Preparation and properties of water‐soluble polyester surfactants. III. Preparation and wetting properties of polyethylene glycol–polydimethylsiloxane polyester surfactants

A novel series of water‐soluble polyethylene glycol–polydimethylsiloxane (PEG–Silicone) polyesters was prepared by reacting organopolysiloxane with hydroxyl‐terminated polyester. The polyesters are obtained by the polymerization of maleic anhydride (MA) and PEGs (number‐average molecular weights M _n = 2000–10,000). FTIR, ¹H‐NMR, and elemental analysis were employed to characterized the structures of these compounds. These compounds exhibit good surface activities such as surface tension and low foaming. The influence of the PEG–Silicone polyester surfactants introduced at various concentrations (0.1–2 wt %) was examined by the contact angle method. The measurements performed with various solid substrates indicated that, at comparable concentrations, the PEG–Silicone polyester surfactants were shown to be more efficient for wetting PET and glass. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1236–1241, 2003     

Preparation and evaluation of some water‐soluble polyester surfactants

A novel series of water‐soluble polyester surfactants were prepared by the polymerization of bis‐1,4‐(dicarboxymethoxy) benzene, maleic anhydride, and oxypropylated 1,4‐butane diol (IP₁–IP₅) or oxypropylated 1,6‐hexane diol (IIP₁–IIP₅). The unique structural features of these surfactants were confirmed by IR and ¹H‐NMR spectra. These water‐soluble polyester surfactants exhibited excellent surface tension, interfacial tension, low foaming, good emulsifier capability, and good biodegradability in river water, solubilization, wetting, and dispersant properties for applied dyes. The antimicrobial and antifungal properties of the prepared polyester surfactants were measured and found to be highly active. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 3413–3424, 2001     

Preparation and properties of water‐soluble polyester surfactants. I. Preparation and surface activity of poly(ethylene glycol)‐dimethyl 5‐sulfo‐isophthalate sodium salt polyester surfactants

The reaction of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, number‐average molecular weight M_n = 400‐2000) and dimethyl 5‐sulfoisophthalate sodium salt (SIPM) synthesized a series of anionic polymeric surfactants having a range of molecular weights. ¹H‐NMR, FTIR, and elemental analysis were employed to characterize the structures of these compounds. Also, the influences of the PEG segment lengths of PEG/SIPM copolymers on the surface tension, foaming properties, wetting power, and dispersant properties were investigated. The experimental results indicated that the solution that contained the PEG/SIPM copolymer surfactants exhibited excellent surface‐active properties. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2727–2731, 2002     

Preparation and anti-crease properties of water-soluble silicone modified polyester auxiliaries for fabrics in dyeing process

A novel series of silicone-modified polyesters (SMP-polyester) has been prepared by the reaction of organopolysiloxane with hydroxy terminated polyester. The polyesters are obtained by the polymerization of maleic anhydride (MA) and polyethylene glycols (PEGs). These SMP-polyesters are water-soluble and can be used as auxiliaries in the dyeing process because they exhibit good surface activities such as surface tension, low foaming and wetting power. The SMP-polyesters can be successfully employed as an auxiliary in dyeing polyester fabric with disperse dyes at elevated temperatures without occurrence of creases.     

Preparation and properties of novel water‐soluble surfactants. I. Synthesis and surface activity of polycarboxylated multihydrophilic surfactants

A series of novel surfactants containing multianionic and nonionic hydrophilic moieties were prepared by reacting fumaric acid with polyoxyethylenated stearyl ether in the presence of a peroxy‐type free radical initiator to form a carboxylic‐acid‐group‐containing addition product. The structure of these surfactants was confirmed by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and elemental analysis. These surfactants exhibit excellent functional properties of self‐sequestering. This means that besides good surfactant properties, including surface tension, foaming, and wetting, they possess autonomous sequestering ability without any help of additional sequestering agent. When used in cotton bleaching procedures, these surfactants increase the penetration of the fibers of gray fabrics and increase the whiteness of bleached cotton. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3559–3564, 2006     

Preparation of water-soluble polyurethane surfactants

A novel series of water-soluble polyurethane surfactants has been prepared by the addition polymerization of 2,4 and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate 80 : 20%, respectively (TDI) to polyethylene glycol (PEG) and/or castor oil and ethylene glycol (EG). These water-soluble polyurethane surfactants have been found to exhibit excellent surface active properties including surface tension, foaming and wetting tendency, and formation of stable emulsions. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 68: 1531–1536, 1998     

