Experimental Study of the Thermodynamic Properties of Diethyl Ether (DEE) at Saturation

The isochoric heat capacities \({({C_{V1}^{\prime}} ,{C_{V1}^{\prime\prime}},{C_{V2}^{\prime}},{C_{V2}^{\prime\prime}})}\), saturation densities (\({\rho _{\rm S}^{\prime}}\) and \(({\rho_{\rm S}^{\prime\prime})}\)), vapor pressures (P _S), thermal-pressure coefficients \({\gamma_V=\left({\partial P/\partial T}\right)_V}\), and first temperature derivatives of the vapor pressure γ _S = (dP _S/dT) of diethyl ether (DEE) on the liquid–gas coexistence curve near the critical point have been measured with a high-temperature and high-pressure nearly constant-volume adiabatic piezo-calorimeter. The measurements of \({({C_{V1}^{\prime}} ,{C_{V1}^{\prime\prime}},{C_{V2}^{\prime}},{C_{V2}^{\prime\prime}})}\) were made in the liquid and vapor one- and two-phase regions along the coexistence curve. The calorimeter was additionally supplied with a calibrated extensometer to accurately and simultaneously measure the PVT, C _V VT, and thermal-pressure coefficient, γ _V , along the saturation curve. The measurements were carried out in the temperature range from 416 K to 466.845 K (the critical temperature) for 17 liquid and vapor densities from 212.6 kg · m^?3 to 534.6 kg · m^?3. The quasi-static thermo- (reading of PRT, T ? τ plot) and baro-gram (readings of the tensotransducer, P ? τ plot) techniques were used to accurately measure the phase-transition parameters (P _S ,ρ _S ,T _S) and γ _V . The total experimental uncertainty of density (ρ _S), pressure (P _S), temperature (T _S), isochoric heat capacities \({({C_{V1}^{\prime}} ,{C_{V1}^{\prime\prime}},{C_{V2}^{\prime}},{C_{V2}^{\prime\prime}})}\), and thermal-pressure coefficient, γ _V , were estimated to be 0.02 % to 0.05 %, 0.05 %, 15 mK, 2 % to 3 %, and 0.12 % to 1.5 %, respectively. The measured values of saturated caloric \({({C_{V1}^{\prime}} ,{C_{V1}^{\prime\prime}},{C_{V2}^{\prime}},{C_{V2}^{\prime\prime}})}\) and saturated thermal (P _S, ρ _S, T _S) properties were used to calculate other derived thermodynamic properties C _P , C _S, W, K _T , P _int, ΔH _vap, and \({\left({\partial V/\partial T}\right)_P^{\prime}}\) of DEE near the critical point. The second temperature derivatives of the vapor pressure, (d² P _S/dT ²), and chemical potential, (d² μ/dT ²), were also calculated directly from the measured one- and two-phase liquid and vapor isochoric heat capacities \({({C_{V1}^{\prime}} ,{C_{V1}^{\prime\prime}},{C_{V2}^{\prime}},{C_{V2}^{\prime\prime}})}\) near the critical point. The derived values of (d² P _S/dT ²) from calorimetric measurements were compared with values calculated from vapor–pressure equations. The measured and derived thermodynamic properties of DEE near the critical point were interpreted in terms of the “complete scaling” theory of critical phenomena. In particular, the effect of a Yang–Yang anomaly of strength R _μ on the coexistence-curve diameter behavior near the critical point was studied. Extended scaling-type equations for the measured properties P _S (T), ρ _S (T), and \({({C_{V1}^{\prime}} ,{C_{V1}^{\prime\prime}},{C_{V2}^{\prime}},{C_{V2}^{\prime\prime}})}\) as a function of temperature were developed.     

Comparative Experimental and Density Functional Theory (<Emphasis Type="Italic">DFT</Emphasis>) Study of the Physical Properties of MgB<Subscript>2</Subscript> and AlB<Subscript>2</Subscript>

