无铅焊点的可靠性研究

焊点的质量和可靠性很大程度上决定了电子产品的质量.随着环境保护意识的增强,无铅焊料、无铅焊点成为了近年来的研究热点.无铅焊点由于焊料的差异和焊接工艺参数的调整,其可靠性势必会受到新的影响.从设计、材料和工艺角度分析了影响无铅焊点的可靠性的因素,最后分析了焊点的常见的可靠性问题产生的原因,并给出了相应的解决办法.     

无铅焊点的可靠性研究

电子产品的质量很大程度上取决于焊点的质量与可靠性。在无铅化进程中，由于无铅焊点焊料的不同和焊接工艺参数的调整，必然会给焊点可靠性带来许多新的影响。本文进行了焊点的失效分析，并从PCB和模板设计、表面组装材料、及工艺角度分析了影响无铅焊点可靠性的因素，最后分析了焊点的常见的可靠性问题的产生原因及解决办法等。     

PCBA无铅焊点机械性能可靠性测试研究

随着欧盟ROHS指令对电子产品中有害物质的使用作了限定，引发了电子产业界无铅化的应用研究，并随着无铅化研究的逐渐深入，无铅化应用研究工程中，为保证产品的质量，可靠性系列问题就越来越突出，本文主要对无铅导入过程中PCBA无铅焊点几种常见的机械性能可靠性测试试验进行了描述，测试的内容包含三点弯曲测试、焊点拉伸实验和剪切实验。     

无铅焊点的可靠性问题

焊点的质量与可靠性很大程度决定了电子产品的质量。随着环境保护意识的增强,无铅焊料、无铅焊点成为了近年来的研究热点问题。无铅焊点由于焊料的差异和焊接工艺参数的调整,必不可少地会给焊点可靠性带来新的影响。本文从设计、材料及工艺角度分析了影响无铅焊点可靠性的因素,对无铅焊点可靠性测试方法做了介绍。     

无铅焊点失效模式及可靠性影响因素研究

传统的铅锡焊料中,铅及其化合物会给人类健康及环境带来严重危害,因此无铅焊料的研究与应用成为近年来的热点问题。由于焊料从有铅向无铅的转变,同时工艺参数随之调整,给焊点的可靠性带来了不可忽视的影响。本文从无铅焊点的可靠性出发,分析了焊点的几种主要失效模式,并从设计、焊料的选择以及工艺参数等方面分析了影响无铅焊点可靠性的因素,将无铅焊点所存在的新的可靠新问题进行了归纳与讨论。     

无铅焊料表面贴装焊点的可靠性

由于Pb对人体及环境的危害,在不久的将来必将禁止Pb在电子工业中的使用。为寻求在电子封装工业中应用广泛的共晶或近共晶SnPb钎料的替代品,国际上对无Pb钎料进行了广泛研究。其中,共晶SnAg和共晶SnAgCu钎料作为潜在的无Pb钎料,具有剪切强度、抗蠕变能力、热疲劳寿命好等特点。     

基于热疲劳状态监测的PCB无铅焊点可靠性研究

以PCB片式电阻器件无铅焊点为研究对象,开展与有铅焊点剪切力-热疲劳状态比较试验研究。采用了伪失效寿命比较方法,获得了有限周期温度冲击下的焊点剪切力试验数据,采用非线性最小二乘法进行剪切力数据的曲线拟合。结果表明,封装尺寸是影响焊点热疲劳性能的重要因素。在1 500个有限周期内,无铅焊点的热疲劳性能优于有铅焊点。     

元件焊端镀层对无铅焊点可靠性的影响

电子产品无铅化的转变加速了对元件焊端镀层的无铅化研究，目前候选无铅镀层有纯锡、锡铋或锡铜合金。当然,Sn—Ag—Cu焊料和以上这些镀层结合而构成的焊点的可靠性是大家关注的重点。Sn—Ag—Cu焊料和元件焊端镀层若不相容会导致焊点变脆、强度降低、缺乏热疲劳抵抗力，特别在产品生命周期的后期。对焊点的可靠性影响尤为明显。在本中我们研究了由Sn-3．8Ag-0．7Cu焊料和不同的元件焊端镀层：纯锡、Sn-3Cu、锡铋合金(铋的重量百分比分别为1％、3％、6％)组成的SMT焊点可靠性。中给出了焊点金相分析、焊点老化前和老化后的引脚拉伸测试的试验结果，首次发表了SMT焊点加速热循环试验的结果，也提到了Sn—Bi和Sn—Pb镀层对波峰焊焊点可靠性的少量研究结果。通过我们的研究发现，所有试验元件的无铅镀层和Sn—Ag—Cu焊料构成的焊点性能至少和常规的锡铅焊点一样好。     

