基于ECC自愈能力的耐久性研究*

ECC是一种新型的高延性水泥基复合材料。与普通混凝土材料相比,ECC具有独特的微裂纹和应变硬化行为,具有较高的自愈合能力。因此,ECC在各种环境下比普通混凝土拥有更高的耐久性。为了研究ECC自愈能力与耐久性的关系,我们首先总结了ECC自愈能力的原因;然后,介绍了微生物法、玻璃胶囊填充愈合剂法、膨胀剂与其他外加剂等诱导ECC自愈的方法;最后,详细探讨了在冻融循环、酸腐蚀和疲劳条件下ECC自愈能力对其耐久性的影响。根据目前对于诱导自愈的研究现状,我们提出了要根据实际情况合理运用愈合剂来诱导ECC自愈的建议。     

FRP筋高韧性纤维混凝土复合结构抗震性能研究进展

高韧性纤维混凝土(ECC)具有优异的韧性、卓越的耗散能力及裂缝无害化分布的特点,在结构抗震中有极其优良的性能;FRP筋强度高,耐腐蚀性好。当两者结合起来使用时不仅克服了普通混凝土的不足,还能满足结构耐久性和特殊性能的要求。介绍了FRP筋与ECC之间的粘结工作机制,及其组成构件和结构的抗震性能。国内外研究表明,在抗震结构中使用FRP筋ECC构件,可以减少残余变形,提供相对大的弹性变形的能力。最后简要概述了针对FRP筋ECC复合结构抗震性能评价的综合性能指标法,提出了还需进一步研究完善的方向。     

混凝土微生物自愈合技术研究进展

为了抑制混凝土裂缝扩展所造成的结构损伤及由混凝土开裂带来的高额维修费用,采用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀实现混凝土微裂缝(300μm)的修复成为近年来的研究热点。本文对微生物自愈合混凝土的定义、分类、作用机理、影响因素以及愈合效果的评价指标等方面进行了文献综述,总结和评述了国内外混凝土微生物自愈合技术的最新研究进展和主要结论。研究发现,混凝土中的微裂缝主要由微生物的代谢产物—碳酸钙填充。除用于填充、修复微裂缝外,微生物代谢产生的矿物沉淀还能够改善混凝土的力学性能。此外,微生物修复后混凝土的孔隙率、吸水性、渗透性以及氯离子运输能力的降低也被认为是微生物愈合剂对混凝土结构耐久性改善的体现。因此,微生物作为混凝土愈合剂具备可持续修复裂缝的能力且可改善混凝土的力学性能和耐久性,从而达到修复和愈合混凝土的目的。最后,在分析已有研究成果的基础上,对混凝土微生物自愈合研究中存在的一些问题和未来的研究方向进行了讨论和展望。     

高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料的研究进展及应用

高延性水泥基复合材料(engineered cementitious composite,ECC)是经系统的微观力学设计,在拉伸和剪切荷载下呈现高延展性的一种纤维增强水泥基复合材料.综述了ECC的研究进展,介绍了配筋ECC结构的耐久性、安全性及可持续性等混凝土必须满足的关键性能.根据ECC近来的应用情况及在工程上推广应用的需要,总结了ECC长期性能方面的研究结果.     

ECC路面面层的生命周期评价和成本分析

超高延性水泥基复合材料(ECC)构建的面层相较于普通刚性混凝土路面面层，具有更长的使用寿命。本研究对六种典型ECC材料制作而成的面层进行了生命周期评价和成本分析。结果表明，虽然ECC面层短期内在环境影响和成本方面不占优势，但是超长的使用寿命和较低的维护频率使其在整个生命周期内的环境影响和成本远低于普通刚性混凝土面层。与普通刚性混凝土面层相比，含辅助胶凝材料(粉煤灰或矿渣)和环保纤维(聚丙烯纤维或玄武岩纤维)的ECC面层在生命周期内减少了63.2%～68.5%的增温潜势，且成本只占普通刚性混凝土面层的9.6%～23.3%。     

