PSON: A scalable P2P file sharing system with efficient complex query support

A desired P2P file sharing system is expected to achieve the following design goals: scalability, routing efficiency and complex query support. In this paper, we propose a powerful P2P file sharing system, PSON, which can satisfy all the three desired properties. PSON is essentially a semantic overlay network of logical nodes. Each logical node represents a cluster of peers that are close to each other. A powerful peer is selected in each cluster to support query routing on the overlay network while the less powerful peers are responsible for the maintenance of shared contents. To facilitate query routing, super peers are organized in form of a balanced binary search tree. By exploiting the concept of semantics, PSON can support complex queries in a scalable and efficient way. In this paper, we present the basic system design such as the semantic overlay construction, query routing and system dynamics. A load balancing scheme is proposed to further enhance the system performance. By simulation experiments, we show that PSON is scalable, efficient and is able to support complex queries.     

A novel state cache scheme in structured P2P systems

Large-scale P2P systems typically have hundreds of thousands of peers that involve frequent dynamic activities. Current structured overlays do not identify well the rhythm in the dynamic activities, thus resulting in high maintenance overhead. In this paper, we present a new state cache system, called SCS, that solves the problem by exploiting the access patterns of dynamic activities in P2P systems. SCS partitions the whole P2P network into clusters and dynamically chooses a “super” node in each cluster to selectively record and maintain the routing information for departed nodes most likely to arrive back in the near future. The cached routing information enables SCS to simplify self-organization, reduce system maintenance overhead and provide high quality routing service. The experimental results show that SCS reduces the maintenance overhead by up to 66% while delivering much better routing performance, as compared to current structured P2P systems.     

一种实现高效副本发布与查询的DHT覆盖网

在对等计算应用中,副本复制技术是提升查询命中率、提升查询速度、维护负载均衡的一种有效方法,然而它也提升了在存储空间和流量上的代价.研究如何在结构化的P2P覆盖网中,通过拓扑优化手段减少复制中的冗余流量和冗余副本.首先在网络中选择支配集节点作为超级节点,设计一个层次化的、体现节点邻近度的P2P覆盖网,然后基于多hash函数,开发对应的复制技术以实现低代价的副本查询.该方法能够有效地在网络中分散副本,提升查询命中率,减少冗余消息和所需存储空间.给出了性能指标的理论分析,并通过仿真验证了该方法的优越性.     

IPv6中基于节点异构的P2P改进系统

对等网络(Peer-to-Peer,P2P)系统中,对于目标节点的准确定位是一个很重要的研究方向.目前已有的基于分布式哈希表(Distributed Hash Tables,DHT)技术的结构化P2P系统,最基本的功能是提供文件的精确定位.但是这些结构化P2P系统都没有考虑现实网络中节点的异构性,无一例外的都认为每个P2P节点的资源1是等同的,这一点和现实网络相违背.本文在此基础上提出结合IPv6地址聚类性,同时考虑各个节点资源差异的一种改进寻路效率的P2P系统模型RCchord6(Resource-Considered Chord in IPv6),该模型能够贴合现实网络的布局.分析和仿真结果表明,该模型能够有效地减小P2P系统的寻路延时,提高寻路效率.     

P2P网络中Chord搜索算法的改进研究

为解决P2P网络中Chord算法众多节点性能不一、节点频繁离开和加入制约系统性能的问题, 提出了基于信息相关度的分组改进算法。该算法通过引入节点信息相关度的概念, 对原Chord进行信息相关度的一个分组调整。从每个组选出两个超级节点组成超级组, 同时为每个节点增加了逆时针路由, 在两个超级节点顺逆两个方向上选择出最短路径进行查找。实验表明, 改进后的算法使得系统的性能和适应性都得到了加强, 提高了Chord在对等网中的查找效率。     

