城市群热岛时空特征与地表生物物理参数的关系研究

以长株潭城市群区域为例,利用2005年3个不同季节的TERRA/MODIS数据提取的地表温度、归一化植被指数(NDVI)和归一化建筑指数(NDBI),分析了城市热岛效应及其随季节的变化,采用归一化植被指数(NDVI)和归一化建筑指数(NDBI)作为反映地表生物物理特征的参数,分析了城市热岛时空特征与地表生物物理参数的关系。研究结果表明,研究区域城市热岛效应的季相变化明显,一年中夏季与春季的城市热岛效应相对显著,城市地表温度高出周边的郊区达8~10℃;而冬季城市热岛效应相对不太明显,城市地表温度高出周边的郊区4℃。地表温度与归一化植被指数(NDVI)的相关性随季节变化较为明显,说明通常将归一化植被指数(NDVI)作为城市地表温度或城市热岛的代用指标是不适宜的;然而,地表温度与归一化建筑指数(NDBI)在不同季节都呈显著的线性关系,而且地表温度与NDBI线性关系的斜率和截距能够很好地指示不同季节城市热岛的强度,这就为定量分析不同季节城市地表温度的变化提供了物理指数,也为利用遥感研究城市热岛效应提供了新的方法与途径。     

基于缨帽变换分析地表温度变化

利用缨帽变换提取土壤亮度指数、绿度植被指数、湿度指数等地表参数,利用模型提取归一化植被指数NDVI、比值植被指数RVI、修改型土壤调整指数MSAVI等植被指数和水体指数MNDWI,利用Artis单窗算法估算热红外波段像元尺度地表温度,将地表温度的影响因素作为BP神经网络输入估算30m空间分辨率的亚像元地表温度,分析1989~2006年桂林城区土地利用变化、缨帽变换特征分量变化、植被参数变化、水体指数变化对地表温度的影响机理。     

苏丹遥感干旱指数及其适用性

针对苏丹地区利用遥感手段进行旱情监测的研究相对缺乏这一问题,该文利用MODIS归一化植被指数和地表温度计算植被条件指数、温度植被干旱指数和归一化植被供水指数,利用AMSR-E土壤湿度数据与3种干旱指数进行相关性分析,选取与土壤湿度相关性最好的干旱指数作为干旱监测的指标,对苏丹典型干湿年份的干旱进行监测。定量分析与实验结果表明:归一化植被供水指数与土壤湿度相关性最高,且与降水量存在滞后关系,3种典型植被覆盖类型下归一化植被供水指数的滞后期均为1个月;苏丹干旱主要发生在北部的撒哈拉沙漠及其边缘地区,且干旱分布受季节变化影响显著,其中春季和冬季是干旱发生的高峰期。     

GaAs表面光强反射率的温度敏感特性

对ＧａＡｓ表面光强反射率随温度的变化特性进行了分析，实验结果表明，在一定的温度范围内，其表面光强反射率Ｒ随温度变化的曲线具有开关特性。关键词     

基于B超图像处理的无损测温方法研究

用B超和计算机设计一套实验装置,通过对B超图像分析来检测生物组织内的温度变化。用此装置对新鲜的离体猪肉进行了测温实验,并对不同温度时获得的B超图像作差值处理,在此基础上分析了数字减影结果与温度变化的关系。结果表明温度在40 ℃至85 ℃间,减影图像的相对灰度变化值与温度近似线性关系。     

湿度传感器温度补偿法的研究

通过对湿敏电阻器的特性分析,找出湿敏电阻阻值随温度的指数变化关系,采用附加对数运算电路进行硬件补偿,使其脱离指数状态,低湿性能得到改善;基于EE06型高分子湿敏电容器特性的研究分析,分别在0℃以上和0℃以下分段采用数学模型拟合的软件算法进行温度补偿,使湿敏元件的测湿方程的显著度分别为5 668.579 0和2 416.919 00,均大于F0.01(9,8),在0.01显著水平上是高度显著的。2种温度补偿措施都使湿敏元件的测湿准确度大大提高。     

