Service Adaptability in Multimedia Wireless Networks

Next-generation wireless communication systems aim at supporting wireless multimedia services with different quality-of-service (QoS) and bandwidth requirements. Therefore, effective management of the limited radio resources is important to enhance the network performance. In this paper, we propose a QoS adaptive multimedia service framework for controlling the traffic in multimedia wireless networks (MWN) that enhances the current methods used in cellular environments. The proposed framework is designed to take advantage of the adaptive bandwidth allocation (ABA) algorithm with new calls in order to enhance the system utilization and blocking probability of new calls. The performance of our framework is compared to existing framework in the literature. Simulation results show that our QoS adaptive multimedia service framework outperforms the existing framework in terms of new call blocking probability, handoff call dropping probability, and bandwidth utilization.      

A preemptive channel allocation scheme for multimedia traffic in mobile wireless networks

This paper presents a channel allocation model with both partial and full preemptive capabilities for multimedia traffic in mobile wireless networks. The different types of multimedia traffic in transmitting through next-generation networks possess different characteristics and demand an adequate channel allocation scheme to fulfill individual Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. In the proposed model, multimedia traffic is classified into three classes corresponding to different priority levels in a decreasing order. To effectively reduce the dropping probability, a higher-priority handoff call is allowed to fully or partially preempt any lower-priority ongoing calls when the channel capacity becomes insufficient. In addition, to prevent from possible starvation of the lowest-priority traffic, a portion of system channels are purposely reserved. Performance measures, including the dropping probability of handoff calls, the call-interruption probability that an ongoing call is forced to termination due to full preemption, and the bandwidth reduction ratio due to partial preemption, are investigated through an analytical model built with 4-D Markov chains. The numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of our model.     

无线多媒体网络中一种基于测量网络状态的动态呼叫接纳控制算法

提出了一种无线多媒体网络中基于测量网络状态的动态呼叫接纳控制算法.它区分了实时和非实时业务,在网络带宽资源不足时可通过降低非实时业务带宽确保实时业务呼叫连接的可靠性;还可根据当前网络状况调整预留带宽大小,使小区实时业务切换呼叫掉线率低于设定的门限值.大量仿真结果显示该算法具有低实时业务切换呼叫掉线率和与固定预留方案相当的带宽利用率,而只以略高的新呼叫阻塞率为代价,适合各种不同概率发生时实际应用的情况.     

A distributed-request-based CDMA CAC for DiffServ multimedia services in wireless cellular mobile networks

In this paper, a distributed-request-based CDMA DiffServ (differentiated service) call admission control (CAC) scheme is proposed to provide various multimedia services seamlessly in wireless mobile Internet. Conventional CDMA CAC schemes cannot fully support DiffServ QoS (Quality of Service) and seamless handoff due to lack of consideration on service priority and seamless mobility. Therefore, in order to achieve QoS guarantee for each service class, seamless fast-handoff, and high utilization of the scarce wireless resource, we define a code assignment policy and an adaptive access permission scheme taking each user’s service priority and mobility into consideration. For that purpose, in the proposed scheme, the DQRUMA/CDMA is combined with the new code assignment scheme and the adaptive access permission probability (APP). Numerical examples show that the forced termination ratio of handoff calls is guaranteed to be much less than the blocking ratio of new calls for a seamless fast-handoff while proposed scheme provides QoS guarantee for each service class efficiently.     

Adaptive Call Admission Control Based on Reward-Penalty Model in Wireless/Mobile Network

A dynamic threshold-based Call Admission Control （CAC） scheme used in wireless/mobile network for multiclass services is proposed. In the scheme, each class＇s CAC thresholds are solved through establishing a reward-penalty model which strives to maximize network＇s revenue. In order to lower Handoff Dropping Probability （HDP）, the scheme joints packet and connection levels Quality of Service constraints, designing a bandwidth degradation algorithm to accept handoff calls by degrading existing calls＇ bandwidth during network congestion. Analyses show that the CAC thresholds change adaptively with the average call arrival rate. The performance comparison shows that the proposed scheme outperforms the Mobile IP Reservation scheme.     

