Real-time Tool Wear Compensation in Milling EDM

Accurate machining by milling EDM (i.e. CNC contouring EDM with a rotating cylindrical or tubular electrode) necessitates compensation of the tool electrode wear. Existing anticipated wear compensation is based on off-line tool wear simulation prior to machining. This can be combined with corrections based on periodical measurements of tool length during machining. Anticipated wear compensation involves an important restriction: an exact model of the blank geometry must be available in order to perform the tool wear simulation. This paper presents a new method of wear compensation. On-line estimation of tool wear is used for combining anticipated compensation with real-time compensation. This extends the scope of milling EDM to the machining of blanks of which the exact shape is not known in advance.     

微细电火花铣削工件侧面轮廓加工研究

开展了不同分层厚度电火花铣削侧面轮廓加工研究,通过改变线性补偿值,研究不同补偿率下的电极形状与稳定铣削深度,获得了较大分层厚度下的恒定深度铣削槽;分析总结了锥形电极的形成与稳定原因和不同补偿量对电火花铣槽影响的相关规律;通过线性补偿法对圆弧形片状工件和具有一定倾角工件的侧面加工铣削,验证了实验规律.     

基于定长补偿的微细电火花三维型腔加工方法

电火花铣削可利用简单电极以逐层扫掠的方式有效加工复杂三维型腔。采用定长补偿方法配合电极旋转进行电火花铣削加工,电极端面会形成圆锥形,经过两刀铣削加工后第一层的加工面会呈现波浪形。针对波浪面对加工精度的影响进行了仿真分析,结果表明波浪面对最终的型腔底面形状几乎不产生影响。为获取最佳一层表面以减小对后续加工影响,确定了第一层第二步加工的最佳深度的定义;并通过三角形假设和正弦曲线假设从几何上找到了最佳深度的取值范围。通过实验验证了理论模型并进一步细化最佳深度取值区间,为后续精确加工奠定了基础。     

Gap control for near-dry EDM milling with lead angle

A new gap control strategy for five-axis milling using near-dry electrical discharge machining (EDM) has been experimentally investigated. The conventional EDM control strategy only allows the retraction of the electrode in the direction of machining trajectory, which results in inefficient gap control when the electrode is not perpendicular to the workpiece. The new gap controller is capable of retracting the electrode in the direction of its orientation. This enables more efficient enlargement of the discharge gap leading to faster recovery of average gap voltage. Experimental results show a 30% increase in material removal rate while the tool electrode wear ratio and surface roughness are not affected. Furthermore, EDM efficiency is improved due to the change in the electrode retraction in its axial direction. The gain tuning of the proposed controller is also discussed. This study shows the direction of electrode retraction is important for five-axis near-dry EDM milling.     

微细电火花铣削电极运动轨迹加工工艺实验

在微三维结构微细电火花铣削过程中,电极运动轨迹的规划直接影响产品的加工效率和工具电极的损耗。针对钛合金微三维结构进行了不同铣削方式的加工工艺实验,选取了最佳电极运动轨迹,其加工时间和电极损耗均明显低于其他铣削方式。     

High Speed 3D Milling by Dry EDM

This paper describes the high speed EDM milling of 3D cavities using gas as the working fluid. In this new process, the molten workpiece material is removed and flushed out of the working gap with the help of high-pressure gas flow. The advantages or this technique are the remarkably small tool electrode wear and the significantly high material removal rate especially when oxygen gas is used due to the extremely strong oxidation of steel workpieces. Experiments showed that the material removal rate increases dramatically when the discharge power density on the wonting surface exceeds a certain threshold due to thermally activated chemical reaction between the gas and workpiece material. The maximum removal rate obtained was almost equal to that of high speed milling of quenched steel by a milling machine. The machining accuracy was considerably better when the gas was sucked through the pipe electrode than Jetted.     

Compensation of electrode orbiting in electrical discharge machining based on non-uniform offsetting

In orbiting EDM, the orbital motion of electrode makes the cavity dimension in the workpiece deviate from the design objective. This paper presents a compensation method for electrode orbiting. The presented techniques are used to modify the geometric shape of free-form electrode, so as to eliminate the effects to the cavity dimension that arise from the electrode orbiting. The basic approach consists of three steps: (1) NURBS parameters extraction of electrode surfaces and surface adaptive sampling; (2) non-uniform offsetting of the sampled points according to the orbiting patterns; (3) approximation of non-uniform offset surface under error control. And the method to handle trimmed surface in compensation is also discussed. Quite a few implemented examples and machining results show that the developed techniques can compensate the orbital motion and improve the machining precision effectively.     

电火花成形加工工具电极损耗预测

电火花成形加工过程中,极间放电在蚀除工件材料的同时,也会对工具电极带来一定程度的损耗,进而影响工件的尺寸及形状精度,降低加工效率。目前普遍采用更换电极重复加工的方式来获得最终形面,需要消耗大量的工具电极和工时。针对电火花加工的工具电极损耗展开了研究,通过系统地分析所得电极形面特征及进给方向与损耗量之间的关系,建立了实用的电极损耗预测模型。通过实验证明了该模型能准确预测工具电极形面损耗,为电火花加工的电极损耗预测提供了有效方法。     

Virtual EDM simulator: Three-dimensional geometric simulation of micro-EDM milling processes

In this paper a three-dimensional geometric simulation method of micro-EDM milling processes is proposed, which introduces a Z-map algorithm to precisely represent the geometries of a machined workpiece and the evolution of the tool shape caused by tool wear during the machining. The micro-EDM milling process is mathematically and geometrically modeled. In order to verify the performance of the developed simulator, an actual square cavity is machined and compared to the simulation result. The developed EDM simulator can be used for tool path generation for tool wear compensation as well as for prediction of tool wear.     

