建在我国核分析技术实验室的生物环境标本库

阐明了生物环境标本库（BESB）在全球或环境监测中的重要意义。介绍了建在美国和德国的BESB的运作状况。对建在中国科学院核分析技术开放实验室的BESB运行情况和取得的一些主要研究结果作了较为详细的介绍。     

用核分析技术研究上海市空气和水环境污染

用扫描质子微探针对上海市中心区和若干排放大气气溶胶单颗粒的质子激发X射线能谱进行了测量和形貌分析,然后用人工神经网络计算机识别技术追踪市中心区污染的来源,确定各排放源对它的贡献;用穆斯堡尔效应研究了市中心高架桥和隧道内含铁大气气溶胶颗粒的铁化学形态、尺寸和浓度,以及使用低本底放射性测量技术研究了苏州河水的α、β放射性强度。     

核分析技术及医学显像核技术的新进展

本文阐述了近十多年来基于小加速器的核分析技术(PIXE、RBS、NRA、AMS等)以及医学显像核技术(γ照相、SPECT、PET、NMRI等)的研究进展。     

21世纪环境科学中核分析技术的机会

讨论了21世纪环境研究的若干前沿领域,包括：（1）经济性分析和危险性评估;（2）环境监测和生态学;（3）化学品和环境;（4）能源体系和环境;（5）工业生态;（6）人口和健康。随后探讨了该分析技术在在这些前沿环境研究中的重大机会和挑战,提出应当做好以下工作：（1）充分利用和开发核分析技术的固有特点;（2）加强核分析技术在环境污染物的定量和科学的危险性评估方面的作用;（3）发挥核分析技术在环境分析质量保证体系中的作用;（4）开拓核分析技术在环境污染化学种态及其效应研究中的能力;（5）建立可用于研究新型生物分子标志物及其环境毒理的核分析技术;（6）重视核分析技术在新型污染物的鉴别及其溯源中的应用。     

核探针技术的现状和发展

围绕近１０年来召开的五次国际会议，评述了核探针技术在显微分析和显微成像方面的发展概况，介绍了它们在生物、微电子、环境和考古领域中的应用状况。     

核分析技术在大气环境研究中的重要作用

核分析技术（尤其是中子活化分析）以其检测限低、精密度高、不破坏样品等优点成为气溶胶元素分析的最有效手段之一。核分析方法所产生的大量可靠数据对气溶胶领域研究近一二十年来的重大发现起到了不可取代的作用。以中国气溶胶对太平洋生产力乃至全球环境变化的影响为例,评述了近20看来气溶胶研究的重大成果和发展,并阐明了该分析技术在大气环境研究中的重要作用。     

核分析相关技术用于上海市大气污染特征研究

本文研究了近年来上海市区和郊区大气气溶胶颗粒物的污染状况,采用的多种核分析方法及相关技术有质子激发X荧光分析(PIXE)、激光粒径谱仪(LPS)、同步辐射X射线吸收精细结构(XAFS)和扩展X射线吸收谱精细结构(EXAFS)分析等先进技术.充分发挥核分析技术高灵敏度、快速无损、多元素微量微区同时分析的优势,从大气颗粒物的形貌特征、粒径分布、质量浓度、元素浓度、化学价态等入手,对上海大气可吸入颗粒物PM23和PM1o展开多方位的综合研究.     

EDXRF法测定人发中Ca,Fe,Cu和Zn的含量

本文介绍了国产管激发能量色散Ｘ射线荧光分析仪同时测定人发中Ｃａ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ的分析方法。该方法采用在人发样品中加入内标元素Ｙ，用化学法溶解人发，制成分析试样，用Ｘ射线荧光分析仪测定试样中的上述元素。此方法对这４种元素的检测限依次为７×ｌ０￣（－６）、ｌ×１０￣（－６）、４×１０￣（－６）和３×１０￣（－６），其变异系数分别为６％、ｌ％、２％和２％。     

海生鱼机体中硒毒性水平的PIXE研究

使用质子激发X荧光(PIXE)分析海生鱼机体表皮、肝、肌肉、鳃等组织中硒元素含量,同时测定肝中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和细胞色素水平。结果表明,硒对鱼体的半致死剂量为0.29μg·g~(-1),在致死剂量作用下,死亡鱼体中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶水平与注入剂量无关,而幸存鱼的酶水平和硒浓度逐步恢复到正常水平。肌肉组织中存在着较低的硒吸收,肝和鳃中硒浓度的生物半衰期几乎一致,而皮肤中硒浓度的半衰期是肝和鳃中的2.5倍。     

Trace element analysis of blood samples from mentally challenged children by PIXE

The accelerator based ion beam analysis method of proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) has been used for analysing up to 14 elements in the blood serum of patients, collected from rehabilitation centres for the mentally retarded and from Medical College Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The experimental subjects of the different groups displayed significant variations in their levels of certain trace elements such as zinc, iron, copper, phosphorus, chlorine, and rubidium. The results are compared with those of healthy control subjects and are discussed in detail in this paper. Hence, PIXE as a method of trace element analysis can be used to determine trace element content in mentally challenged patients.     

