金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜基因型的分子鉴定

本文选用常见的典型食源性微生物金黄色葡萄球菌,从食品微生物安全角度出发,采用生物被膜菌落结晶紫染色法定量检测58株金黄色葡萄球菌菌株生物被膜的形成能力。并对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜相关基因型进行分型研究,包括ica调控子分型(ica A、ica D、ica BC)与粘附特性分型(agr、atl E和aap)研究。结果显示,所有检测菌株均能生成生物被膜,其中3株能生成强粘附性生物被膜,占5.2%;生成中等生物被膜能力菌株有23株,占39.7%;32株金黄色葡萄球菌生成弱粘附生物被膜,占55.2%。实验所用的58株菌株中有48株能扩增出ica A基因,56株扩增出ica D基因,57株扩增出ica BC基因,56株扩增出agr,分别有53株和57株染色体中存在aap和atl E基因。本实验的结论:ica操纵子为金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成所必须,aap基因可能作为促进金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的一个独立因素。而atl E,agr基因是金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜粘附过程中形成所必须的调节因子。     

亚硝酸钠对金黄色葡萄球菌和副溶血性弧菌生物被膜形成的抑制作用

本文以金黄色葡萄球菌和副溶血性弧菌为研究对象,采用微孔板检测法,分别以OD630值与生物被膜清除率反映两种菌的生物被膜生成量及不同培养时间添加不同浓度亚硝酸钠对两种菌形成生物被膜的抑制效果,并通过细胞表面反应和细胞间聚集实验初步研究其抑制机理。结果表明:亚硝酸钠对两种致病菌生物被膜的形成均有一定的抑制作用,600 mg/L、培养48 h对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜清除率达37.31%,抑制效果最佳;而对副溶血性弧菌而言,添加200 mg/L亚硝酸钠培养12 h时清除率达36.67%,效果最佳。由细胞表面反应与细胞间聚集实验结果表明,亚硝酸钠能有效抑制两种菌的表面粘附和菌体聚集,其主要通过影响细胞聚合与表面粘附,从而抑制金黄色葡萄球菌和副溶血性弧菌生物被膜的形成与生长。     

低浓度乙二胺四乙酸对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的影响

研究了低浓度乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)对食源性病原菌金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的影响。实验结果表明,0.2mmol/L的EDTA可有效抑制金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成;EDTA只能影响金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的早期阶段;Ba2+不能完全阻断EDTA抑制生物被膜生成,Fe2+、Ca2+、Mg2+可以阻断EDTA抑制生物被膜的效应;即使是高浓度的EDTA也不能影响成熟的细胞被膜数量;EDTA能抑制细胞之间的粘附作用。     

金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜检测及控制方法研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌极易在食品的加工、储存过程中形成生物被膜,使得被膜内的细菌很难被清除,给食品安全带来了巨大隐患。综述了金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的形成、检测、控制方法和影响因素,特别是针对国内外金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的检测及物理、化学和生物等控制方法进行了详述,旨在为食品工业领域生物被膜的消除提供借鉴。     

食品接触材料表面细菌生物被膜形成能力的研究进展

食品接触材料的安全性是食品安全领域的重要问题,材料表面的粗糙度、电荷、亲水性能都可影响食源性致病菌的粘附,而细菌粘附往往是生物被膜形成的第1个阶段。文章主要从玻璃、不锈钢、纸质材料等常用食品接触材料表面细菌生物被膜形成能力方面进行了综述,为进一步预防控制食源性疾病提供理论依据。     

培养条件对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜生长的影响

以常见的食源性病原菌金黄色葡萄球菌为研究对象,采用微孔板检测法对其生物被膜形成过程中的不同影响因素进行了研究。结果表明：在37℃下,采用1．6％胰酶大豆肉汤（TSB）培养时,金黄色葡萄球菌易形成大量生物被膜;添加低浓度的单糖及双糖可以大大提高金黄色葡萄球菌形成生物被膜的能力;添加氯化钠对金黄色葡萄球菌形成生物被膜影响显著。     

硝酸钠对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的影响

为了评估在硝酸钠存在的食品环境中金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的污染风险,研究了硝酸钠对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的影响,并初步研究了其抑制机理。结果表明,在1.25 mmol/L~10 mmol/L的食品安全浓度下,硝酸钠即能抑制生物被膜的形成;当硝酸钠浓度为10 mmol/L时,生物被膜生物量减少了73.90%,生物被膜活性降低了92.56%。在生物被膜培养物中,硝酸钠生成了亚硝酸钠;在起始硝酸钠浓度为10 mmol/L培养基中,最终培养物中的亚硝酸钠浓度为5 mmol/L。食品安全浓度的硝酸钠对不同来源的食源性金黄色葡萄球菌菌株的生物被膜形成有普遍的抑制作用,抑制效果因菌株而异。此外,在较高浓度下,硝酸钠对生物被膜形成的抑制效果更好,当硝酸钠添加浓度为640 mmol/L时,基本检测不到活菌数。因此,硝酸钠有潜力成为食品环境中金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的杀菌剂与去除剂。     

