Exploring an integrated method for measuring the relative spatial equity in public facilities in the context of urban parks

This paper proposes a new integrated modeling framework that contributes to the evaluation of public facility distribution for spatial equity in urban development. The framework consists of two integrated models—accessibility and mobility—that, based on the gravity model, are integrated as a framework for measuring the relative spatial equities of urban public facilities. They are presented as geographic information system (GIS) and spatial analysis models. The models consider individual traffic behavioral abilities and simulate regional differences in the spatial equities of urban parks. The results show unequal regional spatial development that affects mismatches between urban park services. The accumulated travel time costs associated with different resident traffic mobility and urban park location types affect the access opportunities of residents. This integrated model could be a useful reference to help urban planners analyze, investigate, and adjust the distribution of public facilities in a more equitable manner.     

Arrival City — Application of the Game Theories in Renewal of Low-Density Urban Villages

Offering an alternative planning and design strategy of renewals of low-density urban villages, this research estimates potentials of increasing a city’s accommodation capacity of low-skilled labor force through economic approaches like the Game Theories. A design idea of creating an “arrival city” is proposed in the prototypical study on the renewal of the Ganjiazhai Community, a typical urban village in Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province. Developing spatial patterns through a series of evidence-based deductions and estimations, this research forms a node-axis framework of urban planning and design that allows for an adaptive combination of spatial modules and encourages spatial sharing, which might shine a reference for future planning and design of urban villages in Chinese cities.     

CONFUSION OF GOALS — RETHINKING THE IMPLICATION OF DATA ANALYTICS AND MODELLING FOR URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN INDUSTRY

Inspired by the fast take-up of data analytics and modelling in urban planning and design in Chinese cities, this paper aims to address a serious knowledge gap in terms of using data to deliver better policy outcomes rather than technical outputs. Such a knowledge gap is discussed in the wider context of smart city development where technology deployment failed to deliver the expected policy benefits. Lessons thus can be, and should be, learnt from early experiments to prevent the data revolution in planning and design in Chinese cities from repeating the same failure. One of the key arguments is that, in order to leverage the potential power of data and analytics for the urban planning and design industry, a wider theoretical framework is required for rethinking the core role as well as core competence of the planning profession in China. It entails a diversion from the purely technical discourse and the disciplinary / professional silos, towards a sociotechnical perspective. A series of propositions are proposed to evoke more critical discussion about the digital agenda for urban planning and design.     

弹性网格:曼哈顿城市形态及合并街区特征研究

研究应用空间句法考察了曼哈顿城市形态演变及曼哈顿街区合并对城市局部及整体城市形态的影响,以探讨其背后反映的城市形态与城市社会经济活动之间的互动关系。研究认为,曼哈顿城市形态具有弹性特征,使其在因街区合并等带来的城市形态演变过程中保持了较高的可达性,同时形成了具有多中心性及多样性的城市形态。不同功能合并街区呈现的差异化空间形态表明,城市形态对社会经济活动具有重要的支撑作用。本研究对中国高密度紧凑城市中的物质空间形态规划有重要的借鉴意义。     

法国的城市政策——社会融合作为解决隔离问题的公共手段？

法国与欧洲其他国家一样,自上个世纪80年代开始实施新的“地区政策”,以减少隔离及其在相关城市区域与贫困人群的整合过程中所产生的“消极”影响。即使2003年推行的城市更新计划在城市与社会行动之间引起一定的割裂,但80年代所确立的三个支柱一地域的、综合的以及参与式的政策却依然适用。作为一种避免“贫困社区”的适当方式,“社会融合”的理念开始越来越多地在不同层面被城市政策所采纳。社会住房问题在城市更新的多样化战略中是一个关键问题,正如《社会团结与城市更新法》所规定的那样,地方政府在社会住房少于20％的情况下应加强社会住房建设。这些社会融合策略的社会影响并不是非常明显,它与迁移进程,地方市场是相关联的,而公共行动对这些因素并没有予以足够重视。     

集体理性指导下的城市设计创作机制与方法

集体理性是指导集群构成与运作的内在支撑,是以群体利益为出发点追求效用的作用范式.当代城市设计体现出多学科交叉融贯的特性,其创作主体、创作机制、创作方法与个体理性指导下的城市设计存在差异.本文以集体理性指导下的城市设计为主题,阐明作为城市设计创作逻辑基础的集体理性的内涵与特征,论述集体理性指导下城市设计创作主体集群的团队构成及协同创作机制,并在此基础上归纳出基于多元系统叠加整合的城市设计创作方法,以期为逐渐走向开放的城市设计实践提供有益的探索.     

