改性纳米铁镍去除水中2,4-DCP的研究

采用Pluronic F-127改性纳米零价铁后负载镍,形成改性纳米铁镍(F-NZVI/Ni)。探讨了Ni的负载量、F-NZVI/Ni的投加量、2,4-DCP初始浓度、pH及反应温度对2,4-DCP去除率的影响。同时探究了F-NZVI/Ni去除2,4-DCP的最佳条件下F-NZVI/Ni去除2,4-DCP的反应过程。结果表明,F-NZVI/Ni去除2,4-DCP的能力优于NZVI,当F-NZVI/Ni投加量为3 g/L,镍负载率为5%,2,4-DCP初始浓度为20 mg/L,反应温度为35℃,初始pH值为7时,2,4-DCP的去除率为97%。F-NZVI/Ni去除2,4-DCP主要是先吸附,然后在镍催化剂作用下将2,4-DCP降解为苯酚。     

改性纳米零价铁去除水中莠去津

[目的]研究改性纳米铁对水中莠去津的去除效果。[方法]采用液相还原法合成、并运用TH-904对纳米零价铁进行改性,采用SEM、TEM等手段对其进行表征及分析。[结果]改性纳米零价铁具有核壳结构,粒度分布均匀。当莠去津质量浓度为25.0 mg/L,改性纳米零价铁投加量为100 mg/L,pH值为4,20℃时,莠去津去除率可达70%以上。[结论]溶液pH值显著影响莠去津的去除,酸性条件有利其去除。纳米铁投加量和反应时间在一定范围内对莠去津的去除影响明显。     

纳米零价铁/过硫酸盐去除2,4-二氯酚的动力学研究

为更好地理解纳米零价铁(nZVI)激活过硫酸盐(PS)的机制和动力学,基于Langmuir-Hinshelwood机理,结合nZVI/PS体系中主要的反应步骤对2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)的降解过程建立动力学模型。使用不同影响因素下(包括nZVI投加量、初始PS浓度和初始2,4-DCP浓度)PS,2,4-DCP浓度变化数据拟合动力学模型并确定速率常数,通过对速率常数的敏感性分析得到：2,4-DCP降解的整体反应动力学是由前体表面复合物内部发生电子转移反应形成硫酸根自由基SO₄^·-以及2,4-DCP被羟基自由基OH^·降解这两个过程来控制的。     

改性沸石负载纳米铁/镍去除地下水中2,4-二氯苯酚的渗透反应格栅研究

为研究新制备复合材料改性沸石负载纳米零价铁/镍去除水中2,4-二氯苯酚效果以及该材料在地下水污染原位修复中的应用情况,开展了2,4-二氯苯酚的批实验和柱实验。结果表明,材料的双金属颗粒分散性良好,避免了团聚现象的出现。水中2,4-二氯苯酚的去除是在复合材料表面降解和吸附协同作用的结果,且降解在整个过程发挥更大的作用。通过渗透反应格栅实验中不同孔隙体积下p H、ORP、温度的考察发现,溶液处于弱碱性状态,不利于脱氯反应的进行,而体系ORP和温度均有利于2,4-二氯苯酚的脱氯反应。     

改性沸石负载纳米铁/镍去除地下水中2,4-二氯苯酚的渗透反应格栅研究

为研究新制备复合材料改性沸石负载纳米零价铁/镍去除水中2,4-二氯苯酚效果以及该材料在地下水污染原位修复中的应用情况,开展了2,4-二氯苯酚的批实验和柱实验。结果表明,材料的双金属颗粒分散性良好,避免了团聚现象的出现。水中2,4-二氯苯酚的去除是在复合材料表面降解和吸附协同作用的结果,且降解在整个过程发挥更大的作用。通过渗透反应格栅实验中不同孔隙体积下p H、ORP、温度的考察发现,溶液处于弱碱性状态,不利于脱氯反应的进行,而体系ORP和温度均有利于2,4-二氯苯酚的脱氯反应。     

纳米零价铁去除水中六价铬的研究

以聚乙二醇(PEG)为分散剂,在乙醇-水混合溶剂中合成改性纳米级零价铁颗粒(nZⅥ)。利用透射电子显微镜(TEM),X射线衍射仪(XRD)对其结构、组成和物理性质进行表征,讨论了n ZVI去除Cr(Ⅵ)的影响因素,并对反应产物进行XPS检测。结果表明,乙醇比例为50%时制备出的纳米零价铁直径在30⁶0 nm,对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率最高,为95.30%。nZⅥ投加量越大,Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度越小,p H越小,温度越高,均有利于水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除。纳米零价铁将Cr(Ⅵ)吸附后将其还原为Cr(Ⅲ),反应过程主要以还原作用为主。并且对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除能用准一级反应动力学方程描述。     