In the present study, we report an intercomparison of various physical and electronic properties of MgB₂ and AlB₂. In particular, the results of phase formation, resistivity ρ(T), thermoelectric power S(T), magnetization M(T), heat capacity (C _P ), and electronic band structure are reported. The original stretched hexagonal lattice with a=3.083 Å, and c=3.524 Å of MgB₂ shrinks in c-direction for AlB₂ with a=3.006 Å, and c=3.254 Å. The resistivity ρ(T), thermoelectric power S(T) and magnetization M(T) measurements exhibited superconductivity at 39 K for MgB₂. Superconductivity is not observed for AlB₂. Interestingly, the sign of S(T) is +ve for MgB₂ the same is ?ve for AlB₂. This is consistent with our band structure plots. We fitted the experimental specific heat of MgB₂ to Debye–Einstein model and estimated the value of Debye temperature (Θ _D) and Sommerfeld constant (γ) for electronic specific heat. Further, from γ, the electronic density of states (DOS) at Fermi level N(E _F) is calculated. From the ratio of experimental N(E _F) and the one being calculated from DFT, we obtained value of λ to be 1.84, thus placing MgB₂ in the strong coupling BCS category. The electronic specific heat of MgB₂ is also fitted below T _c using α-model and found that it is a two gap superconductor. The calculated values of two gaps are in good agreement with earlier reports. Our results clearly demonstrate that the superconductivity of MgB₂ is due to very large phonon contribution from its stretched lattice. The same two effects are obviously missing in AlB₂, and hence it is not superconducting. DFT calculations demonstrated that for MgB₂, the majority of states come from σ and π 2p states of boron on the other hand σ band at Fermi level for AlB₂ is absent. This leads to a weak electron phonon coupling and also to hole deficiency as π bands are known to be of electron type, and hence obviously the AlB₂ is not superconducting. The DFT calculations are consistent with the measured physical properties of the studied borides, i.e., MgB₂ and AlB₂.     

Synthesis and Crystal Structures of New Layered Uranyl Compounds Containing Dimers [(UO<Subscript>2</Subscript>)<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>8</Subscript>] of Edge-Linked Pentagonal Bipyramids

Two new U(VI) compounds, [((CH₃)₂CHNH₃)(CH₃NH₃)][(UO₂)₂(CrO₄)₃] (1) and [CH₃NH₃][(UO₂)· (SO₄)(OH)] (2), were prepared by combining hydrothermal synthesis with isothermal evaporation. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group Р2₁, a = 9.3335(19), b = 10.641(2), c = 9.436(2) Å, β = 94.040(4)°. Compound 2 crystallizes in the rhombic system, space group Рbca, a = 11.5951(8), b = 9.2848(6), c = 14.5565(9) Å. The structures of the compounds were solved by the direct methods and refined to R₁ = 0.041 [for 5565 reflections with Fo > 4σ(Fo)] and 0.033 [for 1792 reflections with Fo > 4σ(Fo)] for 1 and 2, respectively. Single crystal measurements were performed at 296 and 100 K for 1 and 2, respectively. The crystal structure of 1 is based on [(UO₂)₂(CrO₄)₃]^2– layers, and that of 2, on [(UO₂)(SO₄)(OH)]^– layers. Both kinds of layers are constructed in accordance with a common principle and are topologically similar. Protonated isopropylamine and methylamine molecules are arranged between the layers in 1, and protonated methylamine molecules, in 2. Compound 1 is the second known example of a U(VI) compound templated with two different organic molecules simultaneously.     

Hexagonal-Type Ising Nanowire with Core/Shell Structure Designed with Half-Integer Spins: Compensation Behaviors and Phase Diagrams in the Temperature and Interaction Planes

The effective field theory with correlation is used to investigate the magnetic behaviors of the mixed spin-1/2 and spin-3/2 hexagonal Ising nanowire (HIN) with core/shell in the crystal field. The total magnetization as a function of the temperature is used to describe the compensation behaviors of the system, and the N-, Q-, P-, R-, and S-type compensation types are given. The dependence of the phase diagrams on interaction parameters is studied in detail and presented the phase diagrams in the six different planes, namely (J ₁, Δ, T), (J _C, Δ, T), (J _S, Δ, T), (J ₁, J _C, T), (J ₁, J _S, T) and (J _C, J _S, T).Besides, the system exhibit second-order phase transition and first-order phase transitions, which can be found via the variations of the total magnetization with the crystal field in the mixed spin-1/2 and spin-3/2 HIN.     