新城中村对城市空间绩效的影响研究——以义乌市宅基地安置的新城中村建设为例

宅基地安置模式下的新城中村建设,诱导村集体、村民,努力将其实现住房权益最大化,聚焦于对城中村改造建设用地规模与优势区位的争取,影响城市空间资源的高效配置。该文以宅基地地租为基础,通过定量计算、定性分析,建立新城中村影响城市空间绩效的模型,探析宅基地安置模式下被沉没的村民利益和城市效益,提出创新城中村改造模式的新理念和新方法：引导城中村改造主体,由对宅基地、住房等物质空间的过度关注,改为对宅基地、住房经济价值的追求,加快城村融合,提高城市空间绩效。     

空间可达性衡量方法评述

空间可达性(以下简称可达性)作为一项分析工具已经被广泛应用于城市规划、交通规划和地理等学科的研究及应用领域,用以了解人们所能获得的活动机会以及开展经济建设活动所能获得的潜在经济效益等。但是从目前频繁使用的一些过于简单的衡量方法可以发现,人们对其丰富的内涵、差异化的类型认识不足,这容易导致对研究问题的误判。本文介绍了3种经典的可达性定义以及相应的3种衡量方法;采用横向对比法,从假设前提的合理性、计算过程的复杂性、衡量结果的相似性和应用领域对比了3种衡量方法的差异;介绍了可达性经典衡量方法在内涵扩充、数据质量和分析单元等方面的应用现状;最后就选择合适的可达性衡量方法提出相应原则。     

城市设计方法的在乡村居住空间形态设计中的应用——农村集中社区空间改良设计的一次探索

本文以对四川盆地的一个已建成的农村集中社区的空间改良设计为案例,以对村民的详细社会调查为基础,检讨前期乡村集中社区空间规划设计的现实问题,反思乡村社区规划中的设计态度.然后借鉴城市设计”对适时问题的探索”和“对在地文化的传承”等设计理念,通过提炼“川西林盘”的空间系统要素及生产生活特征,塑造真正适合农村生活需求和农耕文明特征的居住空间.最后,本文进一步探讨和展望在未来新型城镇化发展中,城市设计的理论和实践如何与乡村建设相结合,发展真正立足乡村、面向农民、在地发展的乡村规划设计理念和实践.     

城市设计中的价值判断——以上海南京西路城市设计为例

本文通过对上海市核心地带的南京西路进行分析和研究,提出了在城市设计中力求体现功能价值、社会价值、经济价值和审美价值的原则,进而对本地块的功能更新和街区改造提出相应对策,实现经济效益、社会效益、环境效益的有机统一。     

城市规划教学中的形态与指标

该文针对建筑院校城市规划专业本科生"重形态、轻指标"的现状,提出在4年级《城市规划设计》教学中建立3阶段的"形态—指标"关联性训练:首先通过实地调查,建立起对于常见技术经济指标体系的实地感受,学会从空间形态推算出技术经济指标;继而在场地设计和居住小区设计中细化指标对设计的引导,加深对指标含义和计算方法的理解;最后通过城市设计和控制性详细规划的一体化训练,使学生融会贯通,掌握评价和设定指标。通过关联性训练,将学生培养成既会画图,又会算帐的合格规划师。     

Do new and relocating firms have different preferences for accessibility?

Accessibility is one of the most important factors in a location choice decision of a firm. However, new and relocated establishments can value accessibility differently. Research papers differences of accessibility preferences between creations and relocations are scarce. In this paper, we examine these differences in an intraurban setting, the Lyon urban area. We rely on discrete choice models and data for more than 43,000 creations and 11,000 relocations during 2005–2011 from eight economic sectors. Results demonstrate that the effect of accessibility differs between creations and relocations of the same economic sector. This difference depends on the type of the economic activity of the sector.     

Collective benefits of an urban transformation: Restoring the Navigli in Milan

The aim of this paper is to assess the collective benefits for the metropolitan city of Milan arising from the project to restore the Navigli, the ancient urban canals flowing underground for a large part.In this paper two of the most important impacts of this urban transformation, mostly of intangible nature, are considered. On the one hand, the improvement of urban and environmental quality has been estimated through the hedonic price methodology, considering expected price changes both in the residential as well as in the commercial real estate markets; on the other hand, a multiplier effect on infrastructure investment, generating an increase in final income, has been calculated using Input–Output Tables. Empirical results confirm the collective net advantage of the urban transformation.     