醇水体系制备纳米Pd/Fe颗粒去除水中2,4-DCP

为了提高纳米铁的活性和分散性,在醇水体系下制备出纳米钯铁(Pd/Fe)双金属颗粒并表征,将制得的纳米Pd/Fe颗粒应用于水中2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)的去除,考察了材料投加量、反应温度、初始pH值、2,4-二氯苯酚初始浓度等因素对2,4-DCP去除的影响,分析了2,4-DCP的去除机理并进行动力学拟合。结果表明,在醇水体系中制备纳米铁有利于纳米颗粒的稳定分散;钯的加入将脱氯途径转变为催化加氢,极大改善了2,4-DCP的去除效果;当2,4-DCP初始浓度为20 mg/L、反应温度30℃、纳米Pd/Fe颗粒投加量为2 g/L时,2,4-DCP可在5 h内去除99.9%;反应过程符合修正的一级反应动力学方程。     

改性硅藻土负载纳米零价铁去除六价铬

采用改性硅藻土(CD)作为载体,制备了改性硅藻土负载纳米零价铁复合材料(CD-nZⅥ)。利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、XPS对CD-nZⅥ复合材料进行表征,并讨论CD-nZⅥ复合材料中nZⅥ与改性硅藻土质量比、CD-nZⅥ复合材料投加量、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、pH、反应温度对CD-nZⅥ去除六价铬的影响因素。结果表明,CD-nZⅥ复合材料对六价铬的去除能力高于nZⅥ、改性硅藻土,CD-nZⅥ复合材料中nZⅥ与改性硅藻土质量比为1∶2,CD-nZⅥ投加量为0.8 g/L,反应温度为45℃,反应时间为120 min,pH=3,六价铬初始浓度为20 mg/L时,CD-nZⅥ对六价铬的去除效率高达99.16%。CD-nZⅥ去除六价铬的反应符合准一级反应动力学方程,反应速率常数K_(obs)随着六价铬浓度的增加而减少。对反应产物进行XPS检测,结果显示,CD-nZⅥ是通过还原、吸附作用去除六价铬,且以还原作用为主。     

纳米零价铁去除水中硝酸盐氮研究进展

水中硝酸盐氮(NO₃^--N)的危害对人类健康和生态环境构成了严重威胁,纳米零价铁(nZVI)可以通过化学反应反硝化技术快速去除水中NO₃^--N,但nZVI自身易团聚,表面活性颗粒不稳定,所以在NO₃^--N还原过程中存在着氮气(N₂)的选择性较低、NO₃^--N去除率不理想的问题。通过对nZVI去除NO₃^--N技术的归纳总结,探讨了nZVI在还原NO₃^--N的基本原理,影响因素和提高去除效率和N₂选择性的改性方法。通过负载纳米材料,表面活性剂及添加还原剂等,NO₃^--N去除率和N₂选择性都会得到不同程度上的提高。不同的改性方法对nZVI的改性效果不同,也决定了nZVI复合材料对NO₃^-     

硅酸钙负载零价纳米铁吸附去除水中六价铬

利用液相还原法制备硅酸钙负载零价纳米铁(CS-nZⅥ)进行去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的实验研究.结果表明,CS-nZⅥ对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效果明显优于还原铁粉和硅酸钙,略差于零价纳米铁;低pH值、越低初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度及较大投加量均有利于Cr(Ⅵ)去除,最大去除率可达98.9％;反应后CS-nZⅥ颗粒扫描电镜及X射线能谱分析结果表明Cr占3.06wt％;等温吸附实验结果表明较好拟合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型,CS-nZⅥ对Cr(Ⅵ)的最大吸附容量达253.8 mg/g.     

Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol on metal-nitrate modified activated carbon

To remove 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) from aqueous solution, the surface of the activated carbon was first treated with HCl and then the surface was modified by using various metal ions (Cu, Co, Fe, Ni, Zn, and Mg). Metal doping significantly enhanced the adsorption efficiency of activated carbon, an effect that was further increased by HCl treatment of the modified activated carbons. Of all the preparations, the zinc(II)-modified activated carbon with HCl treatment showed the highest adsorption capacity for 2,4-DCP. Analysis of the zinc(II)-modified activated carbon by SEM and BET showed a surface area and micropore volume of around 1,154.69 m²/g and 0.291 cm³/g, respectively, values about 20% higher than in the starting material. In the pH range of 2.0–11.0, the maximum uptake of 2,4-DCP from an initial concentration of 1,000 mg/L was 508 mg/g at pH 4.0.     

