酯交换法合成邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯

以邻苯二甲酸二甲酯与异辛醇为原料,二丁基氧化锡为催化剂,通过酯交换法在无溶剂的条件下合成了邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯。通过实验考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、反应时间及物料配比等因素对反应的影响。反应的最佳条件是：反应温度为170～180℃,催化剂用量为1．0g,反应时间为4h,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯与异辛醇物质的量的比为1：2．10。在此条件下,收率在96．5％以上,通过折光率、IR、^1HNMR对产品进行了结构表征。     

邻苯二甲酸二(二乙二醇单丁醚)酯的合成

以邻苯二甲酸二甲酯和二乙二醇单丁醚为原料、有机锡为催化剂,通过酯交换法在无溶剂的条件下催化合成邻苯二甲酸二(二乙二醇单丁醚)酯,通过正交实验考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间及物料配比等因素对反应的影响,并通过元素分析、红外光谱分析对产品进行了结构表征。结果表明,当邻苯二甲酸二甲酯用量为0.1 mol、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯与二乙二醇单丁醚的摩尔比为1∶2.20、催化剂有机锡用量为1.5 g、反应时间为4.0 h、反应温度为180~190℃时,邻苯二甲酸二(二乙二醇单丁醚)酯的产率在88%以上,折光率(25℃)为1.4892~1.4896。     

邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的催化合成

以固体水合硫酸铁为催化剂,以苯酐和甲醇为原料,催化合成邻苯二甲酸二甲酯,探讨不同催化剂、催化剂的用量、反应时间、反应温度等因素对酯化反应的影响。结果表明:酐醇摩尔比为1∶3,催化剂水合硫酸铁用量为原料的4%,回流温度90~100℃,反应时间5 h,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的产率达到89%以上。     

异辛醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸酯铵盐的合成与性能研究

以异辛醇聚氧乙烯醚与氨基磺酸为原料,合成了异辛醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸酯铵盐。讨论了催化剂的种类及其用量、原料配比、反应温度、反应时间等因素对产率的影响,得到了最佳工艺条件：以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,醚：酸：催化剂（摩尔比）为1;0．05,反应温度95℃,反应时间2．5h,产物收率64％以上。测定了产物的润湿力、乳化力、耐碱性等性能。     

酯交换法合成邻苯二甲酸二环己酯

研究了以邻苯二甲酸二甲酯和环己醇为原料,有机锡为催化剂,通过酯交换法在无溶剂的条件下催化合成了邻苯二甲酸二环己酯。通过试验考察了催化剂及用量、反应温度、反应时间及物料配比等因素对反应的影响。结果表明:当邻苯二甲酸二甲酯为0 2mol,环己醇为0 44mol,催化剂有机锡为1 4g,反应时间为5h,反应温度为140℃～150℃时,邻苯二甲酸二环己酯的收率为93 5%,产品熔点为63℃～65℃。通过元素分析、红外光谱分析、核磁氢谱对产品进行了结构表征。     

固体超强酸树脂催化合成邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的工艺研究

以固体超强酸树脂为催化剂合成了邻苯二甲酸二甲酯,分别对醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间进行单因素和正交试验,并通过极差和方差分析对酯化过程中显著影响酯化率的因素进行统计分析。结果表明最佳的合成工艺条件为:醇酸摩尔比4.5、催化剂用量2.5%、反应温度115℃、反应时间160min,在此工艺条件下酯化率可达99.5%。该催化剂具有良好的耐磨性,可重复使用。     

固体超强酸催化合成氯乙酸异辛酯

以自制固体超强酸为催化剂,以氯乙酸和异辛醇为原料合成氯乙酸异辛酯。考察了催化剂用量、反应物料物质的量的比、带水剂用量及反应时间对酯化反应的影响。实验结果表明,TiO2-SO4^2-类固体超强酸具有良好的催化性能,反应最佳条件为：氯乙酸用量为0．15mol时,n（异辛醇）：n（氯乙酸）=1,1：1．0,催化剂质量分数为反应物的质量的1．2％,带水刺为10mL,反应时间为2．5h。在此条件下,氯乙酸异辛酯的收率达98％,且催化剂重复使用5次。氯乙酸异辛酯的收率无明显下降。     

相转移催化剂合成邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯

研究了邻苯二甲酸酐和异辛醇在苄基三甲基氯化铵催化下合成邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯的反应。考察了催化剂用量、酸醇比等因素对产品收率的影响。当催化剂用量为2．5g,酸醇比为1：3,同流搅拌时间为4．5小时,产品邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯的收率为95．5％。     

钛酸四丁酯催化合成氰乙酸异辛酯的研究

以氰乙酸乙酯和异辛醇为原料,采用钛酸四丁酯为催化剂,用酯交换法合成氰乙酸异辛酯。考察了原料配比、反应温度、催化剂用量等对反应产率的影响。指出了合成氰乙酸异辛酯的优化条件：n(氰乙酸乙酯)／n(异辛醇)为1：1．10,催化剂用量为5．0g,反应温度为150℃,在此条件下氰乙酸异辛酯反应产率为94．38％(以氰乙酸乙酯计)。     

对苯二甲酸二甲酯生产残渣制取增塑剂的研究

探讨了利用对苯二甲酸二甲酯生产残渣与异辛醇直接进行酯交换反应制取增塑剂的工艺过程和操作条件。当异辛醇与残渣质量比为1．0,乙酸锌用量1．0％－1．5％,反应时间4－5h,在乙酸锌的催化作用下,增塑剂的质量收率达95％以上。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。