Eight Reflections on Quantitative Studies of Urban Green Space: A Mapping-Monitoring-Modeling-Management (4M) Perspective

Green space is an important component in urban environment, providing considerable ecosystem services to our socio-economic-cultural activities. Metrics designed to capture green space provision, supply and demand, measuring availability, accessibility, and visibility have been widely adopted to gauge progress toward achieving sustainable development goals from local to regional scales. In this article, we offer eight reflections on quantitative studies of urban green space for mapping, monitoring, modeling, and management (4M) practices in landscape design and planning. The article’s objective is to stimulate fresh and innovative thinking in the conversion of data to interventions. Eight points are made: 1) Green space mapping should be characterized in a multi-attribute conceptual model, including quantity, quality, type, and structure; 2) green space mapping sources, methods, and uses vary by definitions, approaches, and scales; 3) phenology modifies seasonal quality and quantity of urban green space; 4) spatial and temporal green space data cubes will help realize the goal of near real-time monitoring of urban green space change; 5) green space coverage reveals green space supply, but green space exposure can capture effective demand via modeling the supply–demand relationships of human–green space; 6) green space exposure measures should account for spatial, temporal, and social differences; 7) greening optimization by landscape architects and planners should consider both biophysical, biodiversity, and health benefits; and 8) urban green space management should be strategized with a long-term view. Finally, we advocate data–science–decision support systems that can help guide and promote 4M practices of urban green space. These points of reflection have broad implications for research, practice, and theory of urban green landscape design, planning, and management, and altogether constitute a set of principles that can guide scientists, policy makers, and practitioners toward strategizing optimal 4M of urban green space.     

城市绿地促进人群健康的作用途径:理论框架与实践启示

Urban green spaces can not only offer a wide range of ecosystem services, but also promote public health. Most of existing studies have effectually explored the correlation between urban green spaces and public health, but failed to dig the complex impact mechanism behind. This article firstly goes into the positive and negative impacts of urban green spaces on public health, and proposes a theoretical framework of the impact mechanism from perspectives of physical activity encouragement, stress management, social cohesion enhancement, and regulating / supporting services provision by ecosystems. On this basis, 6 health-oriented urban green space system planning strategies are proposed, including promoting the availability, improving the accessibility, enhancing the visibility, optimizing the spatial composition, constructing a network pattern of urban green spaces, and reducing the negative impacts of urban green spaces on public health. The research results can provide theoretical grounding and reference for public health promotion and sustainable urban development to exert more health benefits with limited urban green spaces.     

Making urban real estate markets work for the poor: Theory, policy and practice

This paper explores the relationship between theory, policy and practice, linking urban real estate markets and poverty alleviation. The paper argues that the contribution of urban real estate markets to poverty alleviation has not been optimised due, in part, to inadequate or inappropriate policy. The article attributes this to conceptual and methodological problems arising from the traditional neoclassical analysis of urban real estate markets, ambivalence to the idea that freer markets in real estate are a good thing for the urban poor and insufficient regard to lessons of experience from years of implementing urban anti-poverty land projects. Based on new analytical perspectives provided by institutional economics, this paper proposes specific policy interventions more likely to facilitate pro-poor outcomes in urban real estate markets.     

屋顶农场的意义及实践--以上海“天空菜园”系列为例

摘要：屋顶是我国城市中的消极空间。屋顶农场是对建筑屋顶的一种积极利用方式,并具有经济效益、生态效益和社会效益。以上海“天空菜园”系列项目为研究对象,分别对屋顶农场的空间设计、适用技术以及运作模式进行介绍和分析：屋顶农场在空间及技术上是可行的,在运作过程中则急需城市管理制度的正面响应和引导。     

塑造宜人的城市环境

本文全面、系统地总结了大连在城市设计、城市建设方面的理论和实践,特别是在城市设计中考虑了空间结构和空间形态的控制要素,在城市建设上考虑了人在城市中的行为,街道空间设计,“外部模数”理论的实践以及公共建筑的设计,是做好城市设计,提升城市功能的先驱性实例。     

多源数据支持下的宜昌市城市慢行 廊道选线及设计研究

高速城市化进程加速了城市居民的生活节奏，同时 也引发了城市交通拥堵、居民出行品质下降等问题。当前，城 市建成环境是推动高质量发展、创建高品质生活的重要载体， 而慢行廊道的建设是城市空间品质提升的重要途径。但城市慢 行廊道的规划建设多是以自上而下的方式，缺少从人本尺度出 发的精细化空间识别与选线效能评估。基于此，以宜昌市旧城 区慢行廊道建设项目为例，结合市民出行特点与需求、城市物 理空间环境等因素，充分考虑其通行性、景观性、舒适性、经 济性，基于“5D理论”运用城市街景数据、POI数据、交通 数据和热力图数据等对城市建成环境品质进行系统性测度，实 现宜昌城市慢行廊道选线适宜性评估。并根据研究结论，从城 市慢行系统交通组织、空间构成及基础服务设施维度提出相应 设计策略。旨在将宜昌打造为通达舒适的标杆慢行廊道，为城 市慢行系统的建设实践提供新的解决方案。     

城市社区卫生服务中心的模块化建筑设计策略初探

本文针对当今城市高密度环境下土地资源稀缺、高层建筑裙房众多且楼层空间利用不充分的现状,提出并分析了将城市社区卫生服务中心设置在高层建筑裙房的可行性与优势,探讨了根据不同的既有建筑柱网尺寸、卫生服务中心规模和功能需要进行自由组合的建筑模块化设计理念下具体的模块分类、设计及模块组合的设计策略.