食品添加剂对食源性金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的影响

从腐败食品分离筛选金黄色葡萄球菌,研究食品添加剂对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的影响。按国标方法鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌。在不同质量浓度的防腐剂和乳化剂作用的情况下,用96孔板法检测金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成情况。结果表明:在添加低质量浓度防腐剂山梨酸钾和苯甲酸钠后,金黄色葡萄球菌成膜能力受抑制,当两者质量浓度均≥0.4g/L时无成膜作用,且山梨酸钾抑制成膜趋势比苯甲酸钠明显;添加单甘酯后,质量浓度3g/L成膜率最低,而双甘酯质量浓度4g/L成膜率最低,两者比较,在质量浓度2～4g/L范围内单甘酯抑制成膜比双甘酯好;对于蔗糖酯类乳化剂,在质量浓度0.3～4g/L范围SE7和SE13都显现抑制成膜作用,而SE11整体出现成膜率下降趋势;非离子型表面活性剂吐温-80、Span-60对金黄色葡萄球菌成膜影响不同,与两者自身亲水亲油性相关。因此,这几类食品添加剂对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜具有一定抑制作用。     

金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜生长动力学分析

利用优化的Liu动力学方程对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的附着过程进行拟合得出:培养温度、培养基p H值、细菌接种浓度都对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的粘附过程有影响,大约在60 min时,金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜达到粘附平衡。在温度为35℃,p H值为7时,附着的微生物量最大,细菌接种浓度越高,附着的微生物量越大。利用Gompertz模型对生物被膜生长、成熟过程进行拟合得出:金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜生长曲线呈现典型的S型,具有明显的延滞期、指数期和稳定期;生物被膜生长曲线表现出的S型有别于悬浮菌的生长曲线,其指数期相对较短。金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜粘附过程、生长和成熟过程的模型矫正拟合度R2(Adj)均在0.97之上。表明Liu动力学方程以及Gompertz模型分别适用于描述外界环境与金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜附着,生长与成熟的关系。     

金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的控制方法研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌是一种重要的食源性病原菌.金黄色葡萄球菌能够形成生物被膜,使其更加难于根除.文中对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的控制方法进行了全面综述,包括去除已形成的生物被膜、杀灭生物被膜中的金黄色葡萄球菌和抑制生物被膜的形成3个主要方面,旨在为食品工业领域生物被膜的控制提供借鉴.     

Biofilm Formation Characteristics of Pseudomonas lundensis Isolated from Meat

Biofilms formations of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria on food or food contact surfaces have attracted increasing attention. These events may lead to a higher risk of food spoilage and foodborne disease transmission. While Pseudomonas lundensis is one of the most important bacteria that cause spoilage in chilled meat, its capability for biofilm formation has been seldom reported. Here, we investigated biofilm formation characteristics of P. lundensis mainly by using crystal violet staining, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The swarming and swimming motility, biofilm formation in different temperatures (30, 10, and 4 °C) and the protease activity of the target strain were also assessed. The results showed that P. lundensis showed a typical surface‐associated motility and was quite capable of forming biofilms in different temperatures (30, 10, and 4 °C). The strain began to adhere to the contact surfaces and form biofilms early in the 4 to 6 h. The biofilms began to be formed in massive amounts after 12 h at 30 °C, and the extracellular polysaccharides increased as the biofilm structure developed. Compared with at 30 °C, more biofilms were formed at 4 and 10 °C even by a low bacterial density. The protease activity in the biofilm was significantly correlated with the biofilm formation. Moreover, the protease activity in biofilm was significantly higher than that of the corresponding planktonic cultures after cultured 12 h at 30 °C.     

Transfer of Listeria monocytogenes between abiotic surfaces under different weights

Cross contamination of Listeria monocytogenes from two different surfaces (plastic wrappers and stainless steel coupons) was simulated using a series of different weights. Enumeration of transfer was based on surface bacterial counts of biofilm stained surfaces. Direct contact between 2 surfaces has a constant rate of transfer that is independent of the pressure applied. This is the first report on the study of cross contamination between surfaces using pressure to illustrate transfer of bacteria in a food processing line.     