基于效用的超宽带系统带宽分配

把超宽带系统的带宽优化调度表示为一个效用最大化的问题。对于系统的带宽分配,效用函数是服务质量的有效度量,它反映了用户对所分配的资源的满意程度。针对超宽带无线网络带宽分配中链路和用户的集中式算法的复杂性,用分布式方案解决这种问题,以自适应变化的无线网络环境。对系统带宽进行基于效用的分配,满足超宽带系统高速率传输的需要。     

Predictive channel reservation for handoff prioritization in wireless cellular networks

In wireless cellular networks, a roaming mobile station (MS) is expected to move from one cell to another. In order to ensure that ongoing calls are not dropped while the owner mobile stations roam among cells, handoff calls may be admitted with a higher priority than newly generated calls. Predictive channel reservation (or pre-reservation) schemes allow the reservation of a channel for an ongoing call in an adjacent cell before its owner MS moves into that cell, so that the call is sustained when the MS moves into the adjacent cell. Pre-reservations are made when the MS is within some distance of the new cell boundary. This distance determines the area in which the MS can make channel reservations. In this paper, we study the effect of the pre-reservation area size on handoff performance in wireless cellular networks. Our studies show that if the reserved channels are strictly mapped to the MSs that made the corresponding reservations, as we increase the pre-reservation area size, the system performance (in terms of the probability that the handoff calls are dropped) improves initially. However, beyond a certain point, the performance begins to degrade due to a large number of false reservations. The optimal pre-reservation area size is closely related to the traffic load of the network and the MSs’ mobility pattern (moving speed). We provide an analytical formulation that furthers understanding with regard to the perceived behavior in one-dimensional networks (in which all cells are along a line).With the objective of improving handoff performance and alleviating this sensitivity to the area size, we propose an adaptive channel pre-reservation scheme. Unlike prior pre-reservation methods, the key idea in our scheme is to send a channel pre-reservation request for a possible handoff call to a neighboring cell not only based on the position and orientation of the owner MS, but also as per its speed towards the target cell. The newly proposed scheme uses GPS measurements to determine when channel pre-reservation requests are to be made. Simulation results show that the adaptive channel pre-reservation scheme performs better in all typical scenarios than a previously proposed popular pre-reservation method that does not take mobility into account.     

支持动态带宽分配的呼叫接入策略

为了适应无线网络对多媒体业务的业务服务质量的需求,论文根据无线网络的多媒体业务特征,提出了一种支持动态带宽分配的无线多媒体业务的呼叫接入策略。通过对该策略进行数学模型分析和数值仿真,结果表明,该策略在小区带宽紧张时,通过降低可变带宽业务的业务带宽,能有效降低用户呼叫阻塞概率和中断概率;在小区带宽有剩余时,可以通过增加可变带宽业务的服务带宽来提高资源利用率。另外,可变带宽业务还能够灵活地借用为越区切换用户预留的带宽资源,充分地利用系统资源。     

A hybrid channel allocation algorithm with priority to handoff calls in mobile cellular networks

This paper proposes and investigates a novel analytical model of a hybrid channel allocation algorithm within wireless cellular networks. Each cell of the network consists of a predesigned fixed number of channels and the network may approve the request for extra channels for both new and handoff calls if all predesigned channels are occupied. This approval depends on the types of new and handoff calls, as well as the number of approved additional channels in the cell. If a request is denied for the arriving new call, this call will be blocked and cleared from the system. However, if a request is denied for an arriving handoff call, this call will not be blocked immediately but rather put on hold in a buffer with finite space. The implication behind this is to give priority to handoff calls. For this proposed hybrid channel allocation scheme, we first obtain the stationary distribution of each cell when there are i calls connecting to the system and j calls holding on in the buffer. We then derive new and handoff call blocking probabilities, the average number of borrowed channels, and the average delay period of handoff calls. The numerical results show that the proposed hybrid algorithm is more efficient than other approaches, specifically, in comparison with methods without a borrowing capability for new calls and those without a reserved buffer priority for handoff calls. The idea and results presented in this paper are expected to provide guidelines for field data processing within current wireless and mobile network design and performance evaluation.     

An integrated traffic model for multimedia wireless networks

Multimedia wireless networks are seen today as one of the key factors for the success of the global communication infrastructure in the near future. Such networks will have to handle a range of heterogeneous traffic classes with different QoS requirements. Their design, planning and control must be supported by suitable traffic models capable of dealing with a new set of constraints where QoS management and mobility play an important role.This paper proposes a traffic model for a cellular multimedia wireless network characterized by the integration of mobility and traffic management aspects. User mobility is modeled through a Markov renewal process, which allows for non-exponential cell residence times and may restrict the user mobility to existent paths in the system. A Markov-modulated fluid process is used to describe the changes in the bandwidth requirements of each mobile over the duration of its calls, including the periods where the mobile is inactive (without call).Based on the proposed model, the number of mobiles per class of traffic in a cell and the handoff processes are characterized. System performance results, such as new and handoff call blocking probabilities, for network planning are derived. Also, the distribution of the required capacity in a short time interval for network control is obtained. Simulations were carried out to validate the analytical results. The comparisons have shown that the integrated model may be regarded as a good basis to build useful teletraffic engineering tools for multimedia wireless networks.     

