A systematic investigation on the origin of the haze of LDPE blown films was conducted, aiming to correlate the film haze with the molecular architecture and melt rheological properties. First of all, the haze measurement indicated that the surface haze, rather than the bulk haze, is the dominating factor for the total haze of the investigated films. No spherulitic crystals or other superstructures were observed for the LDPE blown films, implying that the crystallites formed in the film-blowing process are too small to be responsible for the optical haze. Rheological study revealed that the surface roughness was originated from the irregular flow of LDPE melt during the extrusion process. NMR, GPC and parallel-plate rheology were applied to study the molecular architecture of the LDPE resins. It was found that the LDPE sample with higher haze value exhibits distinctly larger portion of higher molecular weight component, broader molar mass distribution, significantly higher side chain branch density. 相似文献
Summary: In this work the analysis of the structure orientation, morphology, relaxation time and optical properties of blown films of mLLDPE, LDPE and their blends were performed by using WAXD, SALS, AFM, DSC and rheological and haze tests. For mLLDPE film, the crystals do not present “a”‐axis orientation along the machine direction; a distinct spherulite like superstructure is seen. The film surface is very rough. The values of bulk and surface haze are higher than LDPE and blends, whereas the relaxation time is lower. For LDPE film the (110) planes are parallel and at same time twisted with respect to the layer of the film with the “a”‐axis well oriented along the machine direction. No spherulite superstructure is observed and the surface of the film is more regular. High values of relaxation time are observed. The surface haze is the predominant contribution to the total haze. For the blend films no clear and distinct spherulite structures are observed. The orientation degree increases with composition never approaching that of LDPE. The surface is very more regular and smooth than that of the pure polymers. The haze values are below the values of pure materials. It was underlined that bulk and surface morphology and orientation degree of the crystalline planes along the machine direction dictate the optical properties of the films. Moreover both orientation and morphology are defined by the PE molecular and melt rheology characteristics, processing conditions and blend composition.
Total, bulk and surface haze of mLLDPE/LDPE blend films as a function of composition. 相似文献
A novel and thin polyolefin hazy film with high haze (>75%), low gloss, and high light transmittance was prepared by the blending
polyethylene (PE) with polypropylene (PP) rather than the reverse applying measurements which improved clarity, although Chen
and Lue et al. (Annual Technical Conference Proceedings of SPE (2004), pp 2117–2121 and 2140–2143) employed blending to reduce
haze. This study also presents the low melt flow rate, high density PE1 blending with PP1, and the blending ratio of 50/50
(wt/wt), are the key factors to prepare the novel polyolefin hazy film. The major origin of total haze of the hazy film was
explored. It is found that surface haze is the overwhelming majority of total haze, which is opposite to earlier works about
the source of total haze of the films prepared from polymer blend. That rough surface textures was the intrinsic source yielding
surface haze, and also huge surface roughness degree (Ra) was the reason of the excellent haze properties in the hazy film, was confirmed based on haze measurement, surface topology
images and Ra data from haze instrument, optical microscopy, and atomic force microscope, respectively. 相似文献
Effects of material parameters on the haze of blown films were analyzed. Four linearlow‐density polyethylenes (two metallocene grades and two Ziegler‐Natta grades) were studied in combination with three additives (two sorbitol‐based clarifying agents and a low‐molecular‐weight long‐chain branched polyethylene). One of the sorbitol‐based additives reduced the haze of both the metallocene materials in this study, but did not have any positive effect on the two Ziegler‐Natta materials. The variation in haze among the four base materials was directly related to the root‐mean‐square surface roughness (σ). When considering all 16 material/additive combinations, the link between haze and surface topography was not a simple σ‐haze relationship, but the haze was correlated with the average distance between adjacent surface profile peaks, the average slope, and the power spectral density at high lateral frequencies. Both of the mechanisms referred to in the literature, extrusion‐induced haze and crystallization‐induced haze, were probably active for the films in this study. 相似文献
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to examine the inner and outer surfaces of commercial blown polyethylene films. When this technique has been used, direct-space images of surface lamellae have been obtained, and the surface roughness determined. The haziness of the films has been measured, both in the as-produced state and when coated with suitable oil. Thus, both surface and bulk contributions to the apparent turbidity have been estimated. The aim of this study has been to correlate in turn the haziness, roughness, and surface morphology. Results obtained showed that the haze is related primarily to the surface roughness and can be reduced by lowering the frost line. AFM images unveiled lamellar features that were oriented predominantly in the transverse direction. The observed wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) intensities were consistent with an a-axis type of orientation. 相似文献
We investigated the crystallization and orientation development in melt spinning and tubular blown film extrusion of several different types of polypropylenes, including conventional high tacticity isotactic polypropylenes (iPP) and metallocene catalyst low tacticity iPPs and syndiotactic polypropylenes (sPP). The fiber and film samples were characterized by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), birefringence and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In melt spinning iPP, we found that the mesomorphic structure of iPP is more readily formed in lower tacticity fibers, and significant amounts of hexagonal β‐form crystals are found in low tacticity iPP fibers spun at high draw‐down ratios. Low tacticity iPP fibers exhibited a significant decrease in the crystalline chain‐axis orientation at high draw‐down ratios, resulting from increased epitaxially branched lamellae. Melt‐spun sPP fibers exhibit Form I helical structure at low spinning speeds and Form III zigzag all trans structure at high spinning speeds. We found that the level of spinline stress is the governing factor for this structural change. Melt‐spun sPP fibers exhibit much higher chain‐axis (c‐axis) orientation factors (fc) and lower birefringence than iPP fibers spun at the same spinline stresses. In tubular blown sPP films, the a‐axis of Form I unit cell tends to orient perpendicular to the film surface, while the b‐axis of monoclinic α unit cell does so in iPP blown films. 相似文献
