Agent-based load balancing routing for LEO satellite networks

To ensure an intelligent engineering of traffic over entire satellite networks, a distributed routing scheme for low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks, agent-based load balancing routing (ALBR), is presented. Two kinds of agents are used. Mobile agents migrate autonomously to explore the path connecting source and destination, to gather inter-satellite link (ISL) cost, identifier and latitude of visited satellites. Meanwhile, stationary agents employ exponential forgetting function to estimate ISL queueing delay, calculate ISL cost using the sum of propagation and queueing delays; evaluate path cost considering satellite geographical position as well as ISL cost, finally update routing items. Through simulations on a Courier-like system, the proposed scheme is shown to achieve better load balancing, and can especially decrease packet loss ratio efficiently, guarantee better throughput and end-to-end delay bound in case of high traffic load. Furthermore, results from the implementation complexity analysis demonstrate that with the aid of agent technology, ALBR has lower on-board computation, storage, signaling requirements than other on-board routing schemes.     

LEO卫星网QoS遗传算法路由协议

为了满足多媒体应用的QoS要求,卫星路由协议应该更有效地利用网络资源,提供更好的QoS保障。为此提出了一个基于遗传算法的LEO卫星网络QoS路由协议,称为遗传卫星路由协议（GSRP）。改进了新的操作函数,如适应度函数、终止函数,以及变异率和路由表。仿真结果表明,GSRP能够实现较少CBP和HBP的可靠的点对点时延约束,以及比传统的算法更有效的负载平衡。     

Packet routing algorithm for polar orbit LEO satellite constellation network

The proliferation of Internet motivates the need of integrating IP with Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks that are well known for their global coverage and their ability of providing services with different QoS specifications. There is no doubt tha…     

一种高效动态LEO卫星网络流量调节路由算法

针对考虑负载均衡的LEO卫星网络路由算法存在控制网络开销偏大、路由更新不及时以及流量调节机制分配不均等问题,提出了一种基于负载均衡的动态LEO卫星网络路由算法DRLB。根据卫星节点路径记录信息以及后向Agent读取策略设计新的路由机制,获得动态卫星拓扑结构;分析前向Agent的分组格式并删除冗余字段,达到减小网络开销目的;根据数据发送时间间隔构造前向Agent选址策略,提高路由更新效率,通过考虑卫星所处纬度流量分配不均问题,改进流量调节因子,获得更好的负载均衡效果。仿真结果表明,与SDRZ-MA算法相比,DRLB算法在减缓星地之间的控制开销、平均端到端时延等方面具有较好的优势。     

自组织网络按需路由协议性能仿真

介绍了Adhoc网络中使用的AODV及DSR路由协议,针对Adhoc网络移动的机动性.分组发送的随机性,节点数目的不确定性及发送分组大小的可变性,对丈献[1]所采用的仿真场景进行了实用化的改进,并利用OPNET进行了大量的仿真,给出了AODV和DSR两种路由协议性能的仿真结果.     

基于GEO/LEO卫星通信网的路由策略研究

从优化卫星网络管理的角度,提出了GEO/LEO卫星通信网络体系结构,该结构将管理子网与业务子网在物理上相互分离,体现了与地面网络不同的集中式路由策略的优势,同时利用卫星运行的规律性和星际链路分布的规则性,制定了极大降低运算量的备用路由策略,保证了GEO/LEO卫星网络体系结构的可靠性,通过仿真验证了两种路由策略的性能。     

On supporting high-throughput routing metrics in on-demand routing protocols for multi-hop wireless networks

Researchers have proposed routing metrics other than hop count, such as ETX (expected transmission count) and ETT (expected transmission time), to find routes with high throughput. These metrics are inherently suitable to be used in source routing protocols such as DSR, because link state information needs to be collected for the calculation of the shortest path. In this paper, we propose an efficient and generalized approach called accumulated path metric (APM) for supporting high-throughput metrics (HTMs) in on-demand routing protocols. One advantage of APM is that it is able to find the shortest path, in terms of a particular metric, without collecting topology information and without running a shortest-path algorithm. This will significantly simplify the existing design of supporting HTMs in DSR. We present a proof of the correctness of APM. Moreover, we address the problem of duplicate RREQ (route request) transmissions with existing HTM schemes and present a broadcast ordering (BO) technique to suppress unnecessary RREQ transmissions. We study the performance of APM and BO in both AODV and DSR, and the results verify the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.     