Dynamically adaptive channel reservation scheme for cellular networks

In personal communications networks (PCN) supporting network-wide handoffs, new and handoff requests compete for connection resources in both mobile and backbone networks. Forced call terminations due to handoff call blocking are generally more objectionable than new call blocking. In general, most of the previously proposed schemes for radio channel allocation in cellular networks reduce handoff call blocking probability substantially at the expense of increasing the new call blocking probability by giving higher priority to handoff calls over new calls in admission control. This reduces the total admitted traffic and results in inefficient utilization of wireless channels. The tradeoff between the new and handoff calls blocking probabilities should be defined on importance basis. In this paper, we propose a performance metric equation that makes a trade off between the two probabilities depending on the network preferences. Using this equation, we study the performance of various proposed channel reservation schemes. Also in this paper, a new dynamically adaptive channel reservation scheme (DACRS) is developed and compared with other schemes proposed in the literature. The DACRS assigns handoff-reserved channels to new calls depending on the locality principle in which the base station with the help of location estimation algorithms in the mobile location center predicts the position of the mobile terminal. Eventually, the DACRS is designed to improve channel utilization while satisfying the QoS of the calls. As will be shown analytically and through simulation, the DACRS outperforms current reservation schemes and results in more statistical gain, and powerful channel utilization.     

一种支持宽带无线多媒体网络QoS的动态呼叫接纳策略

在无线网络中,小区微型化的趋势使得呼叫切换发生的频率越来越高,迫切需要一种有效的呼叫接纳控制策略,对有限的无线带宽资源进行分配,以保证切换时的QoS,同时使带宽利用率最高。传统的预留带宽策略(GC,guard channel scheme)由于其固有的静态特征而不能适应流量模式的变化。最近,人们发现采用动态的随机控制策略能适应流量模式的变化,而且能使精度和稳定性大大提高。但将这种策略应用于多业务环境依然十分困难,挑战来自于多类呼叫的QoS要求、流量模式、切换率的多样性和宽带条件下的实时可计算性。在文[3]中,我们建立了一个随机控制模型,可以在宽带条件下实时地进行多业务接纳控制,但由于没有考虑复杂的边界条件,控制精度受到影响。本文,我们在考虑边界条件的情况下,求解该随机问题,并采用一种有效的数值方法,使计算复杂度大大降低,保证了计算的实时性。最后得到的多业务动态接纳控制策略具有较高的控制精度和良好的可计算性。仿真结果显示该策略能稳定地满足多业务QoS对呼叫中断概率的严格限制,同时又能保证信道的高利用率。     

Optimization for adaptive bandwidth reservation in wireless multimedia networks

In future wireless multimedia networks, user mobility management for seamless connection regarding realtime multimedia applications is one of the most important problems. In this paper we propose an opportunity-cost concept-based approach for adaptive bandwidth reservation with admission control for handover calls utilizing network traffic information. Excessive reservation guarantees low blocking probability of handover calls at the cost of high blocking probability of new calls. According to our survey, however, it may degrade bandwidth utilization while no prioritization for handover admissions degrades quality of service (QoS) for ongoing calls. We consider both QoS assurance and bandwidth utilization in order to optimize the amount of bandwidth to reserve for handover admissions. We believe that our scheme could be utilized as a guideline for cost-effective radio resource allocation in mobile multimedia networks.     

定向天线卫星网络空间重用的带宽预留算法

基于无线网络中设计提供服务质量(quality of service,QoS)的路由协议是一项具有挑战性的工作,提出无线卫星网络中基于定向天线的服务质量保证的空间重用的带宽预留算法。卫星网络中许多音/视频会议、远程教育等重要应用,需要服务质量保证。无线网络中的定向天线技术提供了显著增加空间重用性的能力,提高无线网络中的数据传输效率。研究使用定向天线的无线卫星网络中基于时分多址的带宽预留算法,该算法给不同方向的地面终端分配相同时隙来提高带宽资源的空间重用性,提高通信效率。通过模拟实验分析研究证明,该算法在服务质量调用成功率、吞吐量和延迟方面有比较好的性能。     

