低碳烯烃的生产技术进展及工业应用

综述了低碳烯烃的各种生产技术进展及其工业应用情况,详细介绍了石脑油和重质油裂解生产低碳烯烃技术。介绍了目前主要的催化剂技术的新进展,并指出催化裂解制烯烃技术具有广阔的开发前景。建议加大开发重质油催化裂解制低碳烯烃技术的力度和工业推广进程。     

烯烃催化裂解制低碳烯烃技术的研究进展

综述了近年来烯烃催化裂解制低碳烯烃技术的研究进展,介绍了目前国内外多家公司开发的烯烃催化裂解工艺和催化剂的研究进展,重点介绍了烯烃催化裂解制低碳烯烃反应的主要催化剂 ZSM-5分子筛催化剂的研究进展,包括分子筛的晶粒大小、硅铝比、添加改性剂和水蒸气处理等对催化剂性能的影响。建议结合我国实际情况加快该技术的工业化研究进程,为有效利用我国炼厂和乙烯厂 C_(4～8)低价值烯烃及拓展低碳烯烃来源提供技术支撑。     

聚丙烯废塑料催化裂解催化剂的研制及性能研究

以ZSM-5分子筛为基础研制了聚丙烯废塑料催化裂解生产低碳烯烃的催化剂,并在固定床反应器上研究工艺条件对聚丙烯废塑料催化裂解生产低碳烯烃的影响。实验结果表明：利用ZSM-5分子筛催化剂催化裂解聚丙烯废塑料是生产低碳烯烃、副产轻质芳烃的有效办法;高硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛催化剂比低硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛催化剂具有较低的强酸中心和弱酸中心,能够抑制低碳烯烃进一步转化为芳烃等产物,并多产低碳烯烃,利用金属改性调变ZSM-5分子筛催化剂酸性也是有效提高低碳烯烃收率的方法之一;利用高硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛催化剂,在反应温度500℃、氮气体积流量8 L/h、体积空速0.3 h^-1等优化工艺条件下,聚丙烯催化裂解的低碳烯烃和丙烯质量收率分别高达64.74%和35.06%。     

烷烃催化制丙烯研究进展

烷烃催化制低碳烯烃是增产丙烯的新途径。本文阐述了蒸汽裂解技术的现有问题,综述了催化裂解与催化氧化催化剂体系和反应规律的研究进展,并对两种路径的技术状况和发展趋势进行了分析。催化裂解的发展方向是开发新型分子筛催化剂,使烷烃可以在较低的反应温度下发生裂解,实现增产低碳烯烃而降低干气产率的目标。深入研究催化脱氢作用机理,开发低温高选择性催化剂,加强反应体系的工艺研究是催化氧化实现工业化的关键。     

重油催化裂解制低碳烯烃工艺的研究进展

文中从石脑油蒸气裂解、催化裂化技术、FCC催化剂和助剂技术、重油催化裂解4个方面阐述了近年来国内外制取低碳烯烃的工艺技术研究现状.对目前国内外催化裂解工艺和催化剂的应用进行了评述,为进一步研究裂解制低碳烯烃提供参考.     

重油催化裂解生产低碳烯烃影响因素的研究进展

乙烯、丙烯等化工原料需求旺盛和成品油消费增速放缓促使炼化一体化成为石化行业发展的新方向,重油催化裂解生产低碳烯烃工艺在其中占据重要地位。从重油催化裂解反应机理着手,概述了原料、催化剂、反应器型式和工艺条件等因素对重油催化裂解产物分布的影响,并就重油催化裂解技术面临问题的解决提出展望。     

低碳烯烃的生产技术进展

综述了低碳烯烃的各种生产技术及其进展，详细介绍了石脑油和重质油裂解生产低碳烯烃技术、天然气制取低碳烯烃技术中的MTO技术和烃转化技术。结果表明，石脑油催化裂解生产低碳烯烃在二、三十年内仍占居着主导地位；应加大开发重质油催化裂解制低碳烯烃技术的力度和工业推广进程，拓宽生产低碳烯烃的原料来源；天然气储量丰富，价格较低，具有很大的原料优势，天然气制取低碳烯烃技术前景广阔，可能成为生产低碳烯烃的主导技术；乙烯装置建设规模继续向大型化发展，小型装置使低碳烯烃生产成本过高，生产的低碳烯烃缺乏竞争力。     