微电子封装无铅焊点的可靠性研究进展及评述

在电子电器产品的无铅化进程中,由于封装材料与封装工艺的改变,焊点的可靠性已成为日益突出的问题。着重从无铅焊点可靠性的影响因素、典型的可靠性问题及无铅焊点可靠性的评价3个方面阐述了近年来该领域的研究状况,进而指出无铅化与可靠性研究需注意的问题和方向。     

无铅电子封装材料及其焊点可靠性研究进展

随着2006年7月1日RoHS法令实施的最后期限的来临,无铅焊料的研究与应用又掀起了新一轮的热潮。由于封装材料与封装工艺的改变,给焊点可靠性带来了一系列相关问题。笔者就近年来国内外开发的无铅焊料、焊点的失效模式、焊点可靠性评价方法和焊点的主要缺陷进行了综述;对今后该领域的研究前景及方向进行了展望。     

Random vibration reliability of BGA lead-free solder joint

Solder joint fatigue failure under vibration loading has been a great concern in microelectronic industry. High-cycle fatigue failure of lead-free solder joints has not been adequately addressed, especially under random vibration loading. This study aims to understand the lead-free solder joint behavior of BGA packages under different random vibration loadings. At first, non-contact TV Laser holography technology was adopted to conduct experimental modal analysis of the test vehicle (printed circuit board assembly) in order to understand its dynamic characteristics. Then, its first order natural frequency was used as the center frequency and narrow-band random vibration fatigue tests with different kinds of acceleration power spectral density (PSD) amplitudes were respectively carried out. Electrical continuity through each BGA package is monitored during the vibration event in order to detect the failure of package-to-board interconnects. The typical dynamic voltage histories of failed solder joints were obtained simultaneously. Thirdly, failed solder joints were cross-sectioned and metallurgical analysis was applied to investigate the failure mechanisms of BGA lead-free solder joints under random vibration loading. The results show that the failure mechanisms of BGA lead-free solder joint vary as the acceleration PSD amplitude increases. Solder joint failure locations are changed from the solder bump body of the PCB side to the solder ball neck, finally to the Ni/intermetallic compound (IMC) interface of the package side. The corresponding failure modes are also converted from ductile fracture to brittle fracture with the increase of vibration intensity.     

不同结构参数下PBGA焊点的随机振动分析

利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,对不同结构参数下PBGA焊点的随机振动响应进行了分析。结果表明:在随机振动载荷作用下,PBGA封装焊点的最大应力位于焊点阵列的拐角处,而且在靠近PCB板的一侧;焊点的最大应力值与焊点高度成正比,与焊点直径和焊点间距成反比;当焊点直径为0.66 mm、高度为0.6 mm、间距为1.27 mm时,焊点的最大应力达到最大值842.4 MPa。     

Sb掺杂对SnAgCu无铅焊点电迁移可靠性的影响

向Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu无铅焊膏中添加质量分数为1%的Sb金属粉末,研究了其焊点在电流密度为0.34×104A/cm2、环境温度150℃下的电迁移行为。通电245h后,阴极处钎料基体与Cu6Sn5IMC之间出现一条平均宽度为16.9μm的裂纹,阳极界面出现凸起带,钎料基体内部也产生了裂纹。结果表明:1%Sb的添加使焊点形成了SnSb脆性相,在高电流密度和高温环境下产生裂纹,缩短了焊点寿命,降低了电迁移可靠性。     

无铅过渡时期混合焊点可靠性研究进展

在电子产品向无铅化过渡时期,存在前向兼容和后向兼容混合焊点的可靠性问题,对相关的理论和实验研究进行了综述。重点介绍了后向兼容组装中再流温度曲线的设置、焊点合金成分的计算及液相线温度的估算。简要介绍了前向兼容焊点的可靠性,认为一般情况下其可靠性可被接受。     

