Designing and testing a calibrating procedure for combining the coordination systems of a handling robot and a stationed video camera

The paper discusses some of the results of designing and testing a calibrating procedure with important implications in contemporary robotics. This procedure is also mentioned in the literature as the “procedure for calibrating by matching the coordination systems of a robot and a stationed video camera”. The procedure is tested by a training robotechnic system, which consists of an anthropomorphic robot with five stages of freedom and a stationed video camera that can identify solid stationary objects. The results of this experimental testing are used to create and adopt some new methods for laboratory exams in robotics for students of FA in a Technical University and for developing further research on calibrating procedures in robotics needed for the industry.     

四足机器人对角小跑步态非线性控制方法仿真

针对现有的四足机器人对角小跑步态控制方法存在的机器人运动速度较慢、灵活性较差等问题,提出了一种基于虚拟模型的四足机器人对角小跑步态非线性控制方法。方法需要构建一个四足机器人模型,并在该模型的工作范围内建立一个平面直角坐标系,在不考虑机器人足端车轮滑动的情况下,将驱动四足机器人的运动方程转换成矩阵的形式,寻找有界输入平动线速度和转动角速度,使矩阵在其控制下产生的误差可以在大范围内保持稳定。求解该四足机器人在工作平面坐标系中姿态误差的微分方程,构造该微分方程的Lyapunov函数并对其求导,根据求导结果设计一个四足机器人驱动控制器,通过该驱动控制器实现对四足机器人的对角小跑步态非线性控制。仿真结果表明,所提方法能够在快速、灵活的情况下实现对四足机器人对角小跑步态的非线性控制,且鲁棒性较高,能够满足用户需求。     

无人仓多搬运机器人协同作业轨迹自动控制研究

由于无人仓多搬运机器人协同作业线路较为复杂,导致协同作业轨迹控制难度增加,为了保证多搬运机器人能够按照规划路线执行搬运作业,提出了无人仓多搬运机器人协同作业轨迹自动控制方法;采用栅格图建模法,结合无人仓内货架的实际分布情况,建立无人仓环境场景;从组成结构、运动学以及动力学3个方面,构建搬运机器人的数学模型;遵循就近原则分配多机器人搬运任务,规划多搬运机器人的协同作业轨迹,根据多搬运机器人实时位姿的自动检测结果计算控制量,利用作业轨迹自动控制器的安装与运行,完成无人仓多搬运机器人协同作业轨迹的自动控制任务;实验结果表明,在该方法应用后,多搬运机器人在无人仓中的作业轨迹与规划轨迹基本相同,计算得出的平均位置控制误差和姿态角控制误差分别为2.27 cm和0.05°,搬运机器人的碰撞次数能被控制在规定范围内,实际应用效果好。     

一种有效的移动机器人里程计误差建模方法

移动机器人里程计误差建模是研究移动机器人定位问题的基础. 现有的移动机器人里程计误差建模方法多数针对某一种驱动类型移动机器人设计, 运动过程中缺乏对里程计累计误差的实时反馈补偿, 经过长距离运动过程定位精度大幅度降低. 因此本文针对同步驱动和差动驱动轮式移动机器人平台提出了一种通用的里程计误差建模方法. 在假设机器人运动路径近似弧线基础上, 依据里程计误差传播规律推导了非系统误差、系统误差与里程计过程输入之间的近似函数关系, 进而提出一种具有闭环误差实时反馈补偿功能的移动机器人定位算法, 对定位过程中产生的里程计累计误差给予实时反馈补偿. 实验表明新算法有效地减少了里程计累计误差, 提高了定位精度.     

机器人灵活工作空间的边界分析

机器人灵活工作空间的分析是机器人运动学至今没有解决的一个问题.由于机器人在灵活工作空间中工作不会受到本身机构对它的限制.所以,机器人灵活工作空间的大小对于提高机器人的操作性能就显得格外重要.本文旨在解决机器人灵活工作空间边界的计算问题.首先.它分析了灵活工作空间边界的性质;其次,用一种新的方法——网络跟踪法确定了灵活工作空间在横截面内的边界;最后.提出了灵活工作空间端边界的求解方法.     

The Influence of Gravity on Trajectory Planning for Climbing Robots with Non-Rigid Legs

In this paper questions related to the occurrence of departures of a legged climbing robot from the given trajectory are considered. The basic idea of the paper is to show that, if there are slackness and non-rigidities, the legged climbing robot moving upon an inclined or vertical plane, departs systematically from the planned trajectory. It is demonstrated that these departures result from the gravity and are of systematic character. It is also shown how the inclusion of torsion effect changes substantially the nature of systematic errors arising from robot's movement along the inclined surface.     