轻烃催化裂解制低碳烯烃催化剂研究进展

用低价值轻烃催化裂解制高价值低碳烯烃技术具有很好的发展和应用前景。综述了轻烃催化裂解反应机理以及近年来国内外轻烃催化裂解催化剂的研究进展,分别介绍了分子筛催化剂、杂原子改性分子筛催化剂、金属氧化物催化剂,总结了现有轻烃催化裂解催化剂的技术难点,提出今后的研究重点是开发针对低碳烷烃为原料的催化裂解催化剂。     

一种催化裂解制取烯烃的方法

本发明涉及一种催化热裂解制取低碳数烯烃方法。本发明的方法是将包含石脑油、轻柴油和加氢尾油的石油烃裂解原料，通过上下串联的两个装填不同催化剂a和b的催化剂床层，进行催化裂解反应，得到低碳数烯烃。优选采用双反应器双催化剂床层工艺，将两段固定床反应器串联；     

固定流化床催化裂解多产丙烯工艺条件的研究

在固定流化床反应器上,采用 LCC-200型多产低碳烯烃催化剂,以大庆常压渣油为原料,考察了反应温度、重时空速、催化剂与原料油的质量比(剂油比)、水蒸气与原料油的质量比(水油比)对催化裂解产物分布的影响,并与提升管反应器的催化裂解实验结果进行了对比。实验结果表明,反应温度和剂油比对低碳烯烃收率的影响较大,重时空速和水油比的影响相对较小;较高的反应温度有利于多产低碳烯烃,低碳烯烃收率随剂油比的增大存在最佳。值在620℃、剂油比4、重时空速10 h~(-1)、水油比0.10的优化反应条件下,丙烯收率约为18%,乙烯、丙烯和丁烯的总收率约为35%。在相似的操作条件下,采用固定流化床反应器时,干气、液化石油气、汽油和焦炭的收率比提升管反应器离,而油浆和柴油的收率低;同时,乙烯、丙烯和丁烯的总收率也低。     

预处理条件对Fe-Mn催化剂催化CO加氢合成低碳烯烃性能的影响

制备了一系列Fe-Mn催化剂,考察了预处理条件对其催化CO加氢合成低碳烯烃性能的影响。实验结果表明,用CO处理的催化剂较用H_2处理的催化剂具有较高的烯烃选择性;在CO气氛、300℃下还原4h的催化剂上,产物C_(2～4)烃中烯烃与烷烃的质量比可达5.88;碳化温度升高,重质烃含量增加;但在CO气氛、400℃下还原4h的催化剂上,产物中重质烃含量有所下降。XRD和XPS表征结果显示,用CO处理的催化剂中有碳化物生成,且高温、CO处理的催化剂表面有大量的碳化物生成;CO_2(CO)-TPD表征结果显示,碳化过程增强了催化剂的表面碱性,增强了CO的吸附能力,相对加氧能力减弱,烯烃选择性提高,促进了链增长。但同时CO吸附能力的增强,促进了CO高温预处理下的碳沉积,进而抑制了重质烃的生成。     

氯甲烷在镁修饰的ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上催化转化研究

在镁修饰的ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上,氯甲烷可以被催化转化为烃类产品。分别采用了离子交换和浸渍的方法来修饰ZSM-5分子筛。离子交换的Mg-ZSM-5催化剂和浸渍的Mg/ZSM-5催化剂都可以提高反应产物中的低碳烯烃的选择性,降低烷烃的选择性,并且保持较高的反应活性,但高的浸渍量对反应活性有一定的影响。NH3-TPD的结果表明,浸渍镁的ZSM-5催化剂的强酸中心数目明显减少。镁的修饰对催化剂酸性的影响导致了产物中低碳烯烃的增加。浸渍Mg的ZSM-5催化剂是潜在氯甲烷转化生成低碳烯烃的催化剂。     