Upgrading biomass wastes in chemical technology. Humic acid‐like matter isolated from compost as chemical auxiliary for textile dyeing

BACKGROUND: In the context of the modern concern regarding rapid consumption and low availability of fossil sources of energy and chemicals, urban and agro‐industrial sources of chemicals represent interesting environmentally friendly alternatives. A recent paper has shown that a humic acid‐like material extracted from urban and green wastes compost exhibits very good surfactant properties. A large number of technological applications could possibly use this material as a chemical auxiliary. This paper reports on the performance of the material as a chemical auxiliary in textile dyeing. RESULTS: The compost‐isolated humic acid‐like bio‐surfactant is shown to perform in nylon 6 microfiber dyeing by water soluble and insoluble dyes as well as and more conveniently than commercial sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS). With both types of dye the bio‐surfactant allows the same quality of dyed product as the synthetic surfactants do, but at lower additive concentration. From process cost and environmental impact points of view, the bio‐surfactant has the advantages of operating at much lower additive concentrations and should be available at significantly lower cost than the synthetic surfactants. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that biomass wastes may be a low cost renewable source of chemicals with friendly environmental impact. Such a perspective implies economic and environmental benefits deriving from a new waste management technology that considers biomass waste as a source of chemicals, and from lower oil consumption in the manufacture of synthetic surfactants. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Preparation and surface activity of biodegradable polymeric surfactants II: Dyeing properties of biodegradable dextrin derivatives in cotton dyeing

The biodegradability and dyeing properties of a series of dextrin‐derivative surfactants in direct‐dye cotton‐dyeing systems have been studied. It was found that these surfactants have good biodegradability, which is lacking in traditional dyeing auxiliaries. In dye‐surfactant systems, the degree of aggregation of direct dyes with surfactants was found to influence the rate of cotton dyeing. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 2620–2624, 2007     

Novel anti‐bacterial acid dyes derived from naphthalimide: synthesis,characterisation and evaluation of their technical properties on nylon 6

As an attempt to combine the dyeing and functional finishing steps into one process, two novel anti‐bacterial monoazo acid dyes based on N‐ester‐1,8‐naphthalimide were synthesised. To do this, 4‐amino‐N‐ethyl glycinate‐1,8‐naphthalimide was prepared, diazotised and then coupled to thiosalicylic acid or salicylic acid to produce anti‐bacterial dyes. The synthesised dyes were purified and then fully characterised using Fourier Transform–infrared spectrometry, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and melting point analysis. Dispersion of the dyes was prepared in water and applied to nylon 6 fabrics. The novel dyes offered good build‐up properties on the substrate. The anti‐bacterial efficacy of the synthesised dyes was assessed, with the dyes showing activity against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria.     

Agent distribution and water remaining of polyester nonwoven fabrics after‐treated with polyurethane–citric acid

Polyester nonwoven fabric samples were used to treat with aqueous solutions of water‐soluble polyurethane (PU) containing the foaming agent, citric acid, or the mixtures of foaming agent and citric acid to examine the water remaining and the degradation of PU under the simulative condition of under ground. The results reveal that the viscosity of PU solutions could affect the values of pickup and add‐on. The water remaining values for PU containing citric acid are higher than those for PU containing the foaming agent and PU containing the foaming agent and citric acid. The pore structures, nonwoven construction, and the pores caused by the aggregation of PU within/on the treated nonwoven fabrics can affect the water remaining. From the observation of SEM and the comparison of FTIR, the degradation of water‐soluble PU resin is proved, which could form the rough porous surface of PU resin on the fiber surface as a factor improving the water remaining. The value of water remaining for PU containing citric after 60 weeks' treatment is significantly higher than the pristine nonwoven fabric (control). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 47–56, 2006     

Synthesis and characterization of fluorocarbon‐containing,hydrophobically associative poly(acrylic acid‐co‐Rf‐poly(ethylene glycol) macromonomer)

Fluorocarbon‐ or hydrocarbon‐end‐capped poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromonomers were prepared with coupling methods. Several factors affecting the synthesis were studied, and the optimal condition was ascertained. The critical micelle concentrations of these macromonomers were determined with the fluorescence method. Novel fluorocarbon‐containing, hydrophobically modified, alkali‐soluble copolymers were made by the copolymerization of fluorocarbon‐ or hydrocarbon‐alkyl‐end‐capped PEG macromonomers with acrylic acid in an organic solvent. The effects of the macromonomer contents, polymerization conditions, spacer, temperature, shear rate, pH, and addition of salt and various surfactants on the solution viscosity were preliminarily investigated. A very strong hydrophobic association was found for these copolymer solutions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1035–1047, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10393     

