液压自由活塞发动机活塞运动规律动态仿真研究

为研究液压自由活塞发动机(HFPE)的活塞运动特性,建立了液压自由活塞发动机动态仿真模型,针对循环供油量、喷油定时、气门正时、压缩压力、负载压力等主要控制变量对活塞运动情况的影响进行了规律性研究.结果表明:各控制变量的变化影响活塞受力的变化,进而使活塞的下止点位置和压缩比发生变化,并影响发动机的正常运转和性能;循环油量与活塞膨胀行程长度、压缩能量与压缩比均近似呈线性关系;HFPE循环工作是一个多参数耦合和能量重新分配的复杂过程;执行器滞后引入的正时控制误差将是影响控制精度的重要因素.     

A novel hydrogen engine one litre two stroke delivering top power 110 kW and brake efficiency 36% within the 25 kg total weight constraints

The paper presents a novel design for a viable two stroke hydrogen engine that delivers excellent fuel economy and low emissions within the constraints of today's cost, weight and size. The engine features asymmetrical port timing through a translating and rotating piston mechanism. The engine is externally scavenged and supercharged, has wet sump and oil pressure lubrication, direct injection, it is lightweight, easy to build, with minimal number of parts, low production cost, ability to be balanced and compact design. The two stroke mechanism produces a linear motion of the pistons as well as an elliptical path on the surface of the cylinder. This allows the piston to sweep as well as travel past the ports. The piston has a raised lip around portion of its circumference that communicates with the inlet and exhaust ports through its sweep and linear motion that assist in creating the port's asymmetry to make the exhaust port to open first and to close first. The inlet port opens approximately 23° after the exhaust port opens, and remains open for some 20° after the exhaust port closes. The inlet port remains open to complete the cylinder charging and allow supercharging. The piston generates a perfect sinusoidal motion. Direct fuel injection and jet ignition are adopted for best results over a wide range of speeds and loads. The load is controlled by the quantity of fuel injected and changing the supercharger speed through a continuously variable transmission. This paper includes design details as well as result of engine performance simulations. The engine has better than traditional two stroke engines (1) top brake efficiency in the high 30% range and (2) range of speed and loads where the efficiency is above 30%.     

An investigation of optimum control of ignition timing and injection system in an in-cylinder injection type hydrogen fueled engine

It is already known that the emission characteristic of hydrogen fueled engines are extremely good, when running the engine under lean burn conditions, with excess air ratios λ>2 which lower the NO_x emissions (Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 4 (1997) 423). However, there are abnormal combustion in the engine, which is one of the factors that has prevented the practical use of the engine. It is also a common conclusion that abnormal combustion can be suppressed in the in-cylinder injection type engine (International Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exposition, Philadelphia, PA, 6–9 October, SAE Technical Paper Series No. 8615769, 1986; Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2 (1977) 329). But, such advantages as suppression of abnormal combustion, engine power-up and reduction of NO_x emission are gained depending on proper injection system and reasonable injection timing, ignition timing and law of hydrogen injection. In this study, Hydrogen is injected into the cylinder in the late compression stroke and is ignited by electric spark in a test engine. The research on the performance of hydrogen fueled engine is carried out under the condition of different ignition timing and injection timing. Further, a control system consisting of a fuzzy-neural network controller combining with ignition adaptive controller is applied to the engine in order to optimally control ignition timing, injection timing and cycle amount of hydrogen injection. Thus, the performances in the hydrogen engine attain optimization in every operating state of the engine.     

车用柴油机微机控制器的应用

介绍一种车用柴油机的微机控制器，可对柴油机进行实时控制，又可对喷油量与喷油定时进行在线调节。以８０９８单片机为核心的控制系统，能咻证系统信号采集与控制量输出的精度。装有电控系统的柴油机，其性能得以进一步提高。     

二冲程低压双燃料发动机配气正时对燃气-空气混合效果的影响

为了探究燃气喷射参数对船用低压双燃料主机燃气-空气混合效果的影响,改变主机燃气配气正时,通过数值计算的方法对比不同燃气喷射时刻下的缸内混合气发展趋势,同时结合台架试验数据进行分析.分析结果表明:燃气喷射正时推迟,活塞头附近燃气含量增大,气缸盖和排气阀附近燃气含量降低,燃气上部会形成一层"气垫",阻止燃气与高温零部件接触而发生早燃;同时,随着喷射正时推迟,甲烷在压缩冲程的物理扩散逃逸问题得到缓解,但活塞头附近燃气集聚,导致活塞头热负荷增加.     