Synthesis,crystal structure,thermal analysis and dielectric properties of two mixed trichlorocadmiates (II)

K_0.57(NH₄) _0.43CdCl₃ and K_0.25(NH₄) _0.75CdCl₃ are orthorhombic, space group Pnma, Z = 4, with a = 8.8760(4) Å, b = 3.9941(2) Å, c = 14.7004(7) Å, and Z = 4, a = 8.9567(9) Å, b = 3.9957(4) Å, c = 14.855 (2) Å, respectively. Final R values are 0.01 and 0.02 for 608 and 834 reflections, respectively. In both the materials, the crystal structure has been determined by X-ray single crystal analysis at room temperature (293 K). The compound structures consist of K⁺ (or NH\(_{{4}}^{{+}})\) cations and double chains of CdCl₆ octahedra sharing one edge extending along b-axis. The mixture of K⁺/NH\(_{{4}}^{{+}}\) cations are located between the double chains ensuring the stability of the structure by ionic and hydrogen bonding contacts N/K–H …Cl. Spectroscopic, dielectric and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were performed to discuss the mechanism of the phase transition. These studies show that these materials, K_0.57(NH₄)_0.43CdCl₃and K_0.25(NH₄)_0.75CdCl₃, undergo a phase transition at 438 and 454 K, respectively.     

Thermodynamic properties of (TeO<Subscript>2</Subscript>)<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis></Subscript>(MoO<Subscript>3</Subscript>)<Subscript>1–<Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis></Subscript> glasses

The thermal behavior of (TeO₂) _n (MoO₃)_1–n (n = 0.75, 0.85, 0.90) tellurite glasses has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry in the range from T = 300 to T = 850 K and heat capacity has been measured in the temperature range. The thermodynamic characteristics of the devitrification process and glassy state have been determined. The experimental data obtained have been used to evaluate the standard thermodynamic functions of the system in glassy and supercooled liquid states: heat capacity C _p °(T), enthalpy H°(T)–H°(320), entropy S°(T)–S°(320), and Gibbs function G°(T)–G°(320) in the temperature range 320–630 K. The composition dependences of the glass transition temperature and thermodynamic functions for the glasses have been obtained. The thermal and thermodynamic properties of the tellurite glasses have been compared to those of previously studied (TeO₂) _n (WO₃)_1–n and (TeO₂) _n (ZnO)_1–n glasses.     

Dynamic Magnetic Hysteresis Behaviors in a Mixed Spin (3/2, 2) Bilayer System with Different Crystal-Field Interactions

Dynamic magnetic hysteresis (DMH) behaviors of the mixed spin-3/2 and spin-2 Ising bilayer system with different crystal-field interactions on a two-layer square lattice is studied by the use of dynamic mean field calculations based on the Glauber-type stochastic. The hysteresis loops are obtained for different reduced temperatures (T), magnetic field amplitudes (h), frequencies (w) and interlayer coupling constants (J ₃). Influences of the T, h, w and J ₃ on the DMH properties are investigated. We also study the temperature, frequency and interlayer coupling interaction dependence of the coercive field and remanent magnetization. We compare our results with some theoretical and experimental works and observe a quantitatively good agreement with some theoretical and experimental results.     

Impact of High Pressure and High Temperature on Annealed Oxygen-deficient CoSrO<Subscript>3−<Emphasis Type="Italic">δ</Emphasis></Subscript> Perovskites: Structural and Magnetization Studies

In this brief article, structural, magnetization studies of oxygen deficient perovskite cobalt oxides CoSrO_3?δ synthesized in two different ways are reported. The structural refinements (JANA2006) of X-ray powder diffraction data indicate that the sample prepared under ambient pressure (stage-1) shows a hexagonal structure with P6₃/mmc (194) as a possible space group. The stage-1 sample subsequently sintered at 1450?°C for 1–2 h under high-pressure 6 GPa conditions (stage-2) crystallizes in tetragonal symmetry with I4/mcm (140) space group having a=5.444(7) Å and c=7.68(2) Å. While the stage-1 sample exhibits a paramagnetic nature in the magnetic susceptibility, M(T), measurements, interestingly the sample annealed under high-pressure conditions shows ferromagnetism in the magnetic susceptibility, M(T) and field dependence magnetization, M(H) measurements. The high-pressure annealed sample shows hysteresis opening with a quite large coercive field of 7.3 kOe at 1.8 K. The temperature dependence of the inverse molar susceptibility curves exhibits linear behavior in the high-temperature regime and could be fitted to the Curie–Weiss expression, χ(T)=C/(T?θ _W). The experimental values of θ _W and p _eff obtained from the linear region of the inverse molar magnetic susceptibility curves are found to be: ?210.7(5) K and 2.38(2) μ _B/Co for stage-1 and 260.2(7) K and 1.87(3) μ _B/Co for stage-2 samples, respectively. A negative sign of θ _W indicates rather strong antiferromagnetic correlations in the stage-1 sample. Apart from these results, the structural parameters reported by various groups for the strontium-based perovskite cobalt oxides are also presented in the form of literature collections.     