乳酸菌生物膜形成调控及在食品中的应用研究进展

乳酸菌生物膜是乳酸菌为了应对不良环境而聚集形成的一种状态,在许多情况下乳酸菌都是以生物膜的形式存在,因此有必要加深对乳酸菌生物膜的了解和研究。本文综述了乳酸菌生物膜的形成,碳源、金属离子、pH值、抗生素、有害菌和非生物表面对乳酸菌生物膜的影响,以及多种基因对乳酸菌生物膜的调控作用,并介绍了乳酸菌生物膜在食品抑菌和发酵中的应用情况,以期为乳酸菌生物膜今后的形成调控研究和在食品工业中的应用提供参考。     

群体感应在食源性微生物生物膜形成中的作用

生物膜(Biofilm)是由众多微生物聚集黏附在物体表面形成的多细胞群体结构,多种食源性微生物均能形成相应的生物膜,且该现象的产生对食品加工与安全有着重要影响。群体感应(Quorum sensing,QS)已被证明是调控生物膜形成的重要因素。文章主要介绍了群体感应对几种食源性细菌及真菌生物膜形成的调控作用,旨在为食品加工过程中微生物生物膜的控制与利用提供参考。     

Salmonella enterica Enteritidis biofilm formation and viability on regular and triclosan-impregnated bench cover materials

Contamination of food contact surfaces by microbes such as Salmonella is directly associated with substantial industry costs and severe foodborne disease outbreaks. Several approaches have been developed to control microbial attachment; one approach is the development of food contact materials incorporating antimicrobial compounds. In the present study, Salmonella enterica Enteritidis adhesion and biofilm formation on regular and triclosan-impregnated kitchen bench stones (silestones) were assessed, as was cellular viability within biofilms. Enumeration of adhered cells on granite, marble, stainless steel, and silestones revealed that all materials were prone to bacterial colonization (4 to 5 log CFU/cm(2)), and no significant effect of triclosan was found. Conversely, results concerning biofilm formation highlighted a possible bacteriostatic activity of triclosan; smaller amounts of Salmonella Enteritidis biofilms were formed on impregnated silestones, and significantly lower numbers of viable cells (1 × 10(5) to 1 × 10(6) CFU/cm(2)) were found in these biofilms than in those on the other materials (1 × 10(7) CFU/cm(2)). All surfaces tested failed to promote food safety, and careful utilization with appropriate sanitation of these surfaces is critical in food processing environments. Nevertheless, because of its bacteriostatic activity, triclosan incorporated into silestones confers some advantage for controlling microbial contamination.     

四种不同接触表面蜡样芽孢杆菌菌膜形成的影响

为了解食源性致病菌蜡样芽孢杆菌在食品加工环境中菌膜形成能力,以玻璃、不锈钢、聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯为接触面,采用超声波平板菌落计数法测定不同环境因素(温度、pH、氯化钠、葡萄糖、苯甲酸钠及山梨酸钾)、不同材料表面蜡样芽孢杆菌(B.cereus)菌膜形成的变化趋势。结果表明:四种材质表面形成B.cereus菌膜能力的大小顺序为:玻璃 > 不锈钢 > 聚氯乙烯 > 聚丙烯。其中,30 ℃,pH7.0时菌膜形成量最大,添加低浓度葡萄糖(4.0%)或氯化钠(0.5%)对B.cereus菌膜形成有显著促进作用(p<0.05),添加0.15%苯甲酸钠、山梨酸钾的菌膜形成量显著高于添加0.10%的菌膜形成量(p<0.05)。本研究为蜡样芽孢杆菌风险评估提供基础数据,为食品工业蜡样芽孢杆菌菌膜的预防和控制奠定基础,为改进蜡样芽孢杆菌的清洗控制措施提供参考。     

Combating biofilms of foodborne pathogens with bacteriocins by lactic acid bacteria in the food industry

Most foodborne pathogens have biofilm-forming capacity and prefer to grow in the form of biofilms. Presence of biofilms on food contact surfaces can lead to persistence of pathogens and the recurrent cross-contamination of food products, resulting in serious problems associated with food safety and economic losses. Resistance of biofilm cells to conventional sanitizers urges the development of natural alternatives to effectively inhibit biofilm formation and eradicate preformed biofilms. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) produce bacteriocins which are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides, providing a great source of nature antimicrobials with the advantages of green and safe properties. Studies on biofilm control by newly identified bacteriocins are increasing, targeting primarily onListeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli. This review systematically complies and assesses the antibiofilm property of LAB bacteriocins in controlling foodborne bacterial-biofilms on food contact surfaces. The bacteriocin-producing LAB genera/species, test method (inhibition and eradication), activity spectrum and surfaces are discussed, and the antibiofilm mechanisms are also argued. The findings indicate that bacteriocins can effectively inhibit biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner, but are difficult to disrupt preformed biofilms. Synergistic combination with other antimicrobials, incorporation in nanoconjugates and implementation of bioengineering can help to strengthen their antibiofilm activity. This review provides an overview of the potential and application of LAB bacteriocins in combating bacterial biofilms in food processing environments, assisting in the development and widespread use of bacteriocin as a promising antibiofilm-agent in food industries.     