2,4-二氯苯酚在水中溶解度的测定及关联

在pH值为6.2或9.3条件下,采用综合法测定了2,4-二氯苯酚在水中的固液平衡数据,分别用经验方程、W ilson方程、固液平衡λH方程对实验数据进行了拟合处理。结果说明,在pH值为9.3条件下,2,4-二氯苯酚的水溶解度增大;W ilson方程、λH方程模型均能很好地关联2,4-二氯苯酚的水溶解度数据,pH=9.3时平均相对误差分别为3.00%,1.17%,其中λH方程拟合效果更好。     

Enhanced EMW absorption properties of SiCN/Fe/Ni ceramics modified with Fe/Ni bimetal

The SiCN/Fe/Ni ceramics codoped with iron acetylacetonate (FA) and nickle acetylacetonate (NA) was synthesized by polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs) method in this study. The microstructure, phase composition and electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption properties of the samples were analyzed. The polarization loss and conduction loss of materials were analyzed by the direct current (DC) multimeter and the contribution rate of polarization loss was more than 94% in the whole frequency band. The results showed that C, SiC, Fe₂Si, Ni₃Si, γ- (Fe, Ni) and CNTs were formed after pyrolysis which provided lots of heterogeneous interface and enhanced the interfacial polarization. Meanwhile, Ni could enter the lattice of Fe and formed a unique electronic configuration, which reinforced the conductivity and stability of Fe. In addition, the in-situ generated Fe₂Si and Ni₃Si provided magnetic loss and conduction loss. The RL_min value of SiCN/Fe/Ni-3 ceramic was ?52.06 dB at 1.54 mm and the effective absorption band (EAB, RL ≤ ?10 dB) reached 4.21 GHz (13.79–18 GHz, 1.43 mm).     

Electrochemical degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol on a palladium modified gas-diffusion electrode

Pd/C catalyst was prepared by hydrogen reduction method and used for the Pd/C gas-diffusion electrode. It was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. The electrochemical degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol was investigated in a diaphragm electrolysis system, feeding firstly with hydrogen gas then with air, using the Pd/C gas-diffusion electrode and the carbon/polytetrafluoroethylene (C/PTFE) gas-diffusion electrode as a cathode, respectively. The results indicated that the self-made Pd/C gas-diffusion cathode can not only reductively dechlorinate 2,4-dichlorophenols by feeding hydrogen gas, but also accelerate the two-electron reduction of O₂ to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by feeding air. Therefore, both the removal efficiency and the dechlorination degree of 2,4-dichlorophenol reached about 100% after 80 min, and the average removal efficiency of 2,4-dichlorophenol in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) exceeded 76% after 160 min by using Pd/C gas-diffusion cathode, which were better than that of the C/PTFE gas-diffusion cathode. The analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) identified that 4-chlorophenol, 2-chlorophenol, and phenol were the dechlorination products, and hydroquinone, benzoquinone, maleic, fumaric, crylic, malonic, oxalic, acetic and formic acids were the main oxidation intermediates. A reaction scheme involving all these intermediates was proposed.     

Kinetic analysis for decomposition of 2,4-dichlorophenol by supercritical water oxidation

2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), as a halogenated model pollutant, was decomposed by using supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) in a batch reactor made of Hastelloy C-276. SCWO experiments for 2,4-DCP decomposition were performed in the range of 380–420 °C, 230–280 bar and 0.074-0.221 mol/L H₂O₂. The effect of oxidant concentration on decomposition rate and efficiency was significant near the critical temperature of 380 °C. However, the role of the oxidant concentration in the SCWO process decreased with an increase in temperature; also, excess oxidant played a key role in quite significantly decreasing the activation energy of 2,4-DCP oxidation. Variation of the reaction rate by the change of pressure was negligible even at a near critical temperature. The kinetic rate for the decomposition of 2,4-DCP in the SCWO process was well described by a simple first-order kinetic and global reaction rate model. From the SCWO experiments, the various intermediates identified with a GC/MS implied that the first reaction pathway for 2,4-DCP decomposition led to dimers such as dichlorophenoxyphenols, and the second led to single-ring and ring-opening products.     

HDX-8树脂对2,4-二氯苯酚吸附的研究

研究了HDX-8树脂对2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附性能。结果表明,静态条件下在pH2~6范围内,对2,4-二氯苯酚具有良好的吸附性能,最大静态吸附量为9.725 mg 2,4-二氯苯酚/g树脂。等温吸附符合Freundlich和Langmuir方程式,相关系数均在0.99以上;柱长8 cm,内径1.0 cm,内装2.5 g HDX-8树脂的吸附柱对流速为5 mL/min,浓度为20μg/mL的2,4-二氯苯酚溶液的吸附率达到99%;负载柱可用1 mol/mL的NaOH洗脱。