Influence of coronene addition on some superconducting properties of bulk MgB<Subscript>2</Subscript>

This study reports the effect of coronene (C₂₄H₁₂) addition on some superconducting properties such as critical temperature (T_c), critical current density (J_c), flux pinning force density (F_p), irreversibility field (H_irr), upper critical magnetic field (H_c2), and activation energy (U₀), of bulk MgB₂ superconductor by means of magnetisation and magnetoresistivity measurements. Disk-shaped polycrystalline MgB₂ samples with varying C₂₄H₁₂ contents of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 wt%, were produced at 850 °C in Ar atmosphere. The obtained results show an increase in field-J_c values at 10 and 20 K resulting from the strengthened flux pinning, and a decrease in critical temperature (T_c) because of C substitution into MgB₂ lattice, with increasing amount of C₂₄H₁₂ powder. The H_c2(0) and H_irr(0) values are respectively found as 144, 181, 172 kOe, and 128, 161, 145 kOe for pure, 4 wt% and 10 wt% C₂₄H₁₂ added samples. The U₀ depending on the magnetic field curves were plotted using thermally activated flux flow model. The maximum U₀ values are respectively obtained as 0.20, 0.23 and 0.12 eV at 30 kOe for pure, 4 wt% and 10 wt% C₂₄H₁₂ added samples. As a result, the superconducting properties of bulk MgB₂ at high fields was improved using C₂₄H₁₂, active carbon source addition, because of the presence of uniformly dispersed C particles with nanometer order of magnitude, and acting as effective pinning centres in MgB₂ structure.     

Band structure of silicon carbide nanotubes

Using the linear augmented cylindrical wave method in the muffin-tin approximation, we have calculated the band structure of (n, n) and (n, 0) silicon carbide nanotubes for n = 5–10. In the range n = 7–10, (n, n) nanotubes are semiconductors, and their band gap decreases steadily with increasing n: 0.28 eV at n = 7, 0.26 eV at n = 8, 0.19 eV at n = 9, and 0.11 eV at n = 10. Nanotubes with n = 5 and 6 are metallic. At n = 7–9, (n, 0) nanotubes are semiconductors, and their band gap increases steadily with n: 0.39 eV at n = 7, 0.46 eV at n = 8, and 0.62 eV at n = 9. Nanotubes with n = 5 and 6 have metallic conductivity according to our results.     

Very high thermal stability with excellent dielectric,and non-ohmics properties of Mg-doped CaCu<Subscript>3</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>4.2</Subscript>O<Subscript>12</Subscript> ceramics

In this work, the nominal CaCu_3?xMg_xTi_4.2O₁₂ (0.00, 0.05 and 0.10) ceramics were prepared by sintering pellets of their precursor powders obtained by a polymer pyrolysis solution method at 1100 °C for different sintering time of 8 and 12 h. Very low loss tangent (tanδ)?<?0.009–0.014 and giant dielectric constant (ε′) ～?1.1?×?10⁴–1.8?×?10⁴ with excellent temperature coefficient (Δε′) less than ±?15% in a temperature range of ??60 to 210 °C were achieved. These excellent performances suggested a potent application of the ceramics for high temperature X8R and X9R capacitors. It was found that tanδ values decreased with increasing Mg²⁺ dopants due to the increase of grain boundary resistance (R_gb) caused by the very high density of grain, resulting from the substitution of small ionic radius Mg²⁺ dopants in the structure. In addition, CaCu_3?xMg_xTi_4.2O₁₂ ceramics displayed non-linear characteristics with the significant enhancements of a non-linear coefficient (α) and a breakdown field (E_b) due to Mg²⁺doping. The high values of ε′ (14012), α (13.64) and E_b (5977.02 V/cm) with very low tanδ value (0.009) were obtained in a CaCu_2.90Mg_0.10Ti_4.2O₁₂ ceramic sintered at 1100 °C for 8 h.     