无铅钎料电迁移可靠性研究进展

随着电子器件焊点尺寸及其间距的日趋减小,电流密度急剧增加,从而引发的电迁移可靠性问题更加显著。电迁移效应的发生,使得在阴极附近出现裂纹和孔洞,在阳极则产生小丘或堆积,从而导致电路短路或断路。介绍了近年来国内外关于无铅钎料合金包括SnAgCu、SnAg、SnZn和SnBi等电迁移研究,对实验的结果、特征及其方案进行了综述和评论。     

PBGA packaging reliability assessments under random vibrations for space applications

In this study, experimental and numerical analyses on the solder joint reliability of plastic ball grid array under harsh random vibration and thermal loadings were presented. The chips were assembled on the daisy chained circuit boards for the test samples preparation, and a half of the samples were processed for underfill to investigate the underfill effects on the solder failures. Two consequential steps of the random vibrations, named as acceptance level and qualification level, were applied. Overall required root mean square (rms) of the power spectrum densities of the steps were 22.48 grms for one minutes and 31.78 grms for two minutes, respectively. A thermal shock test was then performed after the vibration tests. It was found that the samples did not show any solder failure under the test requirements, demonstrating the robustness of the packaging structure for potential space applications. The samples were further tested to induce the failures, and finite element analyses were performed to analyze the sample vibration behaviors and the solder stresses to compare the results with the test data. Finally, a simple analytical calculation for the natural frequency estimations was introduced to overcome the complex finite element modeling efforts.     

低银无铅焊膏板级封装工艺和焊点可靠性试验

针对低Ag无铅焊膏的市场需求,研究开发了一种适用于99.0Sn0.3Ag0.7Cu低Ag无铅焊膏用松香型无卤素助焊剂(WTO—LF3000),配制了相应的无铅焊膏(WTO—LF3000—SAC0307),并对其板级封装工艺适应性及焊点可靠性进行了考察,用测试后样品的电气可靠性作为接头可靠性评价条件。结果表明:所开发的低Ag无铅焊膏熔点和润湿性符合产品实际要求。配制的焊膏印刷质量良好,焊点切片观察其孔隙率<25%,满足行业标准IPC—A—610D之要求。样品分别经跌落、震动和温度循环试验后,无焊点脱落等现象,电气功能正常。     

焊盘尺寸对PBGA组装板可靠性的影响

研究了焊盘尺寸对氮气再流焊ＰＢＧＡ组装板可靠性的影响。氮气保护再流焊炉内的氧含量可低至５×１０－５。对ＰＢＧＡ组装板的焊点进行了拉伸试验、弯曲疲劳试验以及热冲击疲劳试验。结果表明：经氮气保护再流焊组装的ＰＢＧＡ板其焊点的各项性能均比无保护的ＰＢＧＡ组装板好。当ＰＣＢ板焊盘直径等于ＰＢＧＡ基底焊盘直径时,其焊点有最好的性能。     

PBGA器件固化残余应力的有限元分析

采用有限元分析软件模拟研究了PBGA器件在先固化再进行温度加载和直接从温度循环开始加载两种情况下,固化过程对 PBGA 器件的影响,发现固化过程不仅改变了器件中芯片的应力分布,而且劣化了 DA(环氧树脂)材料与芯片接触面的应力值,也同时使得 BT 材料基底中的应力分布产生较大的改变。并且对 DA 材料选用几种不同的固化时间,发现固化时间的不同对器件封装残余应力的大小和最大应力位置有重要的影响,这为预测芯片的垂直开裂的位置提供了很好的依据。     

Thermal cycling analysis of flip-chip solder joint reliability

The reliability concern in flip-chip-on-board (FCOB) technology is the high thermal mismatch deformation between the silicon die and the printed circuit board that results in large solder joint stresses and strains causing fatigue failure. Accelerated thermal cycling (ATC) test is one of the reliability tests performed to evaluate the fatigue strength of the solder interconnects. Finite element analysis (FEA) was employed to simulate thermal cycling loading for solder joint reliability in electronic assemblies. This study investigates different methods of implementing thermal cycling analysis, namely using the "dwell creep" and "full creep" methods based on a phenomenological approach to modeling time independent plastic and time dependent creep deformations. There are significant differences between the "dwell creep" and "full creep" analysis results for the flip chip solder joint strain responses and the predicted fatigue life. Comparison was made with a rate dependent viscoplastic analysis approach. Investigations on thermal cycling analysis of the temperature range, (ΔT) effects on the predicted fatigue lives of solder joints are reported