Effects of nutritional and environmental conditions on Salmonella sp. biofilm formation

Biofilm formation on food industry surfaces has important health and economic consequences, since they can serve as a potential source of contamination for food products, which may lead to food spoilage or transmission of diseases. Salmonella sp. is one of the most important foodborne pathogens and several studies have led to the discovery that these bacteria are capable of adhering and forming biofilms on different surfaces. The attachment of bacterial cells is affected by several factors, including the medium in which they are grown, motility, growth phase of the cells, type and properties of the inert material, presence of organic material, temperature, pH, contact time, and so on. This investigation focused on the study and quantification of the effects of temperature (20 to 40 °C), pH (4.5 to 7.5), and medium composition (0.5 to 2.5 g/L of peptone) on biofilm formation by Salmonella sp. on stainless steel through surface response modeling. Results highlighted that the target strain was able to adhere on stainless steel, under all the conditions tested. To assess potential differences, the aptitude to biofilm formation (ABF), defined as the time necessary to start adhesion on the surface, was calculated by using the Gompertz equation. This parameter was modeled through a stepwise regression procedure and experimental conditions resulting in the greater ABF were growth in poor media (1.0 to 1.5 g/L of peptone), incubation temperature of about 30 °C, pH close to 6.0. Practical Application: The importance of this work lies in its extension of our knowledge about the effect of different environmental conditions on Salmonella adherence to stainless steel food-processing equipment, as a better understanding of biofilms may provide valuable pathways for the prevention of biofilm formation.     

Biofilm Formation by Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Non-O157 Strains and Their Tolerance to Sanitizers Commonly Used in the Food Processing Environment

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are important foodborne pathogens. Among these, E. coli O157:H7 is the most frequently isolated STEC serotype responsible for foodborne diseases. However, the non-O157 serotypes have been associated with serious outbreaks and sporadic diseases as well. It has been shown that various STEC serotypes are capable of forming biofilms on different food or food contact surfaces that, when detached, may lead to cross-contamination. Bacterial cells at biofilm stage also are more tolerant to sanitizers compared with their planktonic counterparts, which makes STEC biofilms a serious food safety concern. In the present study, we evaluated the potency of biofilm formation by a variety of STEC strains from serotypes O157:H7, O26:H11, and O111:H8; we also compared biofilm tolerance with two types of common sanitizers, a quaternary ammonium chloride-based sanitizer and chlorine. Our results demonstrated that biofilm formation by various STEC serotypes on a polystyrene surface was highly strain-dependent, whereas the two non-O157 serotypes showed a higher potency of pellicle formation at air-liquid interfaces on a glass surface compared with serotype O157:H7. Significant reductions of viable biofilm cells were achieved with sanitizer treatments. STEC biofilm tolerance to sanitization was strain-dependent regardless of the serotypes. Curli expression appeared to play a critical role in STEC biofilm formation and tolerance to sanitizers. Our data indicated that multiple factors, including bacterial serotype and strain, surface materials, and other environmental conditions, could significantly affect STEC biofilm formation. The high potential for biofilm formation by various STEC serotypes, especially the strong potency of pellicle formation by the curli-positive non-O157 strains with high sanitization tolerance, might contribute to bacterial colonization on food contact surfaces, which may result in downstream product contamination.     

Virucidal efficacy of sodium bicarbonate on a food contact surface against feline calicivirus, a norovirus surrogate

Norovirus-associated foodborne outbreaks have become a major public health concern all over the world. Food service establishments are always looking for disinfectants and sanitizers that are effective against various microbes but are non-corrosive and non-toxic to food and food contact surfaces. The efficacy of sodium bicarbonate against certain bacteria and fungi has been documented but its role as a disinfectant against viruses is not known. In this study, anti-calicivirus efficacy of sodium bicarbonate alone and in combination with aldehydes or hydrogen peroxide was evaluated using feline calicivirus (FCV) as a surrogate for norovirus (NoV). Sodium bicarbonate at concentrations of 5% and above was found to be the most effective with 4 log(10) (99.99%) reduction in FCV titers on food contact surfaces within a contact time of 1 min. The virucidal efficacy of sodium bicarbonate was enhanced when it was used in combination with aldehydes or hydrogen peroxide. An advantage of sodium bicarbonate over the available chemical disinfectants for food contact surfaces is its safety, ready availability and low cost. The use of sodium bicarbonate alone or in combination with aldehydes can be an effective and inexpensive method of disinfecting food contact surfaces.