Crystal structure,microstructure and microwave dielectric properties of novel MgAl<Subscript>2</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>10</Subscript> ceramic

In the present work, a novel MgAl₂Ti₃O₁₀ ceramic was obtained using a traditional solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectrometer showed that the main MgAl₂Ti₃O₁₀ phase was formed after sintered at 1300–1450 °C. With rising the sintering temperature from 1300 to 1450 °C, the bulk density (ρ), relative permittivity (ε _r ) and Q?×?f value firstly increased, reached the maximum values (3.61 g/cm³, 14.9, and 26,450 GHz) and then decreased. The temperature coefficient of resonator frequency (τ _f ) showed a slight change at a negative range of ??94.6 to ??83.7 ppm/°C. When the sintering temperature was 1400 °C, MgAl₂Ti₃O₁₀ ceramics exhibited the best microwave dielectric properties with Q?×?f?=?26,450 GHz, ε _r ?=?14.9 and τ _f ?=???83.7 ppm/°C.     

Structural,Magnetic, and Transport Properties of NiTiIr Shape Memory Alloy

The structural, magnetic, and transport properties of the Ni_49.5Ti₄₈Ir_2.5 alloy have been presented. The alloy is formed in the B2-type phase with a small amount of Ti₂NiIr as an additional phase. In the DSC curve, two distinct peaks are observed on heating and cooling. These peaks correspond to the martensitic transformations from the B2 to the R phase and from the R to the B19 ′ phase on cooling and a reverse transformation from the B19 ′ to the R to the B2 phase on heating, respectively. From the resistivity curve, the martensitic start (M _S), martensitic finish (M _f), austenite start (A _S), and austenite finish (A _f) temperatures are found to be 211, 170, 273, and 298 K, respectively. In the magnetization-versus-temperature (M–T) curve, no evidence of the ferromagnetic ordering temperature is observed. However, the magnetization-versus-field (M–H) curves at 5 and 300 K show existence of ferromagnetic order in the alloy.     

Heat capacity of the MVO<Subscript>4</Subscript> (M = Al,Ga, In,Tl) orthovanadates

The heat capacity of InVO₄ has been determined by differential scanning calorimetry in the temperature range 339–1089 K. The experimental C_p(T) data have been used to evaluate the thermodynamic functions of indium orthovanadate: enthalpy increment H°(T)–H°(339 K), entropy change S°(T)–S°(339 K), and reduced Gibbs energy Ф°(Т). The specific heats of GaVO₄ and TlVO₄ have been evaluated.     

Effects of pore sizes on the electrical properties for porous 0.36BS–0.64PT ceramics

Porous BiScO₃–0.64PbTiO₃ (0.36BS–0.64PT) ceramics were fabricated by using burnable plastic sphere technique. Self-synthesized polystyrene microsphere (PS, φ0.36 μm) and poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA, φ2, 10 and 18 μm) micro-balls were selected as PFA. The porosity, microstructure and electrical properties were investigated for porous 0.36BS–0.64PT ceramics fabricated with different particle sizes of pore forming agents (PFA). With increasing particle sizes of PFA, the pore size and porosity increased. Meanwhile relative permittivity (ε _r), piezoelectric coefficient (d ₃₃, ?d ₃₁) and electromechanical coupling coefficients (k _p, k _t) decreased. The mechanical quality factor (Q _m), elastic coefficient (s ¹¹), hydrostatic voltage coefficient (g _h) and hydrostatic figure of merit increased accordingly. Finally, the effects of particle sizes of PFA on the microstructure and electrical properties were discussed.     

Pressure Dependence of T<Emphasis Type="Italic">c</Emphasis> in High Temperature Superconductors: Role of Interlayer Interactions

We have studied the role of interlayer interactions (W) in the pressure dependence of T _c of layered superconductors. The expressions for dT _c /dP are obtained by including the effects of layered structure within the framework of two different proposed models, namely the negative-U Hubbard model and the Hirsch model. We observe that the inclusion of interlayer interaction provides better explanation of pressure dependence of T _c . Our numerical results show that the systems having one CuO₂ layer per unit cell may be well described by small values of W while the larger values of W accounts for the systems having two or more superconducting layers in a unit cell. The calculated values of dT _c /dP vs. W are found to be in good agreement with those of experimental results obtained for various high T _c superconductors of cuprate family.     

