压电纤维复合材料悬臂梁发电性能分析

研究了压电纤维复合材料悬臂梁俘能器的电学特性,使用有限元法分析了叉指型电极结构尺寸、压电纤维和基板材料厚度对输出电压的影响,并将同等尺寸的d33和d31模式压电纤维材料悬臂梁俘能器发电能力进行对比分析.结果表明:叉指电极结构尺寸对工作于d33模式的压电纤维材料悬臂梁俘能器输出电压影响较大.d33模式俘能器具有能产生高电压、低电流值的特点,当压电纤维和基板材料的最佳厚度比为0.75时,俘能器产生电荷量最大.而d31模式俘能器具有能产生低电压、高电流值的特点,当压电纤维和基板材料的最佳厚度比为0.6时,俘能器的输出电压最大.相对于d33模式压电纤维材料,工作于d31模式压电纤维材料更适合作为发电材料使用.     

移动车辆桥梁系统中的振动能量获取

本文对移动车辆作用下桥梁系统的振动能量俘获进行了研究.将车辆模型简化为车轮--弹簧--阻尼器--簧上车身质量体系,桥梁简化为对边简支对边自由板模型,压电俘能结构采用粘贴有压电晶体材料的悬臂梁并在其末端附加一质量块.对于这个耦合动力学模型,首先,通过板壳振动理论推导出了移动车辆作用下板的运动微分方程;其次,根据欧拉伯努利梁振动理论和基尔霍夫第一定律得到了以桥梁振动响应作为激励的悬臂梁动力学--压电耦合方程;最后,对耦合运动微分方程进行了求解并对其数值模拟结果进行了分析.结果表明:采用设计的压电俘能结构可以有效地收集桥梁系统的振动能量,而压电装置的位置、压电梁的厚度、集中质量、车辆速度对压电俘能效率都有一定影响.     

随机振动激励下的压电俘能器发电性能模拟与分析

对一种悬臂梁结构车载压电俘能器发电性能进行了研究,建立了两自由度1/4车辆垂向振动模型,使用仿真软件MATLAB/Simulink分析了路面随机激励下的车体振动响应,并以此作为激励源作用于压电俘能器上,使用有限元法分析了俘能器基频、外接负载、车速、路面不平度对俘能器输出电压、电流和功率的影响关系。结果表明,当俘能器基频与车辆系统固有频率相匹配时,俘能器可以获得更高的输出电压,增加负载阻抗值,俘能器输出电压增加、输出电流减小,存在一个最优负载阻抗(约为200ｋΩ)使俘能器输出功率达到最大,负载阻值相同时,提高车速和增加路面不平度系数均可以使俘能器获得更高的输出功率。当车辆以10ｍ/ｓ速度行驶在B级路面上时,压电俘能器最大输出功率可到达0.5ｍＷ。     

窄带随机激励下三稳态压电俘能器的动力学特性与实验研究

本文研究了窄带随机激励下三稳态压电俘能器的动力学输出特性.首先,建立了非线性三稳态压电俘能器的分布参数型机电耦合运动方程,并基于多尺度法推导得到系统运动方程响应的解析解以及一阶、二阶稳态矩的表达式.其次,分析了磁铁间距、噪声强度和激励幅值等参数对系统稳态响应的影响.研究结果表明,在一定参数范围内,随着噪声强度的增加,压电振动俘能器会经历阱内振动、阱间振动甚至大轨道周期运动,以表现出单稳态、双稳态和三稳态特性;改变磁铁水平间距和竖直间距构造三稳态压电俘能器,其振动幅值和采集电压相较于双稳态明显提高.最后,通过实验比较了压电俘能器在不同位形时的采集性能,结果表明了三稳态压电俘能器的优越性,为窄带随机激励下的非线性振动俘能器的设计提供一定的理论依据.     

新型双方向压电俘能装置设计与实验研究

研究了一种新型的双方向压电俘能器,简化拾振器结构,利于压电俘能装置的产品化.采用矩形压电晶片和悬臂梁结构对双方向压电俘能器结构进行设计;研究了附加质量对压电俘能器发电性能的影响.通过实验方法测试了新型的双方向压电俘能器在不同环境激励下的发电性能,结果表明:压电振子的固有频率与自由端附加质量成反比,在进行主副压电振子附加质量选取时,根据外界环境激励的频率范围,选取最容易激发压电振子共振的附加质量,使得主压电振子与副压电振子分别与激励频率产生共振,实现产生电能最大化.     