一种非结构化对等网络短路效应解决方法

非结构化对等网络Gnutella存在短路效应，这会严重影响消息的到达率，造成网络查询效率低下。利用Gnutella网络拓扑的分布呈现典型的幂规律和小世界特性，将少量度很大的节点提升为超级结点，并以超级节点为中心，将兴趣相同或相似的节点进行聚类，从而形成若干自治域小世界，这样Gnutella网络模型被抽象层次化，自治域内查询请求由本域的超级节点直接处理，自治域间查询请求在超级节点间进行转发。研究表明，这种方法可以有效解决短路效应问题。     

双向主从式Chord资源搜索算法的研究

Chord是一种结构化的P2P网络模型,它具有速度快、无需中心控制、可扩展性强、负载平衡、高容错性能等优点。但是,Chord查找算法为单向查找,当目的节点与当前节点距离较远时,需经多次跳转,增加了路由延迟;Chord中能力较弱的节点来负责系统中大量的查询和下载,以及节点随时加入或离开系统的频繁变迁情况,这样会造成网络查询效率明显下降。改进的算法即双向主从式Chord算法支持双向搜索,并将网络中的节点分为超级节点和普通节点,由评估结果值较高的超级节点组成Chord主环。通过实验证明,改进算法有效地减少了路由跳数,降低了网络延迟。     

Combining search and trust models in unstructured peer-to-peer networks

Effectiveness of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) systems highly depends on efficiency and scalability of their search algorithms. Moreover, managing trust is a key issue for wide acceptance of P2P computing. Surprisingly, the majority of the available trust systems ignore the underlying search algorithm and assume it is preexisting. We claim that combining search and trust systems yields significant performance gains in terms of network traffic and query success rate. In this paper, we propose a robust and efficient trust based search framework for unstructured P2P networks. Our framework maintains limited size routing indexes combining search and trust data to guide queries to most reputable nodes. By dynamically selecting reputable nodes as score managers, our scheme tracks the reputation of participating peers. In an alternative approach, we aggregate partial reputation values obtained from reverse query paths to introduce a low overhead method for estimating reputation scores of peers. Through P2P network simulation experiments, we find significant performance gains in using our framework.     

Linking identical neighborly partitions for efficient high-dimensional similarity search in unstructured peer-to-peer systems

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) computing has recently attracted a great deal of research attention. In a P2P system, a large number of nodes can potentially be pooled together to share their resources, information, and services. However, existing unstructured P2P systems lack support for content-based search over data objects which are generally represented by high-dimensional feature vectors. In this paper, we propose an efficient and effective indexing mechanism to facilitate high-dimensional similarity query in unstructured P2P systems, named Linking Identical Neighborly Partitions (LINP), which combines both space partitioning technique and routing index technique. With the aid of LINP, each peer can not only process similarity query efficiently over its local data, but also can route the query to the promising peers which may contain the desired data. In the proposed scheme, each peer summarizes its local data using the space partitioning technique, and exchanges the summarized index with its neighboring peers to construct routing indices. Furthermore, to improve the system performance with peer updates, we propose an extension of the LINP, named LINP⁺, where each peer can reconfigure its neighboring peers to keep relevant peers nearby. The performance of our proposed scheme is evaluated over both synthetic and real-life high-dimensional datasets, and experimental results show the superiority of our proposed scheme.     

基于Chord协议的混合P2P模型

在结构化点对点(P2P)模型中,节点异构性会引起系统的不稳定。针对该问题,结合混合P2P模型的优点,构造一个基于Chord协议的混合P2P模型,将节点按处理能力分为超节点和普通节点,多个超节点被组织到同一个群组中,由超节点管理普通节点以提高系统稳定性。该模型采用基于拓扑感知的搜索算法,能较好地解决分布式哈希表(DHT)技术的路由绕路问题。实验证明,该模型在一定程度上降低查询延时,可提高查询效率。     