头发中钙及微量元素含量的性别差异研究

用X射线荧光分析法测定了上海和苏州地区4127例居民头发中钙及9种微量元素的含量,发现不管地区与年龄如何,发中Sr、Mn、Ca的含量总是女性高于男性,而Pb含量总是男性高于女性,差异非常显著(p<0.01)。从不同生理条件下发中元素含量的比较中也可以看出,这些元素必然与女性的某些特殊生理功能有联系。     

Effect of geometric construction on residual stress distribution in designing a nuclear rotor joined by multipass narrow gap welding

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of geometric construction on the distribution of residual stresses before and after heat treatment in designing a nuclear welded rotor. The local material removal method was used to measure internal residual stress of the experimental pipe after post weld heat treatment. Three finite element models were employed as follows: a model of experimental pipe, a model with a bottom protrusion existed at the weld region, and a model of two rotor discs butt-welded with a bottom protrusion at the weld region. Investigated results showed that the bottom protrusion existed at the weld region can decrease the residual stress and mitigate the stress evolution significantly on the inner surface. Under the binding effect of the rotor discs, the axial stress of inner surface region is compressive stress; the through-wall axial stress at the weld center line can be deemed to a bending type; both the hoop stress and axial stress at the weld center line on the inner surface are compressive. The impact of geometric construction on the stress evolution at the root bead begins after pass 15 deposited.     

Study of the deuterated titanium Ti2Hx sample by using nuclear reaction analysis and material analysis methods

Titanium is one of the best hydrogen loading material.The predicted maximum loading ratio of hydrogen in titanium may reach to 2.0.In this work.a titanium layer on molydbenum substrate was deuterated with the atomic ratio X=^2H/Ti≥1.6,The change of the surface topography and microstructure of the sample before and after lading was observed by using Scan Electron Microscopy (SEM),The surface segregation of the samples after deuteron bombardment was also observed.A fluctuatingly-incrcasing trend of the deuterium density in titanium target was detected in the deuteron implantation experiments.which indicated a suddenly explosion(segregation)or fast diffusion of deuterium in the titanium.Significant amount of nitrogen contamination was found in the Ti^2Hx sample by nuclear reaction analysis(NRA),which indicated that the Ti^2Hx structure might have the feature to trap nitrogen from air.The nitrogen contamination in Ti^2Hx significantly affects the increase of the atomic ration X=^2H/Ti.     

Study of visualized simulation and analysis of nuclear fuel cycle system based on multilevel flow model

Complex energy and environment system, especially nuclear fuel cycle system recently raised social concerns about the issues of economic competitiveness, environmental effect and nuclear proliferation. Only under the condition that those conflicting issues are gotten a consensus between stakeholders with different knowledge background, can nuclear power industry be continuingly developed. In this paper, a new analysis platform has been developed to help stakeholders to recognize and analyze various socio-technical issues in the nuclear fuel cycle system based on the functional modeling method named Multilevel Flow Models （MFM） according to the cognition theory of human being. Its character is that MFM models define a set of mass, energy and information flow structures on multiple levels of abstraction to describe the functional structure of a process system and its graphical symbol repre- sentation and the means-end and part-whole hierarchical flow structure to make the represented process easy to be understood. Based upon this methodology, a micro-process and a macro-process of nuclear fuel cycle system were selected to be simulated and some analysis processes such as economics analysis, environmental analysis and energy balance analysis related to those flows were also integrated to help stakeholders to understand the process of decision-making with the introduction of some new functions for the improved Multilevel Flow Models Studio, and finally the simple simulation such as spent fuel management process simulation and money flow of nuclear fuel cycle and its levelised cost analysis will be represented as feasible examples.     

Challenge of PWR new core design simulation: A focus on uncertainties due to nuclear data and reflector modelling

This paper presents a reactor core uncertainty analysis in the framework of the OECD/NEA UAM Benchmark. Three types of uncertainties affecting the predictions of power distribution in the core of a nuclear reactor are discussed: the uncertainties of basic nuclear data, the uncertainties resulting from the use of different simulation tools and those due to approximations in reflector modelling. The contribution of nuclear data uncertainty on the power distribution of a UOX and a MOX core is assessed with the XSUSA tool. Overall, the results obtained with different tools in both institutions are in good agreement, showing that the power distribution uncertainty due to the use of different simulation tools is much lower than the one due to nuclear data, which is a large contributor. Lastly, the paper presents preliminary work showing the relevance of reflector modelling on the uncertainty of the power distribution at nominal conditions as well as on an asymmetrical case representative of accidental conditions.