基于厚度剪切振动的压电圆盘微陀螺的制作和分析

基于面内振动模态工作的圆盘陀螺在利用压电方式驱动和检测时,需要在圆盘振动体侧壁上加工压电换能器,很难由MEMS工艺实现.为实现压电圆盘陀螺的小型化,设计制作了一种直接由压电材料作为振动体,基于厚度剪切振动模态工作的新型压电圆盘微陀螺.厚度剪切振动模态使得陀螺可以通过在压电基片上下表面制作金属电极的MEMS工艺进行加工.通过对加工出的陀螺器件进行阻抗分析发现加工出的陀螺具有良好的对称性,基于阻抗分析得到的品质因数通过有限元分析可知,陀螺可实现高灵敏度、低非线性度、大量程、低角速度耦合误差等性能.     

双晶压电悬臂梁俘能器的建模与仿真

针对双晶片悬臂梁式压电俘能器的优化问题,考虑悬臂梁末端位移与质量块质心位移的差异,对Roundy数学模型进行了修正.通过ANSYS有限元软件对俘能器建模并进行模态分析和谐响应分析,当质量块长度逐渐变大时,修正后数学模型对俘能器一阶固有频率和输出电压有更好的预测精度.研究了质量块形状和负载对俘能器输出特性的影响规律,发现在质量块质量不变时,提高质量块的质心高度能提高俘能器的发电能力,对俘能器的结构优化具有借鉴意义.     

MEMS压电阵列振动能量收集器

近年来,随着微能源的发展,微型压电振动能量收集器得到了广泛关注,但传统d31模式PZT薄膜微型压电振动能量收集器输出电压普遍较低,难以满足应用需求。为提高微型压电振动能量收集器的输出电压,论文提出了共质量块悬臂梁阵列压电振动能量收集器新结构,该结构包含压电悬臂梁单元组成的阵列和一个质量块,悬臂梁阵列共用质量块。采用有限元方法对该结构进行了优化设计,得到压电悬臂梁单元优化尺寸为3 mm×2.4 mm×0.05 mm,硅质量块优化尺寸为8 mm×12.4mm×0.5 mm。设计了MEMS压电阵列振动能量收集器加工工艺流程,加工出原理样件。在1 gn加速度,239.7 Hz谐振频率激励下,测试得到样件输出开路电压有效值为9.16 V;在最优化负载200 kΩ下,负载输出电压有效值为5.51 V,输出功率为151.8μW。     

MFC柔性压电材料俘能特性实验及其往复弯曲摆动参数优化

弯曲摆动作用下的柔性压电材料的俘能特性进行了实验研究,利用所设计搭建的"柔性压电材料往复弯曲摆动实验系统"对基于MFC柔性压电材料所制作的悬臂梁柔性压电振子在弯曲摆动作用下的俘能特性展开了实验研究,分别研究了其在不同的弯曲摆角、弯曲摆速、基板厚度、压电材料表面积、负载电阻等影响因素下的俘能特性规律.研究结果表明:处于恒定的弯曲摆角状态下时,逐渐提高柔性压电材料横截面的过程中,悬臂梁柔性压电振子将会输出更大幅值的开路电压.随着负载电阻的增大,形成了更大的开路电压幅值并最终接近稳定状态.调整弯曲摆速后,并没有引起开路电压幅值的明显改变,总体保持相对稳定趋势.经过试验确定较优的参数:设定弯曲摆动角为15,弯曲摆速为20 r/min,压电材料横截面为800 mm2的条件下,外接负载电阻100 kΩ,可以输出2760 mV的开路电压幅值.     

基于滚压的压电叠堆压电转换特性仿真分析

本文提出一种基于滚压的压电俘能器结构,结合Cymbal压电换能器和压电振子叠堆,利用滚珠作为激励源,可以把机构的往复振动转换为对压电振子的单向压迫.使用仿真软件对俘能器结构中滚珠压迫压电单元的力,以及该俘能器结构在并联和串联模式下输出的电压和俘获的电能进行仿真分析,得到该结构的压电转换特性.仿真结果表明,滚珠对压电叠堆的压迫力与压电陶瓷层数并不是单向递减,1-5层时递增,5层以后压迫力逐渐减小.在压电陶瓷的总层数不变的情况下,并联和串联时压电叠堆所俘获的总电能是不变的.两种联接模式下总电能随层数的变化关系为5层以内时随层数的增加而减小,超过5层后逐渐增加.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。