中东肥皂和洗涤剂市场

简要介绍了中东地区的经济和人口以及社会发展情况,叙述了中东地区的洗涤剂市场,从洗涤习惯和洗涤剂技术方面做了详细的分析。     

表面活性剂和洗涤剂标准化工作历程

回顾了我国表面活性剂和洗涤剂标准化的发展历程及洗衣粉标准的变迁。对国内标准的编制、制订和修订工作进行了概括。强调要把采用国际标准和国外先进标准作为我国一项重大的技术经济政策,促进技术进步,提高产品质量,加快我国表面活性剂和洗涤剂标准化的进程。     

A new method of synthesis of alkyl-glycidyl esters of dicarboxylic acids in high yields

A series of new alkyl-glycidyl esters of dicarboxylic acids which could be used as PVC plasticizers were synthesized. The method adopted is a new synthetic process which can be carried out in two stages. During the first stage, the carboxylic acid anhydride reacts with the salt of the alcohol, and the sodium salt produced reacts with epichlorhydrin in the presence of a catalyst to yield an alkyl-glycidyl ester. The specific reactions give pure products in high yields. The reaction of phthalic acid bisodium salt with epichlorhydrin, as well as the reaction of phthaloyl chloride with glycidol, gave diglycidyl phthalate in 36% and 22% yields, respectively.     

酸性皂在化妆及洗涤类产品中的应用研究

以酸性皂在雪花膏和香波中的应用为研究对象，列举了酸性皂应用在化妆及洗涤类产品中自然形成珠光的实例，酸性皂在产品中自然形成珠光效果上，具有较好的作用效果，且对产品基质的稳定性具促进作用。     

Synthesis and biodegradation of aliphatic polyesters from dicarboxylic acids and diols

Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and its copolymers, poly(butylene succinate‐co‐adipate) (PBSA) and poly(butylene‐co‐hexylene succinate) (PBHS), were synthesized by direct polyesterification of corresponding diols and dicarboxylic acids. Dimethyl benzene was used as solvent and water‐removing agent. Several catalysts were used to study the esterification of butanediol and succinic acid. Among them, SnCl₂ demonstrated superior catalysis behavior. Kinetic behaviors of the synthesis of PBS, PBSA, and PBHS were investigated using SnCl₂ as catalyst. By using a water trap containing a 4‐Å molecular sieve, a relatively faster reaction rate was achieved and the molecular weight of some polyesters surpassed 30,000. The variation of molecular weight distribution during the polymerization was monitored by GPC and M_w/M_n demonstrated a trend of decrease with the reaction time. The melting point (T_m) and the glass‐transition temperature (T_g) were measured by DSC technique. The results show that the incorporation of a third monomer unit to PBS lowered T_g and T_m. The biodegradation test was carried out both in the laboratory and in outdoor soil burial. The copolyesters displayed a faster degradation rate than that of PBS. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 982–990, 2003     

脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐的性能测试及其在洗衣液中的应用

分别采用电位滴定法、Ross-Miles泡沫仪、改进的酸滴定法和浊度法测试了脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐(MES)的水解稳定性、发泡稳泡性能、钙皂分散力及Krafft点,并测试了含MES的洗衣液的稳定性和去污性能。结果表明,储存温度为45 ℃时,MES在pH=4.5~9.0时是稳定的,当pH达到10.0时,α-磺基脂肪酸二钠盐(DS)质量分数明显增加,水解现象较明显;MES对钙皂的分散力为2.5 g钙皂/g MES,LAS对钙皂的分散力为0.34 g钙皂/g LAS;MES的Krafft点约为20.9 ℃;含MES的洗衣液配方产品具有很好的稳定性,去污性能能达到国标要求。     

Chemical and physical characteristics of soap made from distilled fatty acids of palm oil and palm kernel oil

Manufacture of soaps from distilled fatty acids of palm oil (PO) and palm kernel oil (PK) is a well-established technology in Malaysia. Data on quality and characteristics of various blends of PO/PK fatty acid-based (palm-based) soaps made in Malaysia are not available, however. In view of this, the study described in this paper was undertaken. Eleven blends of palm-based bar soaps were made, and their properties were evaluated. There was an increase in the acid value of blended raw materials with increasing amounts of PK fatty acids. The iodine value and titer (°C) of blended raw materials, however, bear an inverse relationship with the amount of PK fatty acids. As expected, the hardness of the soap bars from the various blends increased with increasing PK fatty acid. Total fatty matter ranged from 76–85%, free caustic content was 0.1%, and sodium chloride content was 0.3–0.4%. Characteristics of soap blends made for this study were comparable with those from other countries. Quality of the soap obtained was comparable to those produced commercially.     