面向应用的RGB-D机器人道路坡度融合估计方法

为提高机器人在移动路径中对道路坡度的估计精度,提出一种面向应用的RGB-D(red green blue-depth)机器人融合型道路坡度估计方法。首先,引入随机采样一致性算法完成点云处理;其次,采用改进型平面拟合方法完成法向量估计;最后,采用余弦聚类及累加平均方法实现高精度道路坡度估计。实验结果表明,该算法在数据集下相较最小二乘法与稀疏子空间法,估计误差分别降低1.21%、2.13%,在实际环境下较最小二乘法平均误差降低1.43°,这证明了所提方法的可行性和准确性。     

神经外科机器人定位精度研究

针对机器人辅助神经外科手术对高精度的要求，对“黎元”神经外科机器人的定位精度进行了研究．考虑到关节轴的微小偏差，基于修正的DH运动学模型对机器人的实际几何参数进行了辨识．采用基于误差反传（BP）算法的多层前馈神经网络对各关节的传动误差进行了补偿．利用高精度的三坐标测量臂对“黎元”神经外科机器人的定位精度进行了测量．结果表明，该机器人绝对定位精度最大值为1.63 mm，平均值为1.04 mm，较以前有了很大提高，能够满足多数神经外科手术的需要．     

仿人型跑步机器人矢状面跑步运动的实现

基于“虚拟腿”的概念,提出了一种新的方法实现仿人型跑步机器人在矢状面内的跑步运动．首先,规划机器人质心的轨迹; 在起跳阶段通过求解“虚拟腿”的二自由度动力学方程,规划机器人质心的轨迹;在飞行阶段机器人质心做自由落体运动．然后,对机器人双脚的运动和上臂的运动进行规划,采用牛顿—拉斐逊法求解非线性方程组得到机器人在每个时刻的运动学参数．最后,根据动力学方程求出各个关节的驱动力矩．仿真实验结果表明：机器人跑步时各个关节角度和关节驱动力矩变化平稳,运动稳定裕度大,机器人可以实现1.2m/s的跑步速度,因此机器人的跑步动作设计合理．     

经纬仪水平度传感器安装误差补偿方法

针对经纬仪水平度传感器存在安装误差的问题,分析了竖轴倾斜误差补偿中水平度传感器安装误差存在形式;推导了传感器安装误差对水平度检测结果的影响公式,在此基础上研究了安装误差对传感器测量值的影响规律,在绕竖轴的旋转平面内的安装误差,在经过粗调平后,对最终检测结果的影响可以忽略不计,在传感器所在铅锤面内的安装误差对测量值的影响在对径位置上相同;因此设计了相应的传感器安装误差补偿方法,从而修正了经纬仪水平度传感器安装误差对水平度检测的影响。     

Design and evaluation of robot patient for nursing skill training in patient transfer

We developed a robot patient for patient transfer training for simulating a patient’s performance during patient transfer and for enabling nurses to practice their nursing skills on it. To realize the robot patient, we focused on addressing the problems of designing its limb actions to enable it to respond to nurses’ operations. RC servos and electromagnetic brakes were installed in the joints to enable the robot to simulate a patient’s limb actions, such as embracing and remaining standing. To enable the robot to automatically respond to nurses’ operations, an identification method for these operations was developed that used voice commands and the features of the limbs’ posture measured by angle sensors installed in the robot’s joints. The robot patient’s performance was examined by a control test in which four experienced nursing teachers performed patient transfer with the robot patient and a human-simulated patient. The results revealed that the robot patient could successfully simulate the actions of a patient’s limbs according to the nursing teachers’ operations and that it is suitable for nursing skill training.     

仿人机器人实时路径规划方法研究

为了使仿人机器人在人类生活环境中自由行走,将仿人机器人的动作离散化为指定的动作,将状态空间离散化为网格,利用立体视觉和平面提取方法建立环境地图,将仿人机器人的轮廓简化为双圆柱模型进行避障检测,最终在环境地图中搜寻代价最小的一系列可行的动作作为路径,通过仿真实验验证了方法的有效性。     

软体机器人手眼视觉/形状混合控制

当末端带有相机的连续型软体机器人进行作业时,由于避障、安全性等多方面因素,既需要末端相机－机器人系统的视觉伺服,也需要机器人的整体形状控制．针对这个问题,本文提出了一种软体机器人手眼视觉/形状混合控制方法．该方法无需知道空间特征点的3维坐标,只需给定特征点在末端相机像平面的期望像素坐标和软体机器人的期望形状就可达到控制目的．建立了软体机器人的运动学模型,利用该模型,结合深度无关交互矩阵自适应手眼视觉控制和软体机器人形状控制,提出了一种混合控制律,并用李亚普诺夫稳定性理论对该控制律进行证明．仿真和实验的结果均表明,末端相机特征点像素坐标和形状可以收敛到期望值．     