Synthesis,spectral properties and application of novel disazo disperse dyes derived from polyester waste

Terephthalic dihydrazide was obtained through aminolytic depolymerisation of polyester bottle waste by using hydrazine hydrate. It was further reacted with 4‐aminobenzoic acid in the presence of polyphosphoric acid to obtain a cyclic compound, 4,4′‐[5,5′‐(1,4)‐phenylene)bis(1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐5,2‐diyl)dianiline, having a heterocyclic moiety. Diazotisation of this compound followed by coupling with various N,N‐disubstituted anilines afford a series of novel disazo disperse dyes. The structures of these synthesised dyes were confirmed by elemental analysis and Fourier Transform–infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. Ultraviolet–visible spectra of these azo dyes in different polar solvents showed considerable variation in the wavelength of maximum absorbance (λ_max). Application of these dyes on polyester and nylon fabrics using high‐temperature dyeing methods gave brilliant yellowish red hues with fair to moderate light fastness and very good to excellent wash fastness and sublimation fastness.     

Preparation and surface activity of biodegradable polymeric surfactants. I. Preparation and surface activity of dextrin derivatives

Novel dextrin derivative surfactants containing a modified glucoside structure have been prepared in which propylene glycol polyglucosides are reacted with a hydrophobic oxirane‐containing material of glycidyl ether with C10–C18 carbon atoms. These surfactants exhibit good surface activities, including surface tension, low foaming, and wetting power. These surfactants also have a good ability to improve the whiteness and wetting power of cotton fabrics in a hydrogen oxide bleaching system. The benefits of these dextrin derivative surfactants are their highly biodegradable properties, which are lacking in traditional surfactants.     

Extraction of polyphenolic dyes from henna,pomegranate rind,and Pterocarya fraxinifolia for nylon 6 dyeing

Acid and disperse dyes are two well‐known synthetic materials that are primarily used for dyeing of nylon 6 fibres. Despite their good performance, several negative impacts on the environment, including air and water pollution, are major concerns to researchers. An alternative ecofriendly approach to the dyeing of nylon 6 is the use of natural dyes, given their abundant natural sources, biocompatibility, biodegradability, non‐toxicity, non‐allergic responses, and non‐carcinogenic effects on human life. Based on these advantages, we extracted polyphenolic dyes from henna leaves, pomegranate rind, and Pterocarya fraxinifolia leaves and studied the dyeability on nylon 6 fabric using three compounds of aluminium sulfate, tannic acid, and tin chloride as toxic and non‐toxic mordants before dyeing. Fourier transform infrared spectra of the nylon 6 fabric confirmed the coordination complexes and π–π bonding between the mordants and the dyes. Colorimetric and fastness results showed that the mordants increased the colour strength and improved the fastness properties of the fibres. Our results suggest that tin chloride and aluminium sulfate as metal mordants can be successfully replaced with tannic acid as a biomordant in the natural dyeing of nylon 6. Also, cost assay showed that dyeing of nylon 6 with extracted natural dyes from waste leaves could be a sustainable and economical substitute for synthetic dyeing.     

Effect of Nonionic Surfactant on the Micro‐Emulsifying Water in Silicone Media

Reverse micro‐emulsion dyeing technology shows a high dye uptake and fixation rate, and effectively decreases the amount of waste water in the textile industry. However, the influence of surfactants and co‐surfactants on micro‐emulsifying water in reverse micro‐emulsions has not been investigated. In this study, the micro‐emulsifying mechanism in silicone media and the influence of nonionic surfactants and co‐surfactants on micro‐emulsifying water have been investigated. The results show that a large amount of water can be emulsified using alcohol‐polyoxyethylene ethers, especially under 3–5 ethylene oxide groups in molecular structure. As co‐surfactant, alcohol which contains 4–9 carbon chains could spontaneously form reverse micro‐emulsions in silicone media. The effects of solution pH and ionic strength on the amount of emulsified water were also evaluated. The results show that a large amount of water could be emulsified in silicone media at solution pH 2–9. Meanwhile, the amount of emulsified water decreased with increasing ionic strength. Thus, the optimum conditions for water emulsification are low ionic strength and pH between 2 and 9.     