21世纪洗涤剂的发展趋势和面临的挑战

回顾过去 10年和展望未来 ,介绍和预测了 2 1世纪洗涤剂的发展趋势和面临的挑战。全球洗涤剂工业发展是不均衡的。欧洲的发展趋势是继续浓缩化 ,高密度的片状洗涤剂和超浓缩的液体洗涤剂 -洗衣膏显示出发展潜力。美国的液洗剂已经迅速增长到 5 0 %的份额。在拉丁美洲浓缩洗涤剂还没有潜在市场。二合一洗涤剂是 2 1世纪的新产品。无水液体洗涤剂的挑战是稳定性 ;含水液体洗涤剂的难点在于填加漂白剂。 2 1世纪呼唤低温、节能、节水洗涤剂 ,以及相应的表面活性剂、酶制剂和漂白剂体系     

Synthesis and characterization of new thermally stable aromatic copoly(ester–amide)s from diester‐dicarboxylic acids

Two new aromatic diester‐dicarboxylic acids containing furan rings, namely, benzofuro[2,3‐b]benzofuran‐2,9‐dicarboxyl‐bis‐pyridyl ester‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid and benzofuro[2,3‐b]benzofuran‐2,9‐dicarboxyl‐bis‐phenyl ester‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid were synthesized by the reaction of benzofuro[2,3‐b]benzofuran‐2,9‐dicarbonyl chloride with 6‐hydroxynicotinic acid and 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid, respectively. These monomers were converted to aromatic copoly(ester–amide)s by reaction with various aromatic diamines via direct polycondensation. Polymers were characterized by FTIR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, viscosity and solubility tests. The inherent viscosity of the polymers was in the range 0.23–0.46 dl g^?1 in dimethyl sulfoxide at 30 °C. They dissolved readily in polar solvents at room temperature. They possess a glass‐transition temperature in the range 210–260 °C and exhibit excellent thermal stability. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

以AEC和MES为主的复配型超浓缩 洗衣液研究

以脂肪醇醚羧酸钠(AEC)和脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐(MES)为主表面活性剂配制超浓缩洗衣液。通过吊环法研究了AEC与AES复配体系不同比例下静态表面张力和临界胶束浓度,通过单因素和正交试验研究了助溶剂、洗涤助剂、抗再沉积剂的种类及用量对去污力的影响。结果表明,n(AEC)∶n(AES)为8∶2时复配体系cmc最小,助溶剂为乙醇,水溶助长剂为尿素,抗再沉积剂为聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,质量分数分别为10%、1%和0.2%时,超浓缩洗衣液流动性和去污力最好。     

直链烷基苯磺酸异丙胺盐的性能及其在餐具洗涤剂中的应用研究

对直链烷基苯磺酸异丙胺盐(HIPN)的表面张力、润湿力、乳化力、发泡能力等基本性能进行研究,并与洗涤剂常用阴离子表面活性剂直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)和α-烯基磺酸钠(AOS)进行了对比,研究了HIPN在手洗餐具洗涤剂配方中的表现。结果表明,在餐具洗涤剂中HIPN具有优异的增稠性能,能全部代替或者部分代替LAS和AES,实现和AOS复配的低成本无二烷配方。     

Preparation and surface-active properties of the sodium soaps,mono- and diethanolamides and diol and triol sulfates of cycloaliphatic C21 Di- and C22 Tricarboxylic acids

Cycloaliphatic C₂₁ di- and C₂₂ tricarboxylic acids were prepared by the Diels-Alder reaction of dehydrated castor oil (DCO) fatty acids (containing 48% conjugated and 42% nonconjugated dienes) with acrylic and fumaric acids, respectively. The reaction temperature, time, catalyst concentration, and mole ratio of reactants were varied to get maximum yields of the di- and tricarboxylic acids. The unreacted DCO fatty acids were removed from the products by partition between aqueous methanol and n-hexane. The products were converted to methyl esters and characterized as the substituted cyclohexene derivatives before and after dehydrogenation with Pd/C in xylene, hydrogenation with Pd/C in decalin and oxidation with periodate-permanganate reagent and by mass and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The acids were converted to sodium soaps, mono- and diethanolamides and the corresponding diol and triol sulfates, and the resulting products were evaluated for their surface-active properties. The sodium soaps showed better calcium tolerance and poorer foaming power than sodium oleate. The diethanolamides were inferior to lauroyl diethanolamide in wetting and emulsifying power. The monoethanolamides were better than the respective diethanolamides and lauroyl diethanolamide in wetting property. The diol and triol sulfates were poorer in wetting and emulsifying ability and better in calcium tolerance than sodium lauryl sulfate.     

The E3 Ligase GmPUB21 Negatively Regulates Drought and Salinity Stress Response in Soybean

E3-ubiquitin ligases are known to confer abiotic stress responses in plants. In the present study, GmPUB21, a novel U-box E3-ubiquitin ligase-encoding gene, was isolated from soybean and functionally characterized. The expression of GmPUB21, which possesses E3-ubiquitin ligase activity, was found to be significantly up-regulated by drought, salinity, and ABA treatments. The fusion protein GmPUB21-GFP was localized in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and plasma membrane. Transgenic lines of the Nicotiana benthamiana over-expressing GmPUB21 showed more sensitive to osmotic, salinity stress and ABA in seed germination and inhibited mannitol/NaCl-mediated stomatal closure. Moreover, higher reactive oxygen species accumulation was observed in GmPUB21 overexpressing plants after drought and salinity treatment than in wild-type (WT) plants. Contrarily, silencing of GmPUB21 in soybean plants significantly enhanced the tolerance to drought and salinity stresses. Collectively, our results revealed that GmPUB21 negatively regulates the drought and salinity tolerance by increasing the stomatal density and aperture via the ABA signaling pathway. These findings improved our understanding of the role of GmPUB21 under drought and salinity stresses in soybean.