双足机器人实时障碍检测视觉系统

提出一种双足步行机器人的实时障碍检测视觉系统．基于图像平面与机器人行走地面之间的映射变换矩阵的唯一性准则，判别图像中的像点是否位于地面上，高于或低于地面的点被认为是障碍点，为减少实际行走过程中系统外部和内部参数变化对映射变换矩阵的影响，系统加入了在线校正映射变换矩阵模块．在提取出障碍物体边缘后，通过对其三维信息的简单恢复，建立了机器人行走空间的障碍投影图．该系统计算量小，可靠性强，能基本满足双足步行机器人实时避障的要求。     

机器人理论关节参数的标定方法及软件设计

本文研究了机器人机构理论控制模型中采用的D-H关节参数的标定方法,并编制了相应的计算机应用软件。应用这一方法和软件标定机器人的理论关节参数,对机器人实施误差综合补偿,提高机器人的精度,是特别重要的。对PUMA 562机器人进行了实测与标定。     

一种机器人新型足—掌机构研究和设计

本研究提出了一种适合作为多足爬壁机器人腿的足－掌机构。采用这种足－掌机构的抓壁机器人不仅能够顺利实现地－壁过 渡行走，而且有可能适应其他形状的非平壁面。     

面向地下管道的四向行走智能机器人系统

为了减小地下管道作业人员伤亡,降低城市地下管道维护的成本,研制开发了一种面向地下管道的四向行走智能机器人系统,详细描述了机器人的硬件设计和控制软件设计.机器人控制系统采用ARM-CORTEX芯片作为主控芯片,由于地下管道的特殊性采用有线通信方式,上位机控制软件简洁易操作.测试结果表明:机器人工作性能良好,能够适应不同管径的地下管道,同时具有防水防尘等特性,研究具有一定参考价值.     

A systematic method of dynamics for flexible robot manipulators

In this article, a systematic method to derive dynamic equations of motion for flexible robot manipulators is developed by using the Lagrangian assumed modes method. The proposed method can be applied to dynamic simulation and control system design for flexible robot manipulators. In the proposed method, the link deflection is described by a truncated modal expansion. The operations of only 3x3 matrices and/or 3 × 1 vectors exist in the method. All the dynamics computations are performed in the link coordinate systems, where the kinematics informations are computed with the forward recursion from the base to the hand tip and the dynamics informations are computed with the return recursion. As generally compared with other existing methods, the method proposed in this article is, computationally, more simple, systematic, and efficient. A computational simulation for a single-link flexible robot manipulator is presented to verify the proposed method. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

SHeRo: Scalable hexapod robot for maintenance,repair, and operations

Improper maintenance, repair, and operations of societal centric structures can lead to catastrophic failures that drastically affect global economy, the environment, and everyday life. Due to the remote, cramped and highly irregular environmental nature of these structures, routine manual procedures and operations can be rather tedious, dangerous, and hazardous for humans. Automating maintenance, repair, and operations removes human workers from having to crawl within highly cluttered and constrained spaces, breathing in stale air mixed with fumes from welding or particulate from repair work, and provides higher reliability and consistency in the repair work. This paper introduces SHeRo, a scalable hexapod robot designed for maintenance, repair, and operations within remote, inaccessible, irregular, and hazardous environments. The scalability of the design enhances traditional hexapod robot designs by incorporating two prismatic joints into each leg. A detailed discussion on the design and realization of SHeRo is provided. An analysis on the stability and workspace of SHeRo is presented and a dynamic criterion is developed to integrate the concepts of robot stability and constant orientation workspace into a stable workspace. The analytical solution of the lateral stable workspace of SHeRo is derived along with a metric for comparing stable workspace between different robot configurations. A simulated demonstration and two physical experimental demonstrations are presented showing the advantage of introducing scalability into the hexapod robot design along with the workspace enhancement and flexibility of the scalable hexapod robot.     

弧焊机器人直线轨迹精度测试研究

在传统平面最小二乘拟合方法的基础上,提出空间直线拟合的方法。利用该方法对弧焊机器人的直线轨迹进行了拟合,拟合结果显示,机器人实到轨迹与指令轨迹之间存在较大误差,通过分析误差分布情况可以为机器人的位姿误差补偿及精度优化设计提供依据。