逆相转移催化合成葵花籽油蔗糖酯

先由食用葵花籽油和甲醇在碱性催化剂条件下酯交换反应制得脂肪酸甲酯,然后脂肪酸甲酯与蔗糖通过水溶剂法,以逆相转移催化剂DMAP催化制备蔗糖脂肪酸酯.通过对酯糖摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间进行考察,确定最佳合成条件为:酯糖摩尔比2.5∶1,催化剂用量4％,反应温度 85℃,反应时间7h.在最佳合成条件下,葵花籽油脂肪酸甲酯的转化率高达65.32％,所得产品具有良好的表面活性,其临界胶束质量浓度(CMC)为6.5 g/L,表面张力为27.41 mN/m,乳化力为79 s,浊点指数为7.2 mL,HLB值为10.1,碘值(Ⅰ)为126.9 g/100 g.     

棕榈油甲酯制备生物润滑油三羟甲基丙烷脂肪酸三酯的工艺研究

以棕榈油脂肪酸甲酯(fatty acid methyl ester,FAME)和三羟甲基丙烷(trimethylolpropane,TMP)为原料,经酯交换反应制备可用作生物润滑油基础油的三羟甲基丙烷脂肪酸三酯(trimethylolpropane fatty acidtiester,TFATE)。通过比较FAME的转化率和TFATE在反应混合物中的含量,探讨了催化剂种类、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度、反应物物质的量比及真空度对反应的影响。最佳合成条件为:催化剂为三羟甲基丙烷钾(Trimethylolpropane mono potassium salt,TMP-K),催化剂添加量为TMP-K与TMP物质的量比0.02∶1,反应时间1 h,反应温度128℃,FAME与TMP物质的量比4∶1,反应压力为300 Pa,在此条件下,脂肪酸甲酯的转化率为91.78%,反应混合物中TFATE质量分数为90.11%。经分子蒸馏分离纯化后终产品TFATE质量分数为97.02%。     

无溶剂法合成食品添加剂菜籽油蔗糖酯的研究

在碱催化条件下,先由甲醇和菜籽油反应制得脂肪酸甲酯.然后以脂肪酸甲酯和蔗糖为原料,在催化剂和乳化剂的作用下进行酯交换反应合成了蔗糖脂肪酸酯.详细考察了反应过程中乳化剂及催化剂用量,反应时间,反应温度,酯糖比,压力等因素对合成蔗糖酯产率的影响.确定了最佳的合成工艺条件,即乳化剂用量为反应物总质量的9%,催化剂用量为7%,反应温度130℃,反应时间5h,n(脂肪酸甲酯)∶n(蔗糖)=3∶1,压力4.45KPa.该条件下,菜籽油蔗糖酯的产率可高达72.4%,其临界胶束浓度(CMC)为1.86g/L,表面张力为29.4mN/m,乳化力为122s,亲水性能为9.86mL,HLB值为11.5.     

固体超强酸S_2O_8~(2-)/ZrO_2-CeO_2催化制备聚乙二醇菜籽油脂肪酸酯的研究

以固体超强酸S2O82-/ZrO2-CeO2为催化剂,将菜籽油醇解所得脂肪酸甲酯与聚乙二醇400(PEG-400)酯交换制备非离子表面活性剂聚乙二醇菜籽油脂肪酸酯。考察了反应物质量比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度和催化剂重复使用等因素对反应的影响。结果表明,在m(脂肪酸甲酯)∶m(PEG-400)=2.8∶1,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的1.5%,温度为130℃,反应7 h时,PEG-400的酯交换率为91.56%,催化剂重复使用5次后,PEG-400的酯交换率仍比较高。用傅里叶红外光谱仪、表面张力仪等手段对产品的结构和理化性能进行了考察,产品的浊点指数为19.98 mL、表面张力γ(临界胶束浓度)为27.04 mN/m、乳化力622 s、润湿力59 s,具有很好的表面活性。     

响应面分析法优化天然大豆油制备淀粉酯工艺

以天然大豆油和玉米淀粉为原料制备了具有两亲性的新型表面活性剂--淀粉脂肪酸酯。利用响应面软件设计试验,并建立数学模型,在分析各个因素的显著性和交互作用后,得出酯化反应的最佳条件:反应时间11.6h,反应温度56.3℃,催化剂1.14%,物料比(淀粉:脂肪酸甲酯)1:1.4(W/W)。所得产品取代度是0.10683。     

废弃油脂脂肪酸甲酯制备二聚酸甲酯聚合工艺研究

以废弃油脂制备的脂肪酸甲酯为原料进行聚合反应,产物经分子蒸馏后得到单体酸甲酯(生物柴油)和二聚酸甲酯.研究了催化剂加入量、反应温度和反应时间等因素对聚合反应产品收率和质量的影响.结果表明,聚合反应适宜的工艺条件为:催化剂加入量为脂肪酸甲酯质量的10%,反应温度240℃,反应时间8 h.在此条件下,二聚酸甲酯产率达到74.0%,粗产品经提纯后二聚酸甲酯含量为90.7%.自制片状活性白土催化剂活性好,催化剂与产品容易分离,产品夹带损失少.     

蔗糖脂肪酸酯的合成工艺研究

以废弃油脂生产的脂肪酸甲酯和蔗糖为原料,无溶剂法合成蔗糖酯.通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最佳工艺条件为:脂肪酸甲酯与蔗糖摩尔比2.5∶1,催化剂无水碳酸钾用量为原料总质量的3％,乳化剂脂肪酸钾用量为原料总质量的15％,反应温度135 ℃,反应时间4h.在最佳工艺条件下,蔗糖酯产率为78.9％.所合成的蔗糖酯的HLB值为11,红外表征确证了蔗糖酯的合成.     

蔗糖混合脂肪酸酯制备工艺研究

以KOH与混合脂肪酸甲酯首先皂化反应生成部分中性皂作为乳化分散剂,蔗糖和脂肪酸甲酯在碳酸钾催化下发生酯交换反应合成蔗糖酯。正交试验得到最佳反应工艺条件：蔗糖0.3mol（102g）、脂肪酸甲酯／蔗糖摩尔比2、皂化剂KOH8.2％（蔗糖质量）、甲醇用量40％（蔗糖质量）、碳酸钾催化剂2％（蔗糖质量）、反应温度135℃、-0.03MPa负压下反应3h,蔗糖酯产品的最高得率为64.2％,并对蔗糖酯产品进行红外表征。     

棉籽油制备生物柴油技术研究

以棉籽油与甲醇为原料，在催化NaOH存在下，通过酯交换反应制得脂肪酸甲酯，考察了反应条件如醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间以及原料含水量等的变化对产率的影响，得到棉籽油酯交换反应的最佳反应条件为醇油物质的量比6：1，催化剂用量1．1％，反应温度45℃，反应时间55min。生物柴油的酯交换反应须严格控制原料中的水分。     

茶油脂肪酸甲酯的制备工艺研究

以茶油、甲醇为原料,甲醇钠为催化剂,通过酯交换的方法制备茶油脂肪酸甲酯.结果表明:其最佳工艺条件为油醇比1∶12、催化剂甲醇钠0.5％、反应温度80℃、反应时间150 min.在此条件下茶油甲酯转化率为93.17％.所制得茶油脂肪酸甲酯的组分为棕榈酸甲酯9.02％、亚油酸甲酯6.75％、油酸甲酯82.29％、硬脂酸甲酯...     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the