景观格局对杭州城市热环境年内变化的影响分析

基于杭州2015年4景Landsat ETM+/OLI_TIRS影像反演城市地表温度,探讨景观格局对城市热环境年内变化的影响。采用热点分析来识别城市热岛与冷岛,利用景观格局指数来剖析热环境年内变化与景观格局的响应关系。实验结果表明:(1)随着四季更替,杭州城市热岛与冷岛面积占比先增加后减小;热岛效应在夏季最显著,冷岛效应则在秋季最强;(2)1a之中,各类景观在夏季时均温最高,在冬季时最低;各类景观中建设用地均温相对最高,水体、林地均温相对较低;(3)在景观水平上,各景观格局指数与四季地表均温显著相关,相关性强弱会随着分析窗口增大以及季节变化发生波动;在类型水平上,建设用地、水体、林地的景观格局指数与四季地表均温呈现出显著且较强的相关性。研究结果能够帮助合理布局城镇建设用地,引导城市绿地和水域等景观的合理规划设计以缓解杭州城市热岛效应。     

植被指数-地表温度特征空间研究及其在旱情监测中的应用

植被指数-地表温度特征空间已被应用于多方面的研究。本文从区域旱情监测的角度分析了该特征空间的生态学内涵，指出地表温度是地表蒸散的函数，推导出了温度蒸散旱情指数（TEDI）的计算方法。利用NOAA数据，以河北省南部平原为研究区域，分别计算出了温度植被旱情指数（TVDI）与温度蒸散旱情指数（TEDI），通过地面实测土壤相对湿度指数（SHI）验证，结果表明温度蒸散旱情指数（TEDI）可以更准确地反映下垫面的土壤墒情状况。     

无人机热红外城市地表温度精细特征研究

以南京市江宁区某大学校园为研究区,利用无人机搭载热红外成像仪获取6种典型城市下垫面(水体、灌木、草坪、荷兰砖路面、大理石路面、沥青路面)地表温度数据,分析其在不同天气、不同月份的变化状况,并估算其感热释放量,定量描述不同下垫面地表温度的精细特征。通过对地表温度与气象因子进行相关性分析,探究地表温度变化的影响因素。结果表明:不同天气条件下,下垫面地表温度变化特征、感热释放量均存在差异。晴天时不同下垫面地表温度日变化波动较大,沥青路面温度相对较高,感热释放量最大,大理石、荷兰砖路面次之。水体和灌木在白天几乎没有感热释放量,对热环境缓解效应明显。阴天时不同下垫面地表温度日变化均不明显,人工地表仍然是感热释放的主体。气象因子中,太阳辐射和空气温度与下垫面温度呈正相关,对下垫面有增温作用,空气湿度与下垫面温度呈负相关,对下垫面增温具有一定的抑制作用。研究为城市微环境研究提供了新的思路和方法,并能够为城市微热环境遥感研究提供一定的理论依据。     

基于GEE的石羊河流域植被覆盖变化特征及其影响因素分析

植被作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分，常被用作评估气候变化和生态恢复成效的指标。以石羊河流域为研究对象，基于Google Earth Engine (GEE)平台采用Theil-Sen趋势分析和MannKendall检验（TS-MK）、Hurst指数揭示植被覆盖变化特征；采用偏相关分析、残差分析和地理探测器探究植被覆盖变化的影响因素。结果表明：2001～2020年间石羊河流域植被NDVI呈现波动增长趋势，增长率为0.023/10 a；呈显著增加趋势和显著减少趋势的面积占比分别为72.32%和2.40%。未来植被NDVI变化趋势保持一致（Hurst>0.5）的面积占比为63.84%，其中持续性显著增加的面积占比最大，为47.37%。偏相关分析结果表明降水对植被生长的影响较强，而温度、太阳辐射和饱和水汽压差的影响相对较弱。残差分析结果表明气候要素和人类活动影响下植被NDVI呈显著增加趋势的面积占比分别为21.59%和60.07%，石羊河流域的植被变化主要受人类活动的积极影响。此外，地理探测器的结果表明植被NDVI的空间分布主要受水热条件分布特征的影响。该研究结果有助于深化对植被覆盖变化...     