甲醇制低碳烯烃催化剂的制备与改性

合成了ZSM-5分子筛,对其进行改性制备了HZSM-5和Ca/HZSM-5催化剂,并采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、X射线能谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱和吡啶-程序升温脱附方法对催化剂进行了表征。以氮气为载气,在常压、500℃的反应条件下,在连续流动固定床反应器上考察了HZSM-5和Ca/HZSM-5催化剂对甲醇制低碳烯烃反应的催化性能。表征结果显示,Ca/HZSM-5与HZSM-5催化剂相比,酸强度降低,B酸中心数量减少,L酸中心数量增加;评价结果显示,Ca改性后Ca/HZSM-5催化剂的稳定性与转化产物中低碳烯烃的总选择性均显著提高,丙烯选择性由Ca改性前的30%提高到40%。结合催化剂的表征与评价结果,探讨了催化剂酸强度及其分布与催化剂稳定性和甲醇转化产物分布的关系。     

FCC催化剂钒氧化数对轻烯烃选择性的影响

Effects of vanadium on light olefins selectivity of FCC catalysts were investigated with vanadium having different oxidation numbers(hereinafter abbreviated as Oxnum).Molecular modeling studies showed that vanadium with low Oxnum could affect the chemical conversion of large-size hydrocarbon molecules.However,the vanadium deposited on equilibrium catalyst had high Oxnum because of the oxidation reaction taking place in the regenerator,so an activation method to reduce vanadium Oxnum named "selective activation" was introduced.It was proved by means of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance(EPR) and Temperature-Programmed Reduction(TPR) methods that the vanadium Oxnum was decreased,when the catalyst was activated.The molecular modeling studies are consistent well with the lab evaluation results.The light olefins selectivity of activated equilibrium catalysts was better than that achieved by the inactivated catalysts.Similar results were observed with the lab vanadium-contaminated catalyst.The light olefins selectivity of the catalyst was optimized when the vanadium Oxnum was close to 2(VO).     

几种催化剂对甲醇转化制低碳烯烃催化反应的影响

本实验利用脉冲微型反应器-色谱装置，考察了甲醇在四种FCC工业平衡剂，LOSA-1助剂及SAPO-34上的转化反应过程。结果表明：在GOR-Ⅱ上纯甲醇的烃和低碳烯烃收率为19.91%和11.41%，在SAPO-34上为21.90%和16.52%，在LOSA-1助剂上为26.73%和12.01%，当GOR-Ⅱ中的LOSA-1比例为5.00%时，烃和低碳烯烃收率有最大值为27.52%和15.72%；在GOR-Ⅱ上40%甲醇水溶液的烃和低碳烯烃收率为9.09%和6.20%，在SAPO-34上为24.71%和20.08%；而甲醇在CHZ-4、DACS-GQ1及RAG-10上的烃和低碳烯烃收率均较低，RAG-10用量提高后烃和低碳烯烃收率可达到11.12%和6.04%。由实验结果可知:四种FCC工业平衡剂中，甲醇在GOR-Ⅱ上的烃和低碳烯烃收率较好，在GOR-Ⅱ中添加LOSA-1后烃和低碳烯烃收率有所提高，这为研究甲醇在FCC催化剂上制低碳烯烃的反应规律提供了初步的参考。     

Catalytic cracking of vegetable oils for production of high-octane gasoline and petrochemical feedstock

The routes of transformation of vegetable oils under catalytic cracking conditions have been investigated. The influence of the component composition of the catalyst on distribution of the desired cracking products and their chemical group composition has been revealed. It has been shown that introduction of H-ZSM-5 zeolite into the composition of the oil cracking catalyst promotes the formation of C₂-C₄ light olefins??the yield of propylene and butylene mainly increases. During cracking on bizeolites catalysts, high yields of both gasoline fractions and light olefins are observed. The relationship between the unsaturation index of the vegetable oils and the product distribution during their catalytic cracking has been established. Oils with a high index of unsaturation are cracked on the bizeolite catalyst yielding primarily mono- and polyaromatic hydrocarbons.     