一种有效的簇集主干点P2P网络结构模型

文中提出一种有效的簇集主干点P2P网络结构模型，克服了非结构化P2P系统中存在的扩展性不好和搜索效率不高的问题。该模型根据拓扑优先级把对等点聚类成簇形层级结构，从CN中选出GN充当簇的中心和服务提供者，实现定位查询和信息交互。为了衡量由主干点组成的骨干网的路由，文中设计了一种适用于应用级广播协议的路由算法。实验利用Java平台和仿真工具模拟实时网络环境，比较层级结构结合主干点骨干协议的系统模型和Gnuteua系统的代价。实验结果证明这种层级结构的簇集P2P模型，加上骨干网协议支持，在系统性能和可扩展性上带来了明显地提升，并可在大范围非结构化的P2P环境中得到应用推广。     

基于Chord模型的资源搜索机制的研究

论文在深入分析Chord资源搜索机制的基础上,针对其存在的问题提出了改进的方案。通过使用一个统一的数学模型来增加节点拥有的路由信息,同时,合并冗余的路由项,使得在节点增加了路由信息的同时没有增加节点路由表的规模。该方案还能够使节点对键值落在不同标识符区域的资源进行搜索时所需路由跳数的差异变小。改进的方案使资源搜索的性能更加稳定,资源查询消息的平均路由跳数更少,对节点的资源的占用更少。路由查询消息时节点所需的处理时间更短等优点。     

GrouPeer: Dynamic clustering of P2P databases

Sharing structured data in a P2P network is a challenging problem, especially in the absence of a mediated schema. The standard practice of answering a consecutively rewritten query along the propagation path often results in significant loss of information. On the opposite, the use of mediated schemas requires human interaction and global agreement, both during creation and maintenance. In this paper we present GrouPeer, an adaptive, automated approach to both issues in the context of unstructured P2P database overlays. By allowing peers to individually choose which rewritten version of a query to answer and evaluate the received answers, information-rich sources left hidden otherwise are discovered. Gradually, the overlay is restructured as semantically similar peers are clustered together. Experimental results show that our technique produces very accurate answers and builds clusters that are very close to the optimal ones by contacting a very small number of nodes in the overlay.     

类人类社会基于社区的对等网自组织构造

研究了对等网络拓扑构造和变化与人类社会社区构造和变化的对应关系．参照人类社会组织,提出一种以共享和需求为目的的社区结构,从节点服务他人和满足自身的双重视角构造对等网,实现节点以较小代价获取所需资源以及被其他节点检索．根据提出的自组织构造算法SOMA,各节点周期性地利用空闲时间调整拓扑连接,动态配置节点所属的社区,适应节点资源和需求的不断变化．仿真结果表明,提出的对等网自组织构造方法能自动优化网络,带来搜索性能的极大改善,具有良好的扩展性和自适应性．     

An advertisement-based peer-to-peer search algorithm

Most of the existing search algorithms for unstructured peer-to-peer (P2P) systems share one common approach: the requesting node sends out a keyword search query and the query message is repeatedly routed and forwarded to other peers in the overlay network. Due to multiple hops involved in query forwarding, the search may result in a long delay before it is answered. Furthermore, some incapable nodes may be overloaded when the query traffic becomes intensive or bursty.     

Peer-to-peer bichromatic reverse nearest neighbours in mobile ad-hoc networks

The increasing use of mobile communications has raised many issues of decision support and resource allocation. A crucial problem is how to solve queries of Reverse Nearest Neighbour (RNN). An RNN query returns all objects that consider the query object as their nearest neighbour. Existing methods mostly rely on a centralised base station. However, mobile P2P systems offer many benefits, including self-organisation, fault-tolerance and load-balancing. In this study, we propose and evaluate 3 distinct P2P algorithms focusing on bichromatic RNN queries, in which mobile query peers and static objects of interest are of two different categories, based on a time-out mechanism and a boundary polygon around the mobile query peers. The Brute-Force Search Algorithm provides a naive approach to exploit shared information among peers whereas two other Boundary Search Algorithms filter a number of peers involved in query processing. The algorithms are evaluated in the MiXiM simulation framework with both real and synthetic datasets. The results show the practical feasibility of the P2P approach for solving bichromatic RNN queries for mobile networks.     

