, renewable energy technologies are emerging as potentially strong competitors for more widespread use. Despite the remarkable progress attained over the past decades, RES have not yet been fully integrated into the power sector. Some RES-technologies have already achieved a significant market share. The industry is now quite mature, although far from having developed its global potential.