基于微生物矿化作用的混凝土自愈合性能研究进展

混凝土材料在实际服役阶段常常受到力学和环境因素的耦合作用,因"湿–热–化学–力"复杂应力使其内部较易产生微裂缝,有利于水分及腐蚀性离子的侵入,从而加速了钢筋混凝土结构耐久性劣化过程。为了延缓严酷环境下混凝土力学及耐久性能劣化过程,目前学者们通过微生物矿化技术对混凝土裂缝自愈合机理展开了大量研究。基于混凝土自愈合机理,针对微生物愈合的实现方式及其对耐久性的影响,对矿化作用下水泥基材料微生物自愈合研究进行了总结和讨论,最后综述了不同类型微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀技术在水泥基材料中的应用。     

基于亚胺键和二硫键的自愈合水性聚氨酯的制备及性能

以水杨醛和2,2-二氨基二苯二硫醚反应，合成了含有芳香二硫键的席夫碱，将合成的席夫碱和聚四氢呋喃醚二醇、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯、2,2-二羟甲基丁酸和1,4-丁二醇反应，制备了席夫碱自愈合水性聚氨酯。通过1HNMR、FTIR、对合成的席夫碱和聚氨酯进行表征，结果表明合成了有芳香席夫碱和芳香二硫键的自愈合水性聚氨酯；通过划痕测试和愈合测试对聚氨酯自愈合能力进行了表征，结果表明，SWPU-2的划痕愈合效果和自愈率都是最佳，在室温下愈合12h后，SWPU-2划痕消失，室温下愈合24h后，聚氨酯的自愈率可以达到95.8%     

大掺量"矿渣微粉+粉煤灰"中低强高性能混凝土配制技术与性能研究

为了生产具有中低强度等级的高性能混凝土，采用了在普通硅酸盐水泥混凝土基础上大掺量复合掺加“矿渣微粉 粉煤灰 高效减水剂”的技术路线，简称“三掺”高性能混凝土。本文通过较系统的配合比设计与试验，最终得出“三掺”高性能混凝土的系列配合比。性能研究结果表明：“三掺”高性能混凝土的工作性、水化热和耐久性都优于普通粉煤灰混凝土；其早期强度稍低，后期力学性能与普通粉煤灰混凝土一致。     

普通混凝土高性能化研究与施工应用(上)

在长期工程实践中遇到的问题，引起我们对混凝土施工性能和耐久性的关注，从而提出了“普通混凝土高性能化”的课题，结合生产实际，开展研究。介绍了研究工作的核心问题、技术途径；研究和应用过程中进行的试验和取得的相关数据；研究和应用的成果，以及对确保过程质量的认识和体会。     

高韧性混凝土复合材料研究与应用进展

聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维具有良好的抗拉性能、化学稳定性能与热稳定性能。相对于普通混凝土,通过内掺PVA纤维制成的高韧性混凝土复合材料(ECC)的直接拉伸性能、抗压性能、抗拉性能和抗弯曲性能都得到明显改善,在工程应用中具有极好的社会效益与经济价值。总结了ECC研究与工程应用进展,为纤维在建筑用混凝土性能改性方面的研究提供一些参考。     

高寒高海拔地区玄武岩纤维沥青混凝土损伤自愈合性能分析

为探究玄武岩纤维沥青混凝土在不同损伤程度及冻融循环、紫外辐射老化作用下的损伤自愈合性能,利用四点弯曲疲劳试验及扫描电子显微镜从宏、微观角度进行分析。通过对比分析试件愈合前后疲劳损伤速率v_D及累计耗散能ECD分别得到相应的愈合系数R_HI,结果表明:玄武岩纤维能提高普通基质沥青混凝土的损伤自愈合性能,其损伤愈合系数最大值为96％;在相同环境因素中,试件的损伤程度与愈合系数成反比;在相同的损伤程度下,冻融循环对试件的愈合性能影响最大,损伤愈合系数下降幅度最高达到4％;利用累计耗散能作为评价指标,可以更精确地表征沥青混凝土的损害自愈合性能。通过扫描电镜图像分析,从微观上解释了玄武岩纤维对于沥青混凝土紫外辐射老化及冻融作用前后自愈合性能的影响机理。     