Skyframe: a framework for skyline query processing in peer-to-peer systems

This paper looks at the processing of skyline queries on peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. We propose Skyframe, a framework for efficient skyline query processing in P2P systems, which addresses the challenges of quick response time, low network communication cost and query load balancing among peers. Skyframe consists of two querying methods: one is optimized for network communication while the other focuses on query response time. These methods are different in the way in which the query search space is defined. In particular, the first method uses a high dominating point that has a large dominating region to prune the search space to achieve a low cost in network communication. On the other hand, the second method relaxes the search space in order to allow parallel query processing to speed up query response. Skyframe achieves query load balancing by both query load conscious data space splitting/merging during the join/departure of nodes and dynamic load migration. We further show how to apply Skyframe to both the P2P systems supporting multi-dimensional indexing and the P2P systems supporting single-dimensional indexing. Finally, we have conducted extensive experiments on both real and synthetic data sets over two existing P2P systems: CAN (Ratnasamy in A scalable content-addressable network. In: Proceedings of SIGCOMM Conference, pp. 161–172, 2001) and BATON (Jagadish et al. in A balanced tree structure for peer-to-peer networks. In: Proceedings of VLDB Conference, pp. 661–672, 2005) to evaluate the effectiveness and scalability of Skyframe.     

一种负载感知的结构化P2P协议

提出并建立一种负载感知的结构化P2P协议——LaChord,采用负载感知的被动式路由表维护机制和负载感知的路由算法,通过增加轻载节点的入度来增大轻载节点作为路由中继节点的概率,在保证查询性能的前提下使消息路由到轻载节点。实验表明,与没有采用负载感知的协议相比,采用负载感知的结构化P2P协议可使系统内节点负载达到更好的平衡,负载感知的算法有助于提高系统的扩展性能。     

基于混合结构的Chord系统研究

Chord是一种比较有效的P2P路由算法,它能够快速地查找到该资源的位置,但是当节点能力差异较大时会影响网络的稳定性;Chord环上的节点ID与实际物理地址不一致会造成信息的延迟现象;混合式的P2P能够较好的管理能力较差的节点,但是查询具有盲目性。该文通过分析它们两者的优缺点提出了基于混合结构的Chord系统,在一定程度上解决了传统Chord的稳定性、绕路问题和混合P2P结构的查询效率问题。     

SSW: A Small-World-Based Overlay for Peer-to-Peer Search

Peer-to-peer (P2P) systems have become a popular platform for sharing and exchanging voluminous information among thousands or even millions of users. The massive amount of information shared in such systems mandates efficient semantic-based search instead of key-based search. The majority of existing proposals can only support simple key-based search rather than semantic-based search. This paper presents the design of an overlay network, namely, semantic small world (SSW), that facilitates efficient semantic-based search in P2P systems. SSW achieves the efficiency based on four ideas: 1) semantic clustering, where peers with similar semantics organize into peer clusters, 2) dimension reduction, where to address the high maintenance overhead associated with capturing high-dimensional data semantics in the overlay, peer clusters are adaptively mapped to a one-dimensional naming space, 3) small world network, where peer clusters form into a one-dimensional small world network, which is search efficient with low maintenance overhead, and 4) efficient search algorithms, where peers perform efficient semantic-based search, including approximate point query and range query in the proposed overlay. Extensive experiments using both synthetic data and real data demonstrate that SSW is superior to the state of the art on various aspects, including scalability, maintenance overhead, adaptivity to distribution of data and locality of interest, resilience to peer failures, load balancing, and efficiency in support of various types of queries on data objects with high dimensions.