One‐bath dyeing of polyester/cotton blends with disperse and bis‐3‐carboxypyridinium‐s‐triazine reactive dyes. Part 2: Application of substantive reactive dyes to cotton at 130 °C and neutral pH†

An earlier paper reported that the reactive dyes (not the disperse dyes) were responsible for the inability to achieve heavy depths of shade, when dyeing polyester/cotton blends by a one‐bath process at 130 °C and neutral pH using reactive dyes containing a 3‐carboxypyridinium‐s‐triazinyl group. It was shown that the poor colour yield of the bis‐3‐carboxypyridinium‐s‐triazine reactive dyes was because of their low exhaustion level at 130 °C and pH of 7.0–7.5. We now report the synthesis and evaluation of some bis‐3‐carboxypyridinium‐s‐triazine reactive dye structures, possessing highly substantive chromophores, as a means of obtaining high colour yield, on 100% unmercerised cotton, under the specified dyeing conditions. The technical performance of these dyes under such conditions was compared with that of selected Novacron (Cibacron) LS and Procion H‐E dyes, applied under their recommended (atmospheric) dyeing conditions.     

Preparation and characterization of water‐extended polyester based on recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)

An unsaturated polyester resin was prepared that was based on the reaction of oligomers obtained from the depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste products, with both maleic anhydride and sebacic acid. The structure of the produced polyester was compared with that prepared from the reaction of dimethyl terephthalate with both maleic anhydride and sebacic acid with IR and NMR spectroscopy. Water‐extended polyester resins were prepared from these two polyesters through curing with styrene in the presence of various amounts of water with benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. The mechanical properties of the prepared water‐extended polyesters, as well as scanning electron microscopy, were investigated. The use of water‐extended polyesters based on recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste for the preparation of decorative art objects and statues was investigated. Therefore, three pharaonic statues representing Tutankhamen, Nefertiti, and a black head of a cat were prepared. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3693–3699, 2003     

Dyeing properties of PECH‐amine cationized cotton with acid dyes

The dyeing properties of cationic cotton dyed with acid dyes are examined in this study. For comparison, nylon 6 and untreated cotton are dyed by the same acid dyes (Sandolan Red MF‐2BL, Sandolan Golden Yellow MF‐GL, and Sandolan Blue MF‐GL). A cationic agent, polyepichlorohydrin‐dimethylamine (PECH‐amine), is used to modify cotton fabric. Significant increase in color yield is observed for cationic cotton over untreated cotton because of the introduced positively charged sites by cationic modification. Deeper shades are obtained in all cases with cationic cotton. All of the acid dyes used in this study show significant hooking behavior with both cationic cotton and nylon. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Polym Sci 100: 3302–3306, 2006     

Synthesis,spectral properties and dyeing on polyester of monoazo dyes from indol‐2‐one derivatives

Three series of phenylazo disperse dyes were prepared by coupling diazotised 4‐aniline dyes with 5‐indol‐2‐one dyes. The structures of these dyes were determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier Transform–infrared and elemental analysis. The effects of solvent on the ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra of these dyes were studied. The dyes displayed a λ_max shift of between 399 and 438 nm. The dyes were finally applied in the dyeing of polyester fibres in order to investigate their colour range and dyeing properties. Most of the dyes displayed high rubbing fastness and good washing and sublimation fastnesses on polyester fibres.     

Emulsifier‐minor emulsion copolymerization of BA‐MMA‐St‐MAA (or AA)‐N‐MA

A novel emulsion polymerization technique referred to as emulsifier‐minor emulsion polymerization was achieved by the copolymerization of methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and styrene (MMA‐BA‐St) with a combination of water‐soluble ionic monomers [methacrylic acid (MAA) or acrylic acid (AA)] and nonionic monomers (N‐methylol acrylamide). In the technique, water‐soluble monomers play a crucial role in the stabilization of the latex particles as they can be bound to the particle surface and form a hydrate protective layer, which exhibits steric and/or electrostatic effects to prevent particle coagulation. The minor but over its critical micelle concentration emulsifier sodium alkylated diphenyl ether disulfonate (DSB) results in the nucleation of particles mainly by the micelle nucleation mechanism and thus determines the polymerization rate, the particle size, and the number. The film water resistance of the latices can be improved, and the foaming capacity of can be lowered by using technique instead of conventional emulsion polymerization. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 2923–2929, 2004