双对置二冲程柴油机性能分析方法探讨

双对置二冲程发动机内外连杆的特殊结构决定了内外活塞的运动规律不同于传统发动机。基于等容积变化率原理,并对比传统结构形式发动机性能分析方法,探讨BOOST软件用于双对置二冲程发动机性能分析的方法及其可行性。研究表明:该方法可行;由于双对置二冲程发动机活塞运动规律的差异,使得P-V图更趋于丰满,有利于提高热效率,但同时最高燃烧温度随之升高,热负荷增加。     

Improvement of fuel economy of an indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine with two-stage injection

This paper focuses on the effects of early stage injection and two-stage injection on the combustion characteristics and engine performances of an indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine. In a direct injection (DI) diesel engine, HC emission increases with early stage injection because some of the fuel spray adheres to the cylinder wall and burns in the gap between the piston and the cylinder. On the other hand, since the fuel spray of early stage injection in an IDI diesel engine is injected into an auxiliary combustion chamber such as a swirl chamber, the IDI diesel engine could reduced the HC emission produced from the gap compared with a DI diesel engine. In a two-stage injection IDI diesel engine, NO and smoke emissions are improved when the amount of fuel in the first stage injection is small and the first stage injection timing is advanced over −80° TDC. And 20% improvement in fuel consumption is achieved when the first stage injection timing is advanced over −80° TDC. Conversely, HC and CO emissions of two-stage injection increases compared with that of conventional injection of an IDI diesel engine. However, CO emission can be improved a little when the first stage injection timing is advanced over −100° TDC and the second stage injection timing is retarded over TDC.     

MPC555在柴油转子发动机电控高压共轨燃油喷射系统中的应用

介绍了MPC555在柴油转子发动机燃油喷射系统中的应用。主要介绍了整个电控系统的核心ECU的设计原理和方法及外围电路和控制策略及各种传感器的A／D转换、喷油器控制、高压泵控制喷油压力控制和CAN总线接口电路。系统具有集成度高,可靠性好的特点,初步试验验证所控制的转子机单缸转速和功率分别达到4400r／min和25kW。     

活塞式航空煤油发动机性能优化及爆震抑制研究

本文基于一台压缩比可变的单缸热力学发动机,使用自主开发的空气辅助喷射系统,在全负荷条件下,开展了活塞式航空煤油发动机性能优化及爆震抑制的试验研究。探究了采用双点火、降低压缩比以及使用CO2辅助喷射对航空煤油发动机的性能及爆震抑制的影响研究。结果表明,采用双点火可以有效提高航空煤油火焰传播速率,提高燃烧相位,降低循环波动,并且有抑制爆震的作用;通过降低压缩比有效实现了爆震抑制,解决在较高压缩比下航空煤油发动机只能运行在小负荷区间的难题,压缩比降至6,发动机实现全负荷运行,动力性、经济性较好,且不易发生爆震;采用CO2辅助航空煤油喷射时,随着CO2脉宽的增加,同一点火时刻下,发动机的动力性经济性下降,但由于CO2的抑制爆震的作用,MBT点火时刻最大可提前至14 °CA BTDC,使得燃烧相位提前,发动机燃烧效率提高。     

Mathematical modelling of a hydraulic free-piston engine considering hydraulic valve dynamics