DAP超分子水凝胶驱动自修复水泥基材料

为了延长混凝土的使用寿命,发展了一种2,6-二[N-(羧乙基羰基)氨基]吡啶(DAP)超分子水凝胶驱动自修复水泥基材料和诱导羟基磷灰石自修复技术。DAP超分子水凝胶通过负载NH₄H₂PO₄,在碱性条件下实现修复剂的智能化响应释放。将负载修复剂的DAP超分子水凝胶和中空玻璃管复合制备自修复构件,并开展了裂缝修复和护筋性能试验。结果表明:经过28 d的修复,0.592 mm宽的裂缝表面被修复,修复产物为羟基磷灰石;加入修复构件后,能够减缓钢筋锈蚀。在裂缝处,自修复成分释放后生成的修复产物使得裂缝的底部被填堵,阻隔了有害离子和气体的入侵通道。     

混凝土内置微生物自修复材料的研究进展

随着微生物矿化修复混凝土技术的发展,研究将微生物修复剂内置于混凝土基体中,以达到"主动修复"的效果具有重要的实际意义.本文回顾了近年来具有代表性的内置微生物修复剂诱导矿化生成无机盐修复技术在混凝土裂缝修复中的研究成果和进展,探讨了内置微生物修复剂诱导矿化生成无机盐修复技术存在的问题和工程应用研究前景,最后指出了内置微生物自修复材料修复技术有待于解决的主要问题.评述表明:目前内置微生物自修复材料修复技术仍停留在实验室研究阶段,真正用于工程较少,须积极寻求其它低廉、对施工条件要求低的微生物载体.     

Multiscale mechanical quantification of self-healing concrete incorporating non-ureolytic bacteria-based healing agent

This paper investigated non-ureolytic bacterially-induced precipitation of calcium carbonate as a self-healing strategy for concrete cracking. By incorporating bacteria and calcium source nutrients as a two-component healing agent in concrete matrix, the process of bacterially mediated calcium carbonate deposition was trigged upon crack formation and self-sealing of cracks can be expected. The effectiveness of healing was evaluated by mechanical tests in macroscale (flexural and ultrasonic pulse velocity) and nanoscale (nanoindentation), respectively. Both the repair method and the type of calcium source have a significant impact on the healing efficiency. The healing ratio and recovery ratios of flexural strength and modulus of the two-component self-healing with calcium glutamate were higher than that of control series by a factor of 2. A transition zone, whose average nanomechanical values were approximately 20% higher than that of outer precipitates, acted as a strong bond between the matrix and deposited layer from calcium glutamate.     

Autogenous healing of engineered cementitious composites under wet-dry cycles

Self-healing of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) subjected to two different cyclic wetting and drying regimes was investigated in this paper. To quantify self-healing, resonant frequency measurements were conducted throughout wetting-drying cycles followed by uniaxial tensile testing of self-healing ECC specimens. Through self-healing, crack-damaged ECC recovered 76% to 100% of its initial resonant frequency value and attained a distinct rebound in stiffness. Even for specimens deliberately pre-damaged with microcracks by loading up to 3% tensile strain, the tensile strain capacity after self-healing recovered close to 100% that of virgin specimens without any preloading. Also, the effects of temperature during wetting-drying cycles led to an increase in the ultimate strength but a slight decrease in the tensile strain capacity of rehealed pre-damaged specimens. This paper describes the experimental investigations and presents the data that confirm reasonably robust autogenous healing of ECC in commonly encountered environments for many types of infrastructure.     