QoS-aware distributed spectrum sharing for heterogeneous wireless cognitive networks

Ubiquitous wireless networking calls for efficient dynamic spectrum allocation (DSA) among heterogeneous users with diverse transmission types and bandwidth demands. To meet user-specific quality-of-service (QoS) requirements, the power and spectrum allocated to each user should lie inside a bounded region in order to be meaningful for the intended application. Most existing DSA methods aim at enhancing the total system utility. As such, spectrum wastage may arise when the system-wise optimal allocation falls outside individual users’ desired regions for QoS provisioning. The goal of this paper is to develop QoS-aware distributed DSA schemes using game-theoretic approach. We derive DSA solutions that respect QoS and avoid naively boosting or sacrificing some users’ utilities to maximize the network spectrum utilization. Specifically, we propose two game-based DSA algorithms: one resorts to proper scaling of the transmission power according to each user’s useful utility range, and the other embeds the QoS factor into the utility function used during gaming. To evaluate DSA schemes from a practical QoS perspective, we introduce two new metrics, namely “system useful utility” and “fraction of QoS-satisfied users”. Simulations confirm that the proposed DSA techniques outperform existing QoS-blind game models in terms of the spectrum sharing efficiency in heterogeneous networks. Convergence analysis of the proposed QoS-aware DSA algorithms is also provided.     

基于位置服务信息的动态速率切换算法

提出了一种新的无线网络中的基于位置服务信息的动态速率切换算法,根据LBS信息和信号变化矢量判断即将来临的数据切换呼叫并为其预留信道,兼顾数据业务的VBR特性而自适应动态改变其服务带宽。仿真的结果表明,与其他切换算法相比,新算法的呼叫强拆率和呼叫阻塞率均有下降,信道利用率得到提高,提高了无线呼叫接入控制系统的QoS。     

异构无线系统中一种改进的垂直切换方案

针对异构无线系统垂直切换需要综合考虑多种因素的特点,提出了一种改进的垂直切换方案。方案首先考虑网络费用,对原方案的代价函数进行改进。然后根据电池电量,分别采用不同的切换方法。最后将切换语音呼叫留在原网络,以达到减小频繁切换的目的。仿真结果表明,本方案较原方案很好的减小了系统阻塞率、平均切换次数和平均通话费用,有效提高了系统性能,具有现实意义。     

基于马尔科夫链的联合呼叫接入控制算法

异构网络的接入策略与网络资源管理效率紧密相关;同时,网络复杂性与网络资源竞争性直接影响到用户服务质量。针对异构网络接入控制存在的切换掉话率和呼叫阻塞率高、资源利用率低等问题,提出了基于马尔科夫链的联合呼叫接入控制算法。接入控制算法为切换呼叫业务、实时业务动态地预留了一定的带宽资源,根据不同业务设置带宽降级因子来决定是否释放带宽;同时,根据用户偏好和不同业务的QoS要求,构建了呼叫接入控制效用函数,利用马尔科夫链进行了建模分析。仿真表明,算法提高了网络资源利用率,降低了系统复杂度,满足了各类业务的QoS要求。     

异构无线网络中基于非合作博弈论的资源分配和接入控制

对异构无线网络中无线资源分配和呼叫接入控制进行研究.基于非合作博弈理论,提出了不同无线资源的带宽和连接数量分配的理论模型.结合网络连接的效用函数,对非合作博弈的无线资源分配中的纳什均衡点的存在性和唯一性进行论证.而且,进一步对业务量与阻塞率之间的关系进行分析,提出了能够保证通信可靠性的接入控制算法.仿真结果表明,基于非合作博弈论的无线资源分配机制能够有效地解决带宽和连接数量的分配问题,并能在整体上保证分配的合理性和公平性.接入控制算法根据需要能够动态地调整在某一区域分配的连接数量,从而保证通信的可靠性.     

IEEE802.16中基于自适应信道预留的呼叫接入策略

呼叫接入控制（CAC）在宽带无线接入（BWA）服务质量（QoS）中起着非常重要的作用。对无线城域网中IEEE802.16复杂的QoS定义,该文提出了一种在IEEE802.16中基于自适应资源预留的呼叫接入控制策略（AR-CAC）。该策略根据UGS负载和信道利用率为其自适应预留信道,同时考虑了IEEE802.16业务的带宽特性。仿真结果表明,该策略在硬切换呼叫切换失败概率不变的情况下降低了高优先级服务的呼叫阻塞率,同时增大了系统的吞吐量。