This paper describes the design of a single piston compression ignition hydraulic free-piston engine. An engine simulation model considering hydraulic valve dynamics is built. Extensive simulated results are presented and the major features of the engine are discussed. Experimental results from a full-cycle test of a prototype are also included and analysed integrated with simulation as well. The good agreement between experiments and simulations confirms the model can predict the engine performance. The engine takes more time in the suck phase for one cycle, which is helpful in sucking the low-pressure oil into the pump chamber. The dynamics of valves on the hydraulic chambers affect the chamber pressures. The pump chamber valve response lag compared with the piston displacement affects not only the chamber volumetric efficiency but also the engine fuel economy. The unchangeable piston motion trajectory makes the engine possible to get a high volumetric efficiency with fixed check valves. The rebound changes the compression stroke length and should be considered in the engine control. Asymmetric strokes appear when the engine is running under the piston self-excited vibration frequency.     

可变滚流与二次喷油对火花点燃式发动机稀燃特性影响的研究

本文研究了可变滚流与二次喷油技术对发动机稀燃特性的影响。研究发现:1)在三种滚流比情况下,发动机比油耗随二次喷油比例的增加,呈下降趋势,说明在缸内只存在滚流运动的情况下,采用较大比例的二次喷油量可以获得更好的燃油经济性。2)喷油正时明显影响发动机燃油耗,在三种滚流比情况下,最低油耗点所对应的喷油正时按照T1、T2和T3顺序依次提前;负荷较大时,对应的最低油耗点喷油正时也相应有所提前。3)增强进气滚流运动可以改善发动机低速工况条件下的燃油经济性和排放特性,但应避免可变滚流机构对燃油喷注的阻隔作用。     

电控组合泵柴油机喷油正时控制研究

作为喷油量和喷油正时均可灵活控制的时间式高压燃油喷射系统,电控组合泵的喷油正时直接关系到其所匹配的柴油机燃烧和排放性能,因此必须精确控制电控组合泵的喷油正时。本文详细分析了喷油正时的影响因素,对电控组合泵燃油喷射系统的喷射正时控制策略进行了设计,标定了起射和停喷延迟脉谱以及油量线性化脉谱。实机试验表明,应用此控制策略能有效保证柴油机的燃油喷射控制,实现了电控组合泵柴油机的平稳控制。     

氢发动机排气污染及NOx排放优化控制

研究了在汽油中加入氢气后混合燃料发动机的排放特性,给出了氢汽油混合燃料可以全面改善汽油机的废气排放,然后进行了高压喷射型氢发动机的两个主要运转参数(点火提前角和喷氢提前角)对NOx排放影响的研究。试验表明点火提前角、喷氢提前角对NOx排放量有很大影响。在建立以点火提前角、喷氢提前角、喷氢量为控制变量,以动力性或经济性为性能指标泛函,且排放不超标等为约束条件的氢发动机最优控制模型的基础上,提出了分别以径向基(RBF)网络、模糊神经网络(FNN)求解最优控制模型的新方法,进行了仿真计算和试验数据的对比研究。研究结果给出了两种网络均可以成功取代传统MAP而满足要求。其中以模糊神经网络所用时间较短。     

VE分配泵供油正时控制电磁阀的研究

详细介绍了新研制的电控式VE分配泵供油正时控制电磁阀工作原理、结构形式、参数计算、控制方式以及对应的驱动电路。性能试验结果表明：该电磁阀的通过流量、可靠性、响应时间、调宽范围、调频范围以及重复精度等性能指标都能满足实际控制需要。油泵供油正时调节范围和稳定精度也完全能满足发动机性能优化需要。这样通过调节电磁阀就可以实现发动机在不同工况下有最佳的供油提前角与之匹配，从而达到改善发动机经济性和动力性并降低废气排放之目的。     

电控单体泵柴油机喷油正时控制策略的研究

基于电控单体泵的燃油喷射系统,提出了一种喷油正时的计算方法,设计了喷油正时的控制策略,可根据柴油机的运行参数选择相应的控制模式。实机试验表明,应用此控制策略能有效保证柴油机的排放性能。     

Simulation of a hydrogen/natural gas engine and modelling of engine operating parameters