Effect of pre-oxidation and Al amount on the oxidation behavior of healing agents in YSZ-Mo(Si1-x,Alx)2 composite

Efficient and easy to produce self-healing agents have significant role on the development of self-healing composites. Herein, we report preoxidized Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) synthesized Al-alloyed MoSi₂ for self-healing agent in thermal barrier coating system. The raw materials of Mo, Si and Al with molar aspect ratio of (1:1.6:0.4) and (1:1.2:0.8) were used to produce Mo(Si_1-x,Al_x) via SHS method. The healing agents were used to produce YSZ- Mo(Si_1-x,Al_x) composite by spark plasma sintering (SPS) method. Effect of peroxidation and Aluminum amount were studied after iso-thermal oxidation at 1050 °C with FE-SEM, EDX and XPS analysis. Oxide shell were grown on the surface of healing agent powders after preoxidizing. Oxide form of aluminum, silicon and molybdenum are available in oxide shell after preoxidation. Selective oxidation of Aluminum led to produce firm and continues Alumina oxide film on the surface of healing agents. Peroxidation is effective way to reserve the healing agent with molar aspect ratio of (1:1.2:0.8) by decreasing oxidation rates of them at working temperature and has not significant effect on healing agent with (1:1.6:0.4) molar aspect ratio. There is much prospect that this research will led to producing novel self-healing thermal barrier coatings by modification of healing agents composition in order to have the most appropriate properties at working condition.     

Autogenous healing of engineered cementitious composites at early age

Autogenous healing of early ages (3 days) ECC damaged by tensile preloading was investigated after exposure to different conditioning regimes: water/air cycles, water/high temperature air cycles, 90%RH/air cycles, and submersion in water. Resonant frequency measurements and uniaxial tensile tests were used to assess the rate and extent of self-healing. The test results show that ECC, tailored for high tensile ductility up to several percent and with self-controlled crack width below 60 μm, experiences autogenous healing under environmental exposures in the presence of water. However, the recovery for these early age specimens is not as efficient as the recovery for more mature specimen, for the same amount of pre-damage and exposure to the same environment. Even so, the self-healing for these early age specimens demonstrates high robustness when the preloading strain is limited to 0.3%. This conclusion is supported by the evidence of resonant frequency and stiffness recovery of the healed ECC materials.     

微生物菌落体系对混凝土裂缝自修复效果的影响综述

开裂是混凝土结构常见的病害,裂缝为外界水和侵蚀性介质提供了通道,侵蚀性介质的进入会导致混凝土耐久性能加速劣化,严重影响工程结构的服役寿命。为有效阻止有害离子的侵入,延长构件服役期限,裂缝的及时修补是目前建筑业所共同面临的问题。微生物自修复混凝土受到了研究学者的广泛关注,与传统混凝土不同,微生物自修复混凝土赋予结构裂缝自诊断、自修复的功能,其主要修复体系可分为两种:一元修复体系和多元修复体系。本文从两种不同修复体系角度分析了微生物自修复混凝土的修复效果,总结了各体系下面临的关键问题,对比了两种体系下自修复效果的优缺点,并展望了基于微生物矿化的混凝土裂缝自修复研究的发展方向。对已有研究成果总结发现,若以一种具有矿化功能的核心菌体为基础,再加入厌氧型细菌辅助矿化,可实现裂缝深度修复,这种新型矿化体系为基于微生物矿化的自修复混凝土的研究提供了新思路。     

Water permeability of reinforced concrete with and without fiber subjected to static and constant tensile loading

In this study, an innovative permeability device allowing permeability measurement simultaneously to loading was used to investigate the water permeability and self-healing of reinforced concrete. The experimental conditions focused on normal strength concrete (NSC) and fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) tie specimens under static and constant tensile loadings. Crack pattern and crack openings under the same loadings were measured on companion specimens. Experimental results emphasized the positive contribution of fibers to the durability of reinforced concrete. Under static tensile loading, the FRC tie specimens were 60% to 70% less permeable than the NSC tie specimens at the same level of stress in the reinforcement. After 6 days of constant loading, the FRC showed greater self-healing capacity with a reduction in water penetration of 70% in comparison to 50% for the NSC. The main cause of self-healing was the formation of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃).