Characteristics of an induction motor with reduced turns of terminal coils

The use of PWM inverters with high switching characteristics for the adjustable speed drive system causes an overvoltage with steep‐fronted waveform on the motor terminals. As this steep‐fronted transient voltage in inverter drive loads heavily on the terminal coils of motor winding, the insulation failure in the motor winding occurs mostly on the terminal coils. Therefore, it is reasonable to reduce the turns of terminal coils only and to increase the dielectric strength of interturn insulation. This paper presents a comparison of measured characteristics of normal induction motors and induction motors with reduced turns of terminal coils and also a comparison of the results measured and calculated by equivalent circuit. The appropriate rate of reduced turns of terminal coils is about 20%. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 142(3): 49–56, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10093     

A sensorless drive system for brushless DC motors using a digital phase‐locked loop

This paper proposes a sensorless drive system for Brushless DC (BLDC) motors using a Digital Phase‐Locked Loop (DPLL). The Back Electromotive Force (BEMF) voltage is measured from the motor winding to determine the permanent magnet rotor position using the DPLL, and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) limits the motor current to control the speed of BLDC motors. The proposed method can drive BLDC motors using an open‐loop control without stepping out. Also, the proposed method is compared experimentally with a control method that uses Hall sensors. Experimental results for the BLDC motor show the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 142(1): 57–66, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10074     

Optimal current control methods of a non‐salient pole hybrid field‐synchronous motor for energy‐efficient and wide speed‐range operation

This paper proposes new practical optimal current control methods for a newly emerging class of non‐salient pole synchronous motors with hybrid rotor fields by both permanent magnet and winding. In practical situations with limited voltage, the extensively used permanent magnet synchronous motor hardly achieves an ideal performance that allows simultaneously both low‐speed high‐torque and wide speed‐range operations, due to its constant magnet field. Hybrid field synchronous motors (HFSM) have recently emerged to achieve ideal performance as practical motors with controllable hybrid rotor field. For HFSM, the same torque can be produced by a variety of currents due to nonlinearity between torque and currents. Consequently, appropriate determination of a set of stator and rotor current commands plays a key role in achieving possible energy‐efficient and wide speed‐range operation. Proposed methods determine the current commands corresponding to a given torque command such that total winding copper loss due to stator and rotor currents can be minimized if the exact solution exists; the best approximate torque can be produced if no exact solution exists. The determined current commands are optimal in the sense of energy efficiency or degree of approximation in wide speed‐range operation under voltage limit. New real‐time recursive algorithms searching the optimal current solution are also given. The proposed methods are analytical but practical, and their usefulness is verified through experiments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(1): 70–83, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience. wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20156     

A Method for Design of Two-Speed Shunted Capacitor Motor

ABSTRACT

Equations for predioting the performance of 2–speed shunted capacitor motors with arbitrary arrangements of primary windings are developed using 2–phase symmetrical oomponent method. Further, from the standpoint of motor designers, a method for selecting turns ratio and capacitor of shunted capacitor motor is proposed. This method is based on the equal capacitive volt-amperes method. The high speed and low speed performance of the motor obtained by this method are studied. The high speed performance is found to be almost always the same as the performance in balanced operation, and the low speed performance is defined in connection with the turns ratio and the capacitance chosen.     

A current sensorless drive system of a synchronous motor with a low‐resolution position sensor

High‐performance drive of synchronous motors such as a permanent magnet synchronous motor and a synchronous reluctance motor can be achieved by current vector control. In such drive systems, the armature current is controlled as a sinusoidal waveform based on rotor position information from a high‐resolution position sensor, and the current vector (d‐ and q‐axis currents) is suitably controlled by current feedback control. This paper proposes a current sensorless drive system with a low‐resolution position sensor in order to simplify the SM drive system. High‐performance current control is achieved in the proposed drive system, where the current sensors are eliminated and the simulated currents are used for current control. The low‐resolution position sensor is used instead of a conventional high‐resolution position sensor, and the higher position information is estimated. The steady‐state and transient characteristics are examined in several experiments with respect to the synchronous reluctance motor and the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor. It is confirmed that sinusoidal current drive, high‐performance current vector control, and speed control can be achieved by the proposed drive system. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(4): 34–43, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10072     

A study of rotor configuration for IPMSM with concentrated winding considering the iron loss

This paper reports an IPMSM rotor configuration with a concentrated‐winding stator. The inductance of the concentrated winding is greater than that of the distributed winding and the flux density of the concentrated winding contains higher harmonic components. The result is higher winding losses than in the IPMSM with a distributed‐winding stator. We discuss three types of interior magnetic rotor with different saliency ratios. In the lower speed range, the highest‐saliency rotor is effective in decreasing the load current and copper losses. On the other hand, in the higher speed range, the higher‐saliency rotors result in greater iron losses and lower motor efficiency; in this range, the lower‐saliency rotor is effective in decreasing iron losses and increasing motor efficiency. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(4): 71–78, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10005     

Stator‐core structure and winding technology for EPS motors

Electric power steering (EPS) motors must have the performance characteristics of precision machines. They should be compact and produce high power. Moreover, the loss torque and the change of loss torque should be as low as possible. In this study, dividing the stator core into small blocks and winding the coils densely on the blocks are shown to be effective techniques for achieving compact high‐power motors. We examined whether I‐shaped divided cores or T‐shaped divided cores were more suitable for EPS motors in terms of motor performance and production cost. We built two experimental motors, one with I‐shaped divided cores and the other with T‐shaped divided cores, and measured three important characteristics of EPS motors: output torque, loss torque, and loss torque change. The T‐type motor proved to have better performance for all three characteristics. Moreover, the productivity of the T‐type motor was shown to be higher than that of the I‐type motor, indicating that overall, T‐shaped divided cores are advantageous for the stators of EPS motors. Next, we considered a new winding method for the continuous winding of two T‐shaped cores in order to achieve a compact terminal connection board. The extending lines made by the new winding method do not extend beyond the coil end. Therefore, this method will contribute to reduction of the axial dimension of EPS motors. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 175(1): 35–42, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21085     

Transient Performance Analysis of Self-Controlled Synchronous Motors

The transient performance of self-controlled synchronous motors which are used as variable speed motors in industries is analyzed considering two types of position sensor used in these motors. A set of equations valid for the transient state is first derived and represented in a block diagram. Based on these equations, mechanical and electrical transient responses of the motors in the case of a step change in input voltage are analyzed. It is shown that the transient responses differ remarkably depending on the type of position sensor used. The transient characteristics of margin angle of commutation of thyristors are then compared in detail with the steady-state ones. It is shown that the thyristors in the inverter are commutated more successfully in the transient state than in the steady state when compared at the same dc input current. Finally, the transient responses in the case of a step change in load torque are investigated.     

三绕组单相感应电动机的性能分析与实验研究

针对三相感应电动机可以替代单相电动机接于单相电网运行,提出将三相感应电动机的一相绕组与电容器串联后再与另外一相绕组并联,然后与第三相绕组串联,构成Y接法三绕组单相感应电动机。基于等效电流法,对三绕组单相感应电动机的运行性能进行研究,建立三绕组对称运行的条件,分析匹配电容对电机性能的影响。结果表明由于电容器的影响,无法实现严格对称运行,提出依据额定负载下电磁转矩最大为目标函数的电容器优化方法。采用该联结方式在一台2.2 kW电机上进行了实验,结果表明选择适当的电容将提高电机的效率,与三相对称电机在三相对称电源上的运行相比较,该接法的电机具有较高的功率因数,且效率接近三相对称运行时的效率。     

Localization of the current of commutator traction motors in constant operation modes of electric stock

A problem of evaluating the possibility of a proposed devise to limit motor current when supply voltage is restored after a short period of separation of a pantograph from a contact wire is formulated. An analysis of the transient processes in the circuits of the traction commutator motors under transient operation modes of the electric stocks and the current limiter in the course of voltage recovery on the pantograph after its separation from the contact wire, the assessment of the variants of feeding the excitation winding; calculation of the parameters of the proposed current limiters; development of variants of computer models; and investigation of the transient processes in the traction motor chain at the supply voltage recovery are carried out in the present article. The effect of excitation winding feeding on the additional power source, as well as the area of possible limitation and exclusion of the motor current inrushes I the course of voltage source recovery, are estimated. The variants of the discharge of the storage element on the excitation winding and the relationships between the capacitor parameters depending on the required value of the winding voltage are considered. A method of controlling excitation winding current from an independent source is implemented. The use of the method and the protection device allows one to increase the commutation resistance of the traction motors at the inrushes or the voltage recovery after loss of the contact of the pantograph with the contact wire, to decrease the possible commutation violation, and to reduce the number of failures.     

基于回路电流法的双抽头单相电机的网络方程

借助于异步电机的等值电路,采用了与传统的交轴磁场法和旋转磁场法不同的分析方法。该方法通用性强,适于分析定子绕组具有各种不同连接方式的异步电机的稳态运行性能,并能列写出便于计算机辅助计算矩阵方程。以定子绕组连接复杂的双抽头单相电机为例,该方法把该电机的定子电路分成了2个回路和6条支路,选择其中的1条支路作为基准支路,转子绕组向基准支路中的绕组折算,各支路绕组中的正序与逆序感应电势当作流控电压源进行处理,然后由回路电流法列写出了计算电机性能的网络方程,为验证计算结果,给出了1台双抽头单相电扇电机某些电流与电压的计算值,并与实测值作了比较,计算值与实测值的相互吻合说明了网络方程的正确性。     

Effects of winding connections on characteristics of a five‐phase stepping motor

A method for calculating the single‐step response of five‐phase hybrid stepping motors is obtained. The effects of winding connecting methods—(1) star‐bipolar SB, (2) pentagon PD, and (3) new pentagon NP—on the single‐step response are investigated. By application of the above calculation method, the continuous rotating characteristics are studied. It is found that the maximum slewing pulse rate of NP is higher than that of SB and PD connections, and that the variation of the rotor speed at high speed with the SB and PD connections is larger than that with the NP connection. The effects of the current waveform on the oscillation characteristics and relations between the current waveform and the winding connections are investigated. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(1): 47–56, 2001     

DESIGN OF AUXILIARY PHASE WINDINGS FOR SINGLE-PHASE CAPACITOR FRACTIONAL-HORSEPOWER INDUCTION MOTORS

Abstract

A method is described for the calculation of the auxiliary-winding parameters of single-phase capacitor motors. The design technique is an extension of that successfully applied to resistance-start motors(1) and is aimed toward assisting the practical design engineer to choose an auxiliary winding which uses the minimum amount of copper while simultaneously satisfying all specifications

The equations developed do not use the turns ratio as the main design variable but a new design variable, the ratio of total auxiliary-phase resistance to total auxiliary-phase reactance. The method is equally well suited to computer or non-computer evaluation techniques.     

提高功率因数的串联电容法研究

基于串联电容法和并联电容法提高两台同工况三相异步电动机功率因数的原理,推出串联电容法和并联电容法所需电容量之间的关系,从而证实了用串联电容法提高电动机功率因数时,在一定条件下所需电容量较小,且能减小电动机启动电流.     

Simplified analysis and evaluation of drive characteristics of fully‐pitched winding reluctance motors

Compared to the conventional SRM, fully‐pitched winding reluctance motors have a higher salient ratio for given motor dimensions. In addition, since the generated torque of the motor is determined as the product of the rate of change of mutual inductance with respect to a rotor position and winding current amplitude of the corresponding two phases, the motor is suitable for the bipolar current drives. Accordingly, the conventional general‐purpose inverter drive of the fully‐pitched winding reluctance motor is possible. In this case, the optimum lead angles of voltage play an important role in obtaining the maximum torque and maximum torque/current ratio operations. In this paper, a scheme for determining the optimum angles of voltage without any measurement, and a method for evaluating the drive characteristics in the design stage are proposed by a combination of simple magnetic and electrical analysis. The effectiveness of the proposed analytical scheme is verified by an experiment using a 400‐W prototype fully‐pitched winding reluctance motor. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn 134(1): 45–52, 2001     