Critical Behavior of La<Subscript>0.67</Subscript>Ba<Subscript>0.33</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>0.95</Subscript>Fe<Subscript>0.05</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> Manganite

The critical behavior of perovskite manganite La_0.67Ba_0.33Mn_0.95Fe_0.05O₃ at the ferromagnetic–paramagnetic has been analyzed. The results show that the sample exhibited the second-order magnetic phase transition. The estimated critical exponents derived from the magnetic data using various such as modified d’Arrott plot Kouvel–Fisher method and critical magnetization M(T _C, H). The critical exponents values for the La_0.67Ba_0.33Mn_0.95Fe_0.05O₃ are close to those expected from the mean field model β = 0.504 ± 0.01 with T _C = 275661 ± 0.447 (from the temperature dependence of the spontaneous magnetization below T _C ), γ = 1.013 ± 0.017 with T _C = 276132 ± 0.452 (from the temperature dependence of the inverse initial susceptibility above T _C ), and δ = 3.0403 ± 0.0003. Moreover, the critical exponents also obey the single scaling equation of M(H, ε) = |ε| ^β f _±(H/|ε| ^β+γ ).     

Synthesis and High-Temperature Heat Capacity of Neodymium Titanate

Neodymium dititanate, Nd₂Ti2O₇ (monoclinic structure, sp. gr. P2₁), has been prepared by solid-state reaction in air at temperatures from 1673 to 1773 K using the Nd₂O₃ and TiO₂ oxides as starting materials. The high-temperature heat capacity of the resultant polycrystalline Nd₂Ti₂O₇ samples has been determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The experimental C_p(T) data have been used to evaluate the thermodynamic functions of neodymium dititanate (enthalpy increment H°(T)–H°(320 K), entropy change S°(T)–S°(320 K), and reduced Gibbs energy Ф°(T)) in the temperature range 320–1053 K.     

Insight into Phase Transition,Electronic, Magnetic,Mechanical, and Thermodynamic Properties of TbTe: a DFT Investigation

Theoretical investigation on TbTe for its structural, electronic, magnetic, and thermodynamic stuffs has been carried within density functional theory (DFT) as implemented in WIEN2K code. TbTe was found stable in ferromagnetic phase. The calculated ground-state parameters were found in a good agreement with the experimental data. The compound was found to have a structural stability in cubic B1 (NaCl-type structure) phase, but under the application of high pressure (at 27 GPa), it undergone to B2 (CsCl-type structure) phase of pressure. The second-order elastic constants and mechanical properties like Young’s modulus, Shear modulus, Poisson ratio, Cauchy pressure (C₁₂–C₄₄), and Pugh’s ratio (B/G) were calculated. The present calculations confirmed the ductile nature of TbTe. Further, the thermodynamic investigations have been carried using quasi-harmonic Debye approximation. We have calculated the pressure and temperature dependence of Debye temperature (??_D), bulk modulus (B), thermal expansion (α), heat capacities (C_V), and entropy (S) in the temperature range of 0 to 1000 K and pressure range of 0 to 25 GPa.     

Adsorption of indigo carmine and methylene blue dye: Taguchi’s design of experiment to optimize removal efficiency

In the present study, Taguchi’s experimental methodology has been applied to find optimum level (value) of adsorption parameters (factors) for the removal of indigo carmine dye (ICD) and methylene blue dye (MBD) using activated carbon derived from Acacia Nilotica sawdust (ACSA). The effect of significant adsorption parameters, viz. adsorbent dose (m), initial concentration (C₀), temperature (T) and contact time (t), on the adsorption capacity (q_t) of ACSA for each dye has been discussed. Average values and S/N ratio for each parameter at three different levels have been estimated using L₉ orthogonal array (OA). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been used to identify the significant parameters and the most favourable optimal conditions for both raw data and S/N data. The study revealed that, for ICD, initial dye concentration is found to be the most significant parameter with 55.8% contribution followed by ACSA dose, temperature and contact time with 35.7%, 5% and 3.4% contribution, respectively. For MBD, the ACSA dose (m) is found to be the most significant parameter with 46.4% contribution followed by initial dye concentration, temperature and contact time with 44%, 5.3% and 4.4% contribution, respectively. The contact time (t) is found to be the least significant parameter in the overall sorption process for both ICD and MBD. The optimized levels of parameters for both dyes are found to be A₁, B₃, C₃ and D₃. The predicted and average confirmatory values of total dye adsorbed (q_t) on ACSA at optimized levels were found to be 31.02 and 31.01 mg/g, respectively, for ICD and 57.35 and 57.36 mg/g, respectively, for MBD. The percentage removal of ICD and MBD at optimized levels was found to be 77.5% and 95.4%, respectively.