At the present work for improving the engine performance and decrease of emissions, a port injection gasoline engine is converted into direct injection. Engine performance behavior was investigated by AVL Fire software with adding hydrogen to natural gas from 0% up to 30%. Validation of the simulated model and experimental results show good confirmation. To determine the relationship between independent variables engine speed, ignition timing, injection timing and H₂% versus the dependent variables including engine performance parameters, specific fuel consumption, CO and statistical analysis models were used. Comparison between different errors models shows that Radial basis function model with training algorithm Bayesian regularization back propagation can estimate better engine performance variables. The results showed that adding hydrogen to natural gas cause the output power, torque, fuel consumption efficiency increase and specific fuel consumption drop. Also, CO decreases when ignition and injection timing be advanced and engine speed reaches to its largest.     

高压共轨喷射系统参数对柴油机性能影响的研究

针对高压共轨喷射系统在仿真软件中建立喷油器和发动机的耦合模型。在台架试验验证了模型可信性的前提下,对喷射系统进行变参数研究,并分析各个参数对喷油规律和发动机性能的影响。研究结果表明:液压控制容积的大小及控制容积进回油孔径的大小会影响喷油器开启和关闭过程中的喷油速率;电磁阀铁芯质量超过10g时针阀落座明显延后;弹簧预紧力由50N增加到100N时,喷油器的初期喷射速率降低了35%左右,喷射时刻也滞后约2～3°CA;磁场力由70N增加到130N时,初期放热速率增加2倍左右,喷射时刻也提前约2°CA;喷孔的孔数和孔径存在最佳匹配关系,匹配的效果直接影响到喷孔的流量系数,从而影响发动机的性能。     

喷油提前角对非道路移动机械用柴油机性能的影响

以一台四缸非道路移动机械用柴油机为试验发动机,在喷油提前角为3℃A、1℃A和-1℃A条件下,对发动机的外特性、经济特性以及排放特性进行了研究。研究表明:喷油提前角的推迟,对发动机动力性影响不大;但对柴油机的经济性影响比较大,尤其是发动机运行在中高转速时;喷油提前角对排放也有较大影响,随着喷油提前角的推迟,CO和HC排放增加,NOx排放得到一定程度的改善;喷油提前角3℃A下的八工况点比排放得到大幅改善。因此,通过调整喷油提前角可使该非道路用柴油机达到拟国3排放法规的要求。     

Optimising multi-objective control methodology of a hydrogen powered car

This paper presents the optimising control technique for a Toyota Corolla four-cylinder, 1.8-L hydrogen powered car. Based on the extensive experimental tuning data, statistical two stage models and calibration generation methodology are carried out, in which ignition timing, injection timing, injection duration and corresponding lambda value (indicate air to fuel ratio) are chosen as control variables while engine output torque and exhaust NOx emissions are chosen as performance index functions. The trade-off study is employed to optimise performance of hydrogen engine by considering different optimisation objectives at different engine operating states. Those engine operating states are defined by the throttle position and opening speed of throttle, except start and idle load states that need the auxiliary control parameters to be added in. Each value of ignition advance, lambda, injection duration and injection end angle are tested and the hydrogen engine is found to have good drivability and reliable on road optimisation. This work is a step towards establishing optimising control methodology of hydrogen powered car via application of advanced power train techniques while saving time, money and limiting damage for innovative hydrogen engine in early experimental fine tuning process.     

二次喷油对点燃式可变滚流进气发动机稀燃影响的研究

利用二次喷油稀燃实验系统研究了二次喷油对可变滚流进气发动机稀燃特性的影响情况。首先，采用纯滚流可变滚流进气系统时，采用较大比例的二次喷油量可以获得更好的稀燃经济性。第二，最低油耗点所对应的喷油正时按照T1、T2和T3顺序依次提前；负荷较大时，对应的最低油耗点喷油正时也相应提前。第三，在可变滚流结构中，二次喷油可能造成局部混合气过浓．导致CO排放增加：同时．在稀燃情况下．增大滚流比可以降低发动机HC和NOχ排放。第四，增大滚流比可以改善发动机低速工况条件下的性能，但应避免机构对燃油喷注的阻隔作用。