一种能量感知的无线移动自组网路由协议

无线移动自组网中的大多数节点都是由有限寿命的电池来提供的,能量保护策略就成为设计网络协议的一个重要条件。提出一种能量感知的无线移动自组网路由协议,综合考虑了节点的剩余能量和路由跳数,有效保护网络中能量低的节点,减少了节点能量损耗,延长了网络的使用时间。该路由协议中采用了局部路由修复机制,减少了数据包丢失,提高了数据传输率。最后,仿真结果证明了协议的有效性。     

Topological dynamics characterization for LEO satellite networks

The highly topological dynamics characterizes the most fundamental property of satellite networks with respect to terrestrial ones. The manifest feature directs the researches on various aspects of satellite networks, including protocol architecture investigations, routing protocol and reliable transmission control protocol design and enhancement, etc. This paper systematically quantifies the dynamical activities of regular low earth orbit (LEO) satellite network topologies. The number and length of network snapshots are formulated concisely. With this work, it compensates for the simplified topological assumptions in many LEO satellite network related researches. The thorough understanding of this basic feature not only provides for an accurate quantification of network behavior for researchers on satellite network community, but also could act as a guidance for future satellite constellation design and optimization.     

Virtual topology dynamics and handover mechanisms in Earth-fixed LEO satellite systems

Handling network mobility in a highly dynamic LEO satellite network is a critical issue to achieve seamless and efficient integration of satellite and terrestrial networks. In Earth-fixed satellite systems, this task could be simplified by representing the network with a more static virtual topology. Virtual node (VN) approach is widely explored in satellite networks research; however, it has some deficiencies due to necessity of one-to-one correspondence between virtual nodes and physical satellites. In this work, a generic virtual topology model, namely multi-state virtual network (MSVN) architecture that alleviates these deficiencies, is proposed. A new mathematical model for MSVN is introduced along with its potential contribution to the overall system availability. Furthermore, possible handover mechanisms in Earth-fixed satellite systems are investigated, and new efficient handover mechanisms for both VN-based systems and MSVN-based systems are proposed. Comparing the handover mechanisms, we conclude with the benefits of using an MSVN-based Earth-fixed satellite system.     

LEO卫星网络中的一种分布式路由算法

在LEO卫星网络中,由于卫星高速运动导致的网络拓扑变化和不同卫星覆盖城内流量的非规整性给设计其特殊路由算法带来很大挑战。结合卫星网络的固有特点,本文提出一种基于路径信息压缩的分布式路由算法CPDR（Compressed Path Information based Distributed Routing）。该算法使用分布式分层链路状态收集策略和简洁的路径信息编码机制,能够在不引入额外信令开销基础之上提供多路径路由能力,实现卫星网路中的流量负载平衡、优化网络带宽应用、提高星际链路利用率。     

一种面向低轨卫星网络的高效无证书身份认证方案

针对现有低轨卫星网络认证方案采用集中认证方式存在认证时延大和采用复杂的双线性映射存在计算开销大的问题。引入无证书认证模型,在Gayathri方案的基础上;设计了一种高效无证书认证方案。该方案将用户的公钥和真实身份统一起来,使得认证过程中不需要第三方参与,降低了认证时延;通过椭圆曲线上少量点乘和点加运算构建认证消息,避免使用双线性映射,降低了计算开销;并在随机预言模型下,基于椭圆曲线离散数学对问题假设,对其安全性进行了证明。最后,通过实验仿真,与现有低轨卫星身份认证方案相比,所提方案的认证时延、计算开销和通信开销较低。     

MDYMO：一种新的Ad Hoc按需多路径路由协议

移动Ad Hoc网络(MANETs)是一种资源受限、拓扑结构不断动态变化的网络。很多Ad Hoc路由协议的研究都是集中在如何建立一条源节点到目的节点的单路径路由上,但是,使用多路径路由能够显著提高网络性能。基于DYMO协议进行了适当修改,提出了一种新的多路径路由协议——MDYMO。通过在NS-2下进行仿真测试,表明多路径不仅可以减少时延,而且能够降低网络中路由报文的传输数量。     

A stable weight-based on-demand routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) consists of a set of mobile hosts that can communicate with each other without the assistance of base stations. In MANETs, the high mobility of mobile nodes is a major reason for link failures. In this paper, we propose a stable weight-based on-demand routing protocol (SWORP) for MANETs. The proposed scheme uses the weight-based route strategy to select a stable route in order to enhance system performance. The weight of a route is decided by three factors: the route expiration time, the error count, and the hop count. Route discovery usually first finds multiple routes from the source node to the destination node. Then the path with the largest weight value for routing is selected. Simulation results show that the proposed SWORP outperforms DSR, AODV, and AODV-RFC, especially in a high mobility environment.     