Theoretically, the rate of capillary penetration of a polymer melt into a slit, a model for a surface irregularity, has been shown to depend on γcosθ/η) where γ refers to the surface tension of the liquid, η its viscosity and θ a time-dependent contact angle. Analytical expressions relating the depth of penetration with time have been experimentally verified by observations of the penetration of molten polyethylene and poly-(ethylene-vinyl acetate) into aluminum channels. Values of η, calculated from the observed data, agree closely with independent determinations of this material parameter. A theoretical treatment has also been developed which describes the velocity of spreading of a liquid drop over a flat surface. Flow equations for the flow of free films were adapted for this purpose. The spreading velocity is predicted to depend on the product of three factors (1) a scaling factor, (γ/η1Ro), where Ro is the initial radius of curvature, (2) cosθ∞. (l-cosθ/cosθ∞) where θ∞ refers to the equilibrium value of θ, and (3) geometric terms. After demonstrating that a drop of molten polymer may be treated as a spherical cap, the predicted dependence of spreading rate on drop size, cosθ∞ (nature of the substrate) and the scaling factor was experimentally verified. Some discrepancies noted at long times and high temperatures are discussed. 相似文献
Surface modified polyethylene (g‐PE), PMPC‐g‐PE, PGEMA‐g‐PE, PNIPAAm‐g‐PE and PHPMA‐g‐PE films with the water soluble polymers such as poly[2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine] (PMPC), poly[2‐(glucosyloxy)ethyl methacrylate] (PGEMA), poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and poly[N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide] (PHPMA) were prepared by graft copolymerization using an Ar plasma‐post polymerization technique. The surface of the g‐PE films was characterized by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the grafting percentage of PMPC, PNIPAAm and PHPMA was found to be 5.31, 2.83, and 3.40% for the corresponding g‐PE film. Biocompatibility of the g‐PE films was evaluated by the adsorption of serum proteins and the Michaelis constant (Km) for the enzymatic reaction of thrombin with synthetic substrate S‐2238 in the presence of g‐PE film. The biocompatibility of water soluble polymers such as PMPC, polyoxyethylene (POE), PGEMA, PNIPAAm and PHPMA was also evaluated by the same enzymatic reaction of thrombin with S‐2238 in their polymer solutions. The Km values in the presence of water soluble polymers was found to decrease in the order PMPC > POE > PGEMA > PNIPAAm > PHPMA. As a conclusion, PMPC‐g‐PE film exhibited the most biocompatibility among g‐PE films because its surface adsorbed less protein than those of the untreated PE and other g‐PE films and it showed the largest Km for the enzymatic reaction. 相似文献
Vanadium nitride (VNx) thin films have attracted much attention for semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) packaging molding dies, and forming tools due to their excellent hardness and, thermal stability. VNx thin films with VN0.45, VN0.83, VN1.22, VN1.73, VN2.06 were prepared using a radio frequency (RF) sputter technique. The experimental results showed that the contact angle at 20°C increases with increasing nitrogen content of the VNx films, to 101.4° corresponding to VN1.73 and then decreased. In addition, the contact angles decreased with increasing surface temperature, because an increase of the surface temperature disrupts the hydrogen bonds between water and the films and the water gradually vaporizes. The total surface fee energy (SFE) at 20°C decreased with nitrogen content of the VNx films to 29.8 mN/m (VN1.73) and then increased. This is because a larger contact angle means weaker hydrogen bonding which results in a lower SFE. The polar SFE component had the same trend as the total SFE, but the dispersive SFE component had the opposite trend. The polar SFE component is also lower than the dispersive SFE component. This is because hydrogen bonds are polar. The total SFE, dispersive SFE and polar SFE of the VNx films all decrease with increasing surface temperature. This is because with increasing temperature, water evaporates from the surface, disrupting hydrogen bonds and hence increasing surface entropy. The film roughness has an obvious effect on the SFE and there is tendency for the SFE to increase with increasing film surface roughness. As a result the SFE and surface roughness can be expressed in terms of a simple ratio function. 相似文献
In the case of very thin materials such as blown films, the applied stress state in front of the crack tip is normally a plane stress condition, and the deformation around the crack tip due to the remote stress is very large. However, current standard test methods for quantifying the fracture toughness of thin films, such as the Elmendorf tear test, cannot explain or represent the tear characteristics accurately. The common way of interpreting the test results from the Elmendorf tear test is to develop an empirical correlation and then compare the average values. In this paper, essential work of fracture (EWF) tests for five commercial polyethylene (PE) blown films have been conducted, and the fundamentals of their tear properties based on fracture mechanics have been studied. The results from the EWF test are interpreted based on two important parameters, i.e., the essential work of fracture (We) and the non-essential work of fracture (Wp). Further, the relationship between these parameters and the current standard Elmendorf tear test is shown. 相似文献
In this work, bio-based poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF) films were prepared by drop-casting method and used as substrates for depositing Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) transparent conductive thin films. Results showed that the 300-nm GZO thin films deposited on PEF substrates exhibited haze values above 65% at 550 nm without post-treatment. The high haze value was because of the large surface roughness of PEF films. The total optical transmittance and electrical properties of GZO thin films on PEF were comparable to those of GZO thin films on PET. The present study provides a simple way for the sputtering deposition of high-haze transparent conductive thin films on flexible substrates. 相似文献