不同催化剂上甲醇制低碳烯烃反应研究

采用脉冲微反-色谱在线分析装置,考察了GOR-Ⅱ、RGD、β沸石、SAPO-34和ZRP-55种不同催化剂对甲醇转化反应的影响。结果表明,小孔径、B酸酸性适度弱的催化剂可以抑制氢转移反应、聚合和芳构化反应的进行,获得较好的低碳烯烃选择性。同时对SAPO-34催化剂,研究了反应温度、甲醇水溶液浓度对甲醇转化反应的影响。结果表明:反应温度的升高有利于抑制氢转移反应和促进大分子产物的裂化反应,但同时会使甲烷选择性增加过快,低碳烯烃选择性先增后降,在450℃时达到最大值;原料中水的加入抑制了氢转移反应、聚合和芳构化反应,同时对甲烷的生成也起到了抑制作用,随着甲醇浓度的降低,低碳烯烃选择性不断增加。     

铁基催化剂上二氧化碳加氢合成低碳烯烃的研究

利用浸渍法制备系列负载型Fe-Cu-K-Ce催化剂,并用其进行了CO2加氢合成低碳烯烃研究。考察了不同的载体,载体上活性组分Fe、Cu、K、Ce负载量,焙烧温度,以及反应温度、空速、压力等工艺条件对催化剂活性的影响。结果表明,以MgO-ZSM-5为载体,w(Fe)为15%,且活性组分n(Fe)∶n(Cu)∶n(K)∶n(Ce)为100∶20∶8∶8,在773K下空气中焙烧制得的催化剂在623K、1.0MPa、空速1200h-1反应条件下活性最高,此时CO2转化率可达60%以上,低碳烯烃选择性可达20%以上。对催化剂进行了CO2-TPD、XRD和TEM表征分析。     

EFFECT OF ZSM-5 ADDITION ON PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION IN A HIGH SEVERITY FCC MODE

The high-severity fluid catalytic cracking (HS-FCC) process is a novel FCC process that enhances light olefins yield under high severity reaction conditions. The process has been investigated by using a small-scale FCC pilot plant (0.1 BPD) with a down-flow reactor. High severity reaction conditions are preferable for enhancing the production of light olefins by catalytic cracking of heavy oils. As another option for the light olefin production, adoption of ZSM-5 additive in conventional FCC units is well known. This presentation describes the effect of ZSM-5 additive on the catalytic cracking of vacuum gas oil under high severity reaction conditions, particularly focusing on the synergistic effect with the base catalyst. Three kinds of FCC catalysts with different activity were used as base catalysts. Although the employment of a ZSM-5 additive resulted in significant increase in the light olefins yield at the expense of gasoline in each catalyst system tested, the effectiveness was varied depending on the nature of the base catalysts. By choosing a suitable base cracking catalyst, more than 20 wt% of propylene yield was obtained at a one-pass conversion of fresh feed.     

EFFECT OF ZSM-5 ADDITION ON PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION IN A HIGH SEVERITY FCC MODE

The high-severity fluid catalytic cracking (HS-FCC) process is a novel FCC process that enhances light olefins yield under high severity reaction conditions. The process has been investigated by using a small-scale FCC pilot plant (0.1 BPD) with a down-flow reactor. High severity reaction conditions are preferable for enhancing the production of light olefins by catalytic cracking of heavy oils. As another option for the light olefin production, adoption of ZSM-5 additive in conventional FCC units is well known. This presentation describes the effect of ZSM-5 additive on the catalytic cracking of vacuum gas oil under high severity reaction conditions, particularly focusing on the synergistic effect with the base catalyst. Three kinds of FCC catalysts with different activity were used as base catalysts. Although the employment of a ZSM-5 additive resulted in significant increase in the light olefins yield at the expense of gasoline in each catalyst system tested, the effectiveness was varied depending on the nature of the base catalysts. By choosing a suitable base cracking catalyst, more than 20 wt% of propylene yield was obtained at a one-pass conversion of fresh feed.