基于旋转电极的方孔电火花加工新方法

提出一种方孔电火花加工新方法,利用具有勒洛三角形截面形状的工具电极在等宽方形约束孔中转动,使电极沿横截面扫过一个正方形区域,从而通过电极底面放电加工出方孔。分析了勒洛三角形电极在与其等宽的方孔中的运动方式和轨迹,设计了基于旋转电极的方孔电火花加工装置,通过实验验证了该方法的可行性。在不同的开路电压下,分别利用旋转的勒洛三角形电极和不旋转的方形电极进行方孔加工,发现旋转的勒洛三角形电极加工效率更高、电极损耗更低。     

超声辅助气中放电铣削加工CAD/CAM

超声辅助气中放电铣削加工工艺是一种新颖的电火花铣削加工工艺,具有加工效率较高、电极补偿简单且环保、安全等优点.依据其工艺特点,提出了二次分层策略和轮廓环切与往复行切相结合的轨迹规划方法.开发了相应的CAD/CAM系统,采用Pro/E生成初始刀位轨迹,经后置处理程序转换为PMAC数控系统能识别的数控代码;在斜壁型腔和半球面型腔加工应用中,验证了此工艺的可行性.     

电火花加工中多材质电极损耗规律的实验研究

针对电火花加工中多材质电极的损耗和形状变化,在模具钢工件上开展了电火花多材质电极加工实验研究,分析了电极材料、加工极性对多材质电极损耗的影响规律,并以黄铜-模具钢电极、紫铜-铜钨合金电极为研究对象,分析了多材质电极的形状变化规律。结果表明:长度损耗小的电极材料能辅助减小同组其他材料的电极损耗,但通常其角损耗较大;加工中多材质电极结合处形成过渡曲面,当加工进入均匀损耗阶段后,过渡曲面的圆弧半径和圆心角基本恒定不变。     

展成式精密电火花加工机床

研制了一种展成式精密电火花加工机床，它含有3个回转机构和4个直线移动机构，工件苡轴，工具电极苡轴和转台均可按需要回转，坐标工作台可作纵向和横向移动，工件头架可作轴向和竖向移动。可设置成多种复合运动方式和相应的结构布局，具有很丰富的加工功能，加工精度能达到微米级并实现电火花镜面加工。     

不同电极电火花加工硬质合金的效率研究

通过实验的方式对采用不同电极电火花加工技术加工硬质合金的效率进行了研究。通过调整加工过程中的脉冲宽度和开路电压，变换加工电极，探讨了不同电极材料、开路电压及脉宽加工硬质合金的加工效率的影响.     

Efficient machining of complex-shaped seal slots for turbomachinery

Complex sealing arrangement in turbomachinery can increase turbine efficiency by reducing leakage of high-pressure cooling flows into the hot gas path. While die-sinking EDM is widely used to machine straight seal slots, electrode preparation and wear make it less efficient for complex shapes. This paper presents research on optimisation of a variant of EDM milling using process control and fluid dynamics simulation to exploit optimal machining conditions. The analysis demonstrates a stable process to machine complex shaped slots by focusing on the key requirements for large-scale turbomachinery component manufacture, namely productivity, surface integrity and process monitoring.     

复杂流道构件组合放电加工技术研究

复杂流道构件的高效、高精度加工是液体火箭发动机的核心制造技术之一,随着发动机涡轮泵功率及涡轮效率的不断提升,涡轮泵复杂流道构件的加工去除量大幅增加,同时对加工精度的要求也越来越严格。故提出了高速放电铣削粗加工与多轴联动电火花成形精密加工复合的加工工艺,通过对复杂流道构件的高速放电铣削加工电极损耗补偿和多轴联动电火花成形加工轨迹规划等技术的研究,实现了复杂流道构件的高效、高精度放电加工。     

振动辅助液中喷气电火花加工性能研究

提出了振动辅助液中喷气电火花加工方法。该方法通过工件机械振动改善了极间的放电状态,降低了短路率。通过实验研究了机械振动的频率和振幅对液中喷气电火花加工性能的影响,研究了振动辅助作用下电加工参数、气体压力、工具电极转速对加工性能的影响。结果表明,工件的机械振动可有效提高液中喷气电火花加工的材料去除率,改善加工表面质量,而电极损耗几乎为零。     

UG固定轴曲面轮廓铣在三次B样条曲面加工中的应用

采用UG/CAM固定轴曲面轮廓铣作用于复杂轮廓表面时,刀具跟随轮廓表面形状实施切削,可以实现复杂轮廓的高精度加工.UG/CAM提供的加工仿真功能可以直观地仿真零件加工过程,检验加工路径、碰撞干涉以获得正确刀轨.其强大的后处理功能,可以结合实际的数控系统生成正确的NC加工程序.以具有双参数三次B样条曲面零件为例,提出UG/CAM固定轴曲面轮廓铣的CAM思路及方法.试验结果表明:采用UG/CAM固定轴轮廓铣可以在三轴数控机床完成复杂型面的半精加工和精加工,能有效地降低加工成本,具有很高的实际应用价值.     

油泵油嘴复杂微结构微细电火花铣削加工试验

为解决油泵油嘴复杂微结构加工难题,开展了微细电火花铣削加工试验研究。在改进微细电火花加工机床系统的基础上,介绍了微细电火花铣削加工试验过程,并着重分析电极损耗补偿问题、加工效率问题的解决方法,进而完成油泵油嘴复杂微结构的精密微细电火花加工,总结出保证微细电火花铣削加工质量和加工效率的工艺规律。