基于MODIS 数据的南京市夏季城市热岛分析

城市热岛效应是当前城市环境与气候主要研究内容之一。地表温度与气温之间有紧密的联系, 通过遥感反演地表温度已成为研究城市热岛的有效手段。利用MODIS 数据, 获取地表比辐射率与大气透过率2 个基本参数, 运用劈窗算法反演南京市夏季地表温度。基于不同时相的MODIS数据, 对4 幅南京市地表温度反演图像作对比分析, 较好地显示了南京市城市热岛的空间分布、热岛范围和城市热岛强度, 结果表明南京市夏季热岛问题较为严重。     

不同地表参数变化的上海市热岛效应时空分析

研究地表参数变化与热岛效应的关系对优化城市功能分区以及城市可持续发展具有重要意义。采用上海市2000、2005、2009年3个时期的Landsat ETM+卫星遥感影像,使用归一化不透水面指数(NDISI)、基于指数的植被指数(IVI)、归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)分别从遥感影像中提取不透水面、植被和水体;然后从时间、空间角度并采用回归分析方法分析了上海市地表参数在这9 a中发生的变化及其对城市热环境造成的影响。结果表明:9 a中城市不透水面面积大幅增加,不透水面增加的代价是植被和水体大范围减少,形成了城市的热岛。上海市整体热岛强度是先增强后缓慢减弱的趋势,且热岛分布从集中型向分散型发展。     

使用单窗算法研究北京城区热岛效应

随着全球变暖和城市化进程的加快,大城市城区的热岛效应日益严重。城市下垫面对地表能量交换的影响巨大,引起地表温度分布的不均一性。遥感技术的发展为地表温度的反演提供了可能。近年来人们使用劈窗算法对均一的海面温度的反演很成功,但是受空间分辨率的限制以及陆面的不均一性,陆面温度的反演一直是一个没有解决好的问题。覃志豪提出了一种TM热红外波段单窗算法,可以利用辅助气象资料快速计算出地表温度。本文以北京市城区为研究区,采用LandsetETM第6波段的单窗算法,反演了亮度温度和地表实际温度,分析了城市下垫面情况下NDVI与地表温度的相关关系,并解释了北京城区热岛在空间上的分布及其可能的原因。结果表明:北京市城区热岛效应显著;地表温度与NDVI相关性显著;城区绿地和水体在区域的温度分布中起到重要作用。     

Effects of Landscape Pattern on Annual Variation of Thermal Environment in Hangzhou

Taking the Hangzhou city as an example,this paper retrieves the urban land surface temperature (LST) using 4 Landsat ETM+/OLI_TIRS images and investigates the effects of landscape pattern on the urban thermal environment change.The hot spot analysis was used to identify both the urban heat island and cold island.Landscape pattern indices were adopted to analyze the relationship between the change of the thermal environment and the landscape pattern.Analysis results show that：(1) The proportions of area in urban heat island and cold island in Hangzhou increase first and then decrease with the alternating four seasons;The urban heat island of Hangzhou is the most significant in summer,and the urban cold island effect is more dominant in autumn;(2) Throughout the year,all kinds of landscape has the highest average land surface temperature in summer and the lowest in winter;As for a variety of landscapes,the construction land has the highest average land surface temperature,while,the water body and forest have the relatively low average land surface temperature;(3)On the landscape level,the selected landscape pattern indices are significantly correlated with average land surface temperature in four seasons,the strength of correlation fluctuates with alternating four seasons and the enlargement of analysis window;On the class level,landscape pattern indices of construction land,water body and forest are significantly and highly correlated with average land surface temperature in different seasons.The research in our paper could help to lay out construction land rationally and execute planning and design on urban green space and waters to effectively alleviate the urban heat island effect of Hangzhou.     

ASTER‐based study of the night‐time urban heat island effect in Metro Manila

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) was used to derive land surface temperatures to quantify the night‐time urban heat island (UHI) effect in Metro Manila. Temperature differences between Metro Manila and its adjacent rural towns were compared to determine heat island intensity and analyse spatial variation of surface temperature. Transects were drawn across from the rural to the urban region to characterize the UHI profile and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to examine the relationship between amount of vegetation and temperature. The thermal images revealed the highest UHI intensity to be 2.96°C with the presence of a heat island existing in the central part of the city. The transects described the cross‐sectional heat island profile characterized by gradients of ‘cliffs’, ‘plateaus’ and a ‘peak’ occurring in the city centre. The study also showed an inverse relationship between NDVI and temperature, which suggests that increasing the amount of plants in cities can reduce the UHI effect.     