Distributed on-demand address assignment in wireless sensornetworks

Sensor networks consist of autonomous wireless sensor nodes that are networked together in an ad hoc fashion. The tiny nodes are equipped with substantial processing capabilities, enabling them to combine and compress their sensor data. The aim is to limit the amount of network traffic, and as such conserve the nodes' limited battery energy. However, due to the small packet payload, the MAC header is a significant, and energy-costly, overhead. To remedy this, we propose a novel scheme for a MAC address assignment. The two key features which make our approach unique are the exploitation of spatial address reuse and an encoded representation of the addresses in data packets. To assign the addresses, we develop a purely distributed algorithm that relies solely on local message exchanges. Other salient features of our approach are the ability to handle unidirectional links and the excellent scalability of both the assignment algorithm and address representation. In typical scenarios, the MAC overhead is reduced by a factor of three compared to existing approaches     

一种用于MEO/LEO卫星网络管理的分簇算法

卫星网络是一种新型的无线网络形式,可以看作是一种特殊的ad hoc网络。但由于其本身具有的特殊性质,现有的无线网络管理协议不能高效地应用于卫星网络中。通过引入ad hoc网络中分簇的概念,提出了一种适用于MEO/LEO卫星网络管理的基于地理信息辅助的分簇算法。簇首及管理员由MEO卫星担任,管理代理设置在LEO卫星之上。LEO卫星轨道所处的外层空间被划分成移动的分区,根据结点的密度分区合并为簇,然后在簇内根据组合加权方式选择一个MEO结点作为簇首。该算法考虑了不同层卫星之间的相对移动性及卫星运动的规律性,明确了管理员及管理代理的设置位置,为卫星网络管理提供了一种有价值的研究方法。     

LEO卫星通信系统DBF发射通道校正

提出了一种卫星通信多波束平面阵天线系统发射通道幅相误差星地环路校正方案,分别采用经过空域 DFT 变换的 Walsh 正交码和 m/WH 复合正交码作为校正测试信号验证了所提校正方案。基于该方案,分析了在 LEO 卫星通信系统中,卫星星下点及覆盖边缘的路径差异引起的传播损耗对校正精度的影响。仿真结果表明,当存在同步误差时,采用 m/WH 复合码的校正方案具有更好的鲁棒性;在不增加发射功率的情况下,当地面关口站接收天线位于扫描角0～30°时,才能获得所需的校正精度。     

An efficient bow-based on-demand QoS routing protocol for MIMO ad hoc networks

The multiple inputs multiple output (MIMO) architecture supports smart antennas and MIMO links is now a popular technique for exploiting the multi-path, spatial multiplexing, and diversity gain to provide high spectral efficiencies and performance improvement in wireless ad hoc networks. In this work, we propose a new multi-path on demand quality-of-service (QoS) routing architecture, looked like a bow and called as bow structure, in MIMO ad hoc networks. A bow-based MIMO ad hoc networks routing protocol, named as BowQR, is also proposed to support QoS requirement and to improve the transmission efficiency. Each bow structure is composed of rate-links and/or range-links on demand to provide multi-path routing and satisfy the bandwidth requirement. Two types of transmission links, the rate-link and range-link, exploit the spatial multiplexing and spatial diversity to provide extremely high spectral efficiencies and increase the transmission range. Finally, the simulation results show that our BowQR protocol achieves the performance improvements in throughput, success rate, and average latency.     

实现Ad-hoc按需路由协议的关键技术

首先分析了Linux操作系统路由体系结构的特点,分析了在这种路由体系结构中实现按需路由协议的主要困难,给出了解决方法。在此基础上,提出实现按需路由协议的方案。最后根据此方案实现了无线自组网按需平面距离向量路由协议(Ad hoc on demand distance vector, AODV),并在实际网络中验证了方案的可行性。     

卫星网络基于信任的认证路由协议

安全路由协议是保障卫星网络安全运行的一个重要因素。针对现有卫星网络路由大多缺少安全机制的问题,运用基于椭圆曲线的签名方案保证路由报文的合法性,通过改进的信任评估机制排除内部恶意节点参加选路,设计了适用于高空通信平台(HAP)/低轨道(LEO)结构的层次式安全路由协议。分析表明该协议能够抵御多种常见的路由攻击。