磁悬浮无轴承电机悬浮力绕组励磁及控制方式分析

该文对磁悬浮无轴承电机悬浮力绕组的励磁及控制方式进行了分析。从磁悬浮无轴承电机的运行原理出发,通过将1台该种电机等效成具有不同极数的2台电机,研究电机内磁场和转子的相对运动,得出绕组极数选取方案与等效电机工作状态的关系。进一步推导出绕组极数选取方案与悬浮力绕组励磁方式的关系。从中可以看出绕组极 数选取方案决定悬浮力绕组的电能传递方向及它的励磁方式。针对悬浮力绕组存在的两种励磁及控制方式,重点讨论了悬浮力绕组工作在自励方式时,控制悬浮力绕组励磁电流的方法。提出一种采用逆变器并联电容器的新方法,该方法通过PWM逆变器控制悬浮力绕组中励磁电流。最后,进行了实验研究。     

Symmetrization of an Induction Capacitor Motor by Methods of Mathematical Modeling

Reducing electrical losses and increasing energy performance are priorities when designing electrical machines. In addition, increasing initial costs related to electric machine manufacturing owing to an increase in the consumption of active materials are relatively quickly compensated by decreasing operating costs. For single-phase motors, in particular, the capacitor induction motors with electric and magnetic asymmetry, improving ways of reduce electric losses is a very important problem, to solve which it is necessary to study processes of their symmetrization. The design procedure of working and energy characteristics of induction capacitor motors based on the results of solution of electromagnetic equations is proposed. The parameters of phase-shifting capacitor and the motor transformation ratio are determined at which there is a circular magnetic field within the air gap. It is shown that the calculation results can be used for building the graph dependences of transformation coefficient, capacitor capacitance, and capacitor voltage on slip and subsequent analysis of these curves to obtain the most appropriate solutions.     

Implementation of parallel zero‐voltage switching converter with series‐connected transformers

This paper presents a parallel zero‐voltage switching (ZVS) DC–DC converter with series‐connected transformers. In order to increase output power, two transformers connected in series are used in the proposed converter. Two buck‐type converters connected in parallel have the same switching devices. The primary windings of series‐connected transformers can achieve the balanced secondary winding currents. The current doubler rectifiers with ripple current cancellation are connected in parallel at the output side to reduce the current stress of the secondary winding. Thus, the current ripple on the output capacitor is reduced, and the size of the output choke and output capacitor are reduced. Only two switches are used in the proposed circuit instead of four switches in the conventional parallel ZVS converter to achieve ZVS and output current sharing. Therefore, the proposed converter has less power switches. The ZVS turn‐on is implemented during the commutation stage of two complementary switches such that the switching losses and thermal stresses on the semiconductors are reduced. Experimental results for a 528‐W (48 V/11 A) prototype are presented to prove the theoretical analysis and circuit performance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

感应电动机动态特性与电压骤降的相互影响

基于不对称电压骤降推导了感应电动机电磁和机械回路方程,并结合电压骤降过程,分析了感应电动机动态特性和电压骤降的相互影响。运用电力系统计算机辅助设计和电磁暂态模拟程序软件（power systemcomputer aided design and electric magnetic transient in DC system,PSCAD/EMTDC）建立仿真模型来计算感应电动机的动态特性对电压骤降波形、电压骤降幅值和持续时间等特征参数的影响,以及不对称和对称电压骤降对感应电动机的母线电流、转速和电磁转矩等特性的影响。仿真结果表明感应电动机动态特性与电压骤降之间是一种动态的关系：感应电动机的动态特性会使电压骤降波形发生畸变,造成电压骤降幅值和持续时间等特征参数发生变化,而电压骤降也会造成感应电动机母线电流、转速和电磁转矩等特性发生变化。     

交通牵引大功率单边直线感应电机性能研究

从单边直线感应电机(SLIM)气隙磁密方程入手,引入绕组函数方法,将次级绕组分为基波和边端效应波分量。根据初级绕组分布,推导出两相静止坐标下的初级绕组函数,解出次级绕组基波和边缘效应波分量。由绕组函数理论计算出电感、品质因数、次级电阻和运动电势系数,建立电压和磁链方程。根据初次级能量转换关系,得到推力方程。通过恒流恒频下的暂态特性和几种变频模式下的稳态特性计算,比较了实际稳态运行中的大功率SLIM的相电流、推力和效率的计算值和测量值。结果表明,绕组函数法能较好地描述边端效应,得到的稳态推力、效率和试验基本吻合,并证明了暂态计算的真实性。该模型可用于电机设计和特性分析中,具有一定的实用性。