21世纪以来西安城乡梯度土地覆盖变化及对城市热岛影响时空特征

城市快速扩张导致城乡梯度土地覆盖发生显著的变化,引发不透水地表的增加,植被覆盖的减少,从而加剧了城市热岛强度。研究城乡梯度土地覆盖变化引起的城市热岛效应,并揭示城市热岛的时空特征及强度的变化,对城市规划建设、人居环境改善及提升城市生态系统服务功能具有重要的意义。基于Landsat系列4期影像,利用单窗算法反演西安市地表温度,计算热场变异指数得到热力场强度图并对其进行等级划分,结合土地利用/覆盖类型数据分析城乡梯度土地覆盖变化对城市热岛强度的影响。结果表明：①2000年西安市极强热岛效应区占研究区面积的10.58%,逐渐增加到2011年极强热岛效应区域的面积占比达到16.14%,而后到2015年降低为9.00%,整体上西安市城市热岛效应呈现出了先增长后降低的趋势;②2000年到2015年城乡建设用地面积增加了412.76 km2,极强热岛强度的范围随城市建成区的扩张逐年向外扩展;③无热岛效应区约70%位于耕地和林地,水域在无热岛效应中的占比也在逐年增多,从31%增加到了47%。不透水地表面积占比与地表温度有显著相关性,城乡梯度植被和水体面积的增加可以有效地缓解城市热岛强度。     

A remote sensing study of the urban heat island of Houston,Texas

Radiative surface temperature maps of Houston, Texas were derived from satellite sensor data acquired at approximately 0400 LST on 27 separate occasions over a two-year period. Urban-rural temperature differences were determined for 21 of these cases by modelling the urban heat island as a twodimensional Gaussian surface superimposed on a planar rural background. The purpose of this study was to characterise the complete urban heat island in magnitude and spatial extent without the use of in situ measurements and to determine whether a correlation exists between heat island magnitude and rural temperature. The urban heat island magnitude was found to be inversely correlated with rural temperature, while the spatial extent was found to be independent of both heat island magnitude and rural temperature.     

Spatiotemporal Pattern of Urban-rural Aradient Land Cover Changes and Their Impact on Urban Heat Island in Xi′an City Since the 21st Century

Rapid urban expansion had a significant impact in land use/cover change along urban-rural gradient, and the increase of impervious construction land and the reduction of vegetation cover had induced and aggravated the urban heat island effect. Studying the impact of urban-rural gradient land cover change on urban heat island effect was significant for urban planning and construction, improving the comfort of human settlements and enhancing the function of urban ecological services. The surface temperature of Xi'an city was retrieved by mono-window algorithm based on Landsat images, and the thermal field intensity map was obtained by calculating the thermal field variation index, and the gradient land cover changes in urban and rural areas were analyzed with land use data. The results showed that: ①The urban heat island effect in Xi'an showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing from 2000 to 2015. In 2000, the extremely strong heat island effect area accounted for 10.58% of the research area, and gradually increased to 16.14% in 2011, and then decreased to 9.00% in 2015. ②From 2000 to 2015, the area of construction land increased 412.76 km² and the intensity of extremely strong heat island expanded year by year with the expansion of urban built-up areas. ③About 70% of the non-heat island effect areas were located on farmland and forest land, and the proportion of water area in the non-heat island effect was increasing year by year from 31% to 47%, which showed that the increase of vegetation and water area could effectively alleviate the urban heat island effect.     

Inversion of Land Surface Temperature and Its Application in Urban Agglomeration Thermal Environment Monitoring based on Tiangong-2 Data

According to the characteristics of thermal infrared spectrum of wide band imager of Tiangong-2 data,a spilt-window algorithm applied to Tiangong-2 data was proposed.Taking the South of Jiangsu urban agglomeration as the research area,the inversion of the land surface temperature was carried out.On this basis,the spatial distribution characteristics of thermal environment of South of Jiangsu urban agglomeration were analyzed through SUHI index.The results show that the split-window algorithm can be effectively applied to the thermal infrared of Tiangong-2 data.The root mean square error of land surface temperature inversion is within 1 K.The result of land surface temperature are in good agreement with the types of land use in the research area,and the temperature of the building land is the highest and the water is the lowest.A global heat island is formed in Suzhou-Wuxi-Chanzhou,and the intensity and spatial distribution of the heat island in